本論文では、これまでの社会、生態的レジリエンス理論についての検討を行った。これまで個別に扱われてきた社会と生態系システムを統一的な構造を持つシステムとしてとらえ、持続可能なシステムの変化を生み出すメカニズムについての理論的な構築を提案した。これまで個別に扱われてきた社会と生態系システムを統一的な構造を持つシステムとしてとらえ、持続可能なシステムの変化を生み出すメカニズムについての理論的な構築を提案した。 / The objective of my dissertation is to build and develop a theoretical framework about understanding what social-ecological transformative change is and how social-ecological transformative change happens. / 博士(理学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Science / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

No description available.

O deslocamento populacional forçado é um dos principais impactos de grandes projetos de infraestrutura, sendo grandes barragens um dos principais projetos responsáveis por esse tipo de movimento populacional. Estima-se que, até o final do século XX entre 40 e 80 milhões de pessoas haviam sido deslocadas por grandes barragens. O planejamento e a construção de empreendimentos hidrelétricos encontram-se em expansão tanto em nível mundial como especificamente no Brasil, país cujo investimento em geração hidrelétrica é estratégico e prioritário. Essa tendência sugere que o número de pessoas deslocadas por grandes barragens deva crescer nas próximas décadas, apresentando à sociedade os desafios intrínsecos do deslocamento populacional compulsório. Populações deslocadas por grandes barragens passam pelo estresse do deslocamento geográfico e pelos impactos ambientais decorrentes do próprio barramento, estresses que se sobrepõem no tempo e no espaço. Avaliar como esses estresses influenciam os modos de vida de comunidades deslocadas pode ajudar a entender os resultados do deslocamento compulsório e a desenhar medidas de gestão para o deslocamento. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é compreender como os modos de vida de populações reassentadas em função da instalação de usinas são alterados em processos de deslocamento populacional, considerando as relações socioecológicas. Adotou-se como estudo de caso as usinas hidrelétricas do rio Madeira, Santo Antônio e Jirau. Foram levantados dados secundários e realizadas entrevistas em campo com reassentados e com autoridades, a partir das quais foram organizados dados quantitativos e qualitativos em uma abordagem metodológica mista. Como principais resultados, foi verificada a existência de cinco tendências de adaptação de modos de vida das pessoas deslocadas: (i) a valorização de atividades menos dependentes de ativos naturais em detrimento de atividades diretamente relacionadas a ecossistemas; (ii) a adoção de técnicas de controle de ecossistemas; (iii) a diminuição na diversidade do repertório de modos de vida; (iv) o direcionamento da produção para o mercado e (v) a inserção dos modos de vida em institucionalidades formais. Em conjunto, essas foram associadas a riscos como desarticulação social, aumento do risco à soberania alimentar, diminuição do acesso a recursos livres e diminuição do risco de perda de emprego. A partir desses resultados, recomenda-se medidas de gestão que considerem a interação socioecológica e a perspectiva de locais no processo de deslocamento populacional forçado. / Forced populational displacement is one of the major impacts of large infrastructure projects. Large dams are amongst the main projects that cause such displacement. It is estimated that by the end of the 20th century between 40 and 80 million people were displaced by large dams. The planning and construction of hydroelectric projects are expanding both globally and in Brazil, a country whose investment in hydroelectric generation is strategic and have being prioritized. Such trend suggests that the number of people displaced by large dams should grow in the next decades, making society face the inherent challenges of compulsory population displacement. People displaced by large dams go through the stress of geographic displacement and the stress of environmental impacts caused by the dam itself. These stresses overlap in time and space. Assessing how these stresses influence the livelihoods of displaced communities can help to understand the results of compulsory displacement and to design management measures for displacement. The goal of this research is to understand how the livelihoods of populations resettled due to the installation of hydropower plants are altered in processes of population displacement, considering socioecological relations. The hydroelectric plants of the Madeira river, Santo Antônio and Jirau, were adopted as a case study. Secondary data were collected, and field interviews were conducted with resettled people and with authorities. Quantitative and qualitative data were organized in a mixed methodological approach. As results, were identified five adaptive trends in the livelihoods of displaced people: (i) to value activities that are less dependent on natural assets at the expense of activities directly related to ecosystems; (ii) the adoption of techniques to control ecosystems; (iii) the decrease in the diversity of livelihoods repertoire; (iv) the orientation of production to cash crops to sell in the market and (v) the insertion of ways of life into formal institutions. Together, these trends were associated with risks such as social disarticulation, increased risk to food sovereignty, reduced access to common resources and reduced risk of joblessness. From these results, are recommended management measures that consider socioecological interaction and locals perspective in the process of forced displacement.

Les zones côtières à travers le monde sont soumises à de fortes pressions dues aux changements climatiques globaux, à la destruction d'habitats ou encore à la surexploitation des ressources marines. Ces différentes pressions peuvent induire des changements rapides d'état des écosystèmes caractérisés par de fortes modifications de la biodiversité, avec des écosystèmes entiers cessant de fonctionner dans leur forme courante. En conséquence, la pérennité des biens et des services écosystémiques produits par les zones côtières n'est plus assurée. Il en résulte des perturbations économiques et sociales évidentes pour les populations dont le mode de vie dépend de manière directe ou indirecte de la biodiversité côtière. Afin d'appréhender ces interactions homme-environnement, l'approche socio-écologique est de plus en plus utilisée pour illustrer le rôle de l'Homme sur la dynamique des écosystèmes marins côtiers ainsi que les bénéfices qu'il tire de ces derniers. Cette thèse a pour objectif principal d'explorer les concepts de l'approche socio-écologique appliquée à la gestion côtière. Ainsi, dans le premier chapitre de cette thèse nous résumons les spécificités, les défis et les enjeux de l'approche socio-écologique appliquée à la gestion côtière. Les chapitres 2, 3 et 4 s'intéressent à l'analyse du système socio-écologique et explorent des scénarios exploratoires d'évolution des principaux services écosystémiques du lagon de Moorea en Polynésie française. Enfin, nous discutons des avantages et des faiblesses de notre approche ainsi que des potentiels d'applicabilité en tant qu'outil de gestion des zones côtières. / Coastal areas around the world are under intense pressures from climate change, habitat destruction, and over-exploitation of marine resources. These different pressures can induce rapid changes in the state of ecosystems characterized by strong changes in biodiversity, with whole ecosystems ceasing to function in their current form. As a result, the sustainability of goods and services produced by coastal areas is no longer assured. This results in economic and social disruptions for populations whose livelihood depends directly or indirectly on coastal biodiversity. In order to understand these linked social and environmental interactions, the socio-ecological approach is increasingly used to illustrate the role of humans in the dynamics of coastal marine ecosystems and the benefits it derives from them. However, the majority of current research remains theoretical and few case studies applied to the management of coastal areas test this concept in a transdisciplinary approach. The main objective of this thesis is to fill this gap by exploring the concepts of the socio-ecological approach applied to coastal management. Thus, in the first chapter of this thesis, we summarize the challenges insights and perspectives of the socio-ecological approach applied to coastal management. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 focus on the analysis of the coral reef resource system and explore the social-ecological trade-offs revealed by a set of multiple driver’s scenarios in order to explore the potential evolution of the main ecosystem services of Moorea island lagoon in French Polynesia.

La menace représentée par le changement climatique, et en particulier l’élévation du niveau de la mer, sur les pays entièrement composés d’atolls est largement médiatisée. La République de Kiribati est un pays atollien situé dans l’océan Pacifique, peuplé par 100 000 habitants. Au cours des derniers siècles, les communautés atolliennes de Kiribati ont développé un système de gestion des ressources naturelles qui a assuré leur survie. Depuis quelques décennies, la mondialisation est cause de mutations rapides, en particulier dans le mode de vie et dans la relation des communautés atolliennes à leur environnement naturel. Étant donné le caractère fortement intégré du système sociétal et de l’écosystème dans les atolls, cette thèse aborde la question de l’avenir des pays atolliens dans le contexte du changement climatique par l’étude de la résilience de leurs systèmes socio-écologiques. La résilience d’un système correspond à sa capacité à absorber des perturbations et à se réorganiser tandis qu’il subit des changements tout en conservant la même fonction, structure, identité et les mêmes rétroactions. Cette thèse postule qu’une estimation de la résilience des systèmes socio-écologiques aux perturbations d’origine météo-marine nécessite au préalable une analyse de leur résilience générale. De telles estimations s’appuient sur des modèles conceptuels réalisés à partir de résultats d’entretiens et d’enquêtes menés à Kiribati, et sur l’analyse d’images aériennes. L’avenir des pays atolliens est discuté en envisageant différents scénarios : l’adaptation, la transformation, la migration et l’effondrement. / The threats to states entirely composed of atolls from climate change and associated sea-level rise have been widely publicized. The Republic of Kiribati is an atoll country situated in Pacific Ocean settled by 100,000 inhabitants. Over the past centuries, the atoll communities of Kiribati have developed natural resource management systems that have enabled their survival. Over the past decades, globalization has caused rapid changes, especially regarding lifestyles and relationships of atoll communities to their natural environment. Given the highly integrated nature of the societal system and the ecosystem in the atolls, this thesis addresses the question of the future of atoll countries in the context of climate change by studying the resilience of their social-ecological systems. Resilience is the capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change so as to still retain essentially the same function, structure, identity, and feedbacks. This thesis postulated that an assessment of social-ecological resilience of climate- and marine-related disturbances required a preliminary analysis of their general resilience. Such assessments are based on conceptual models made from interviews and surveys and from the analysis of aerial imagery. The future of atoll countries is discussed considering different scenario: adaptation, transformation, migration and collapse.

Food production and consumption is causing environmental harm such as climate change and a decline in ecosystem services. Hence, a transformation of the food system is necessary for humanity’s future well-being. The public meal can be used as a tool for establishing healthy and sustainable eating habits at an early age and contribute to changed dietary choices in the future, yet few municipalities are prioritizing this opportunity. This study uses Södertälje municipality as a case to look at the change process of implementing a sustainable diet concept in preschools, schools, and gymnasiums, with the hope of acquiring knowledge and understanding useful for similar cases of transformation. Using a framework for deliberate social-ecological transformations and data primarily from qualitative interviews, I map the phases of transformation to better understand how agency and opportunity context have been used in navigating the process and identify possible opportunities going forward. Findings show the importance of political support, an integrated organization, and rooting new practices amongst the officials. The motivation and persistence of a key leader was crucial in navigating forward, and the process has been driven by several opportunities such as a political window of opportunity for change and the collaboration with a bridging organization in developing a food concept. It also shows how municipalities can have an important role in changing eating habits and how food-related norms and values can potentially shift and contribute to long-term food system change.

Urbanization coupled with the lack of space has led to soil sealing and encroachment upon stream corridors in many cities the world over. This has caused not just the degradation of the riparian ecosystem, but has also increased the frequency and intensity of flash flooding. India is one of the countries worst affected by urban floods. To manage flood risk, especially in the case of rain-fed urban streams, not just the government but also the public needs to be engaged in the management of the stream corridor. In this context of flood risk management, the resilience concept is increasingly being applied. It revisits some fundamental notions conventionally associated with viewing and managing floods, beginning by acknowledging that floods are natural and unavoidable, and resilience, not stability is the desirable quality. This research aims to study how governance attributes like public participation can enhance flood resilience. To this end, relevant literature on resilience and governance has been studied followed by a study of the events surrounding the flooding of the Ramnadi stream corridor in Pune city through policy analysis, data derived from documents and maps, and through semi-structured interviews with stakeholders like locals, experts, activists and civic authorities. Categorization and meaning interpretation of relevant data has enabled an analysis of the governance structure for the Ramnadi corridor using a causal loop diagram. The nodes, linkages and feedback loops in this diagram have been studied to understand how public participation affects resilience characteristics. Findings of this investigation along with draft recommendations for specific actors were presented to stakeholders in a validation workshop. Implications of the results on the theories of flood resilience, governance and public participation have been examined which has enabled their analytic generalization. General policy recommendations have been based on this. Subsequently, recommendations which promote systems approach based public participation and systems thinking in the governance of social-ecological systems have been made.:Table of Contents i List of figures iv List of tables vi Abbreviations vi Definitions vii 1 Introduction: Urban Floods, Urban Causes 1 1.1 Urban flood risk in India 3 1.2 Flooding in urban stream corridors 5 1.3 Rationale and aims of the research 8 1.4 Structure of the document 9 2 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework 13 2.1 Flood risk management 15 2.1.1 Towards a systems approach 16 2.2 Social-ecological systems 17 2.2.1 The stream corridor as a social-ecological system 17 2.3 Resilience 22 2.3.1 From ecological resilience to social-ecological resilience 23 2.3.2 Characteristics of resilience 24 2.4 Resilience in the light of other prevalent concepts for flood risk management 29 2.5 Flood Resilience 30 2.5.1 Flood resistance vs flood resilience 31 2.6 Governance 32 2.6.1 Resilience building attributes of governance 33 2.6.2 The Resilience characteristics vs. Governance attributes matrix 36 2.6.3 Special focus: Public participation 37 2.7 Research Questions 44 2.8 Conclusions from the theoretical and conceptual study 45 3 Research design and methods 47 3.1 Overall research design 48 3.1.1 The case study approach 51 3.1.2 Sampling of the case study 54 3.1.3 Boundaries of the case study 56 3.2 Data collection methods 57 3.2.1 Why interviews? 57 3.2.2 Interviewing techniques 58 3.3 Data analysis 61 3.3.1 Coding and Categorization 63 3.3.2 Meaning interpretation: 64 3.3.3 Causal loop diagram 65 3.3.4 Validation of the results and recommendations 66 3.4 Concluding remarks on the adopted research design and methods 67 4 The Ramnadi corridor: A Social-Ecological System 69 4.1 Ramnadi in context 70 4.2 A journey along the Ramnadi 75 4.2.1 Section 1: Ramnadi at the source 77 4.2.2 Section 2: Ramnadi in Bhukum 79 4.2.3 Section 3: Ramnadi between Bhukum and Pune Municipal Corporation limits 84 4.2.4 Section 4: Ramnadi in Bavdhan 87 4.2.5 Section 5: Ramnadi between the Pashan Lake and its confluence with the Mula River 91 4.3 Conclusion after the Ramnadi corridor reconnaissance 93 5 Changes in flood governance and observations from the case study 95 5.1 The history of local governance in India 96 5.2 Institutional framework for urban flood management in India 97 5.3 Flood governance and participation in the stream corridors of PunePune 98 5.3.1 The Ramnadi 98 5.3.2 The Devnadi 103 5.4 Remarks on the changes in flood governance seen in the case study 105 6 Understanding the causal links between governance attributes and flood resilience 107 6.1 The need for a Causal Loop Diagram 108 6.2 Causal Loop Diagram 109 6.2.1 Use of Causal Loop Diagram in this Thesis 109 6.2.2 The importance of identifying archetypes 111 6.2.3 Explanation of the causal loop diagram of governance of the Ramnadi corridor 113 6.2.4 Understanding the implications of change in the governance structure between 2010 and 2016 on flood resilience 141 6.3 The importance of public participation for flood resilience 142 6.3.1 Public participation promotes self-organization 142 6.3.2 Public participation increases the adaptive capacity through promotion of learning 142 6.3.3 Public participation increases robustness 143 6.3.4 Public participation increases redundancy 143 6.3.5 Public participation can increase resilience by boosting other governance attributes 143 6.3.6 Some emerging ideas on complex systems and their implications for public participation 145 6.4 Benefits of systems thinking and of the causal loop diagram for public participation 147 6.5 Conclusions from the causal loop diagram based study 149 7 Towards flood resilience through public participation 151 7.1 Continuous public participation and event-based public participation 153 7.1.1 The need for continuous public participation 154 7.1.2 Disadvantages of continuous public participation 158 7.2 Institutional recommendations for continuous public participation 158 7.2.1 Municipal Corporations and other urban local development bodies 158 7.2.2 Schools: 164 7.2.3 NGOs: 166 7.2.4 Ward Councils: 167 7.3 Conclusion 169 8 Epilogue: Discussion and Avenues for Further Research 171 8.1 Answering the research questions in the course of this research 172 8.2 Key lessons 173 8.3 Theoretical contribution to governance, public participation and resilience 174 8.3.1 Interplay between governance attributes 174 8.3.2 A new paradigm for classification of public participation 175 8.3.3 Systems approach for social-ecological resilience 175 8.4 Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals of the UN 176 8.5 Limitations of the research 176 8.6 Avenues for further research 177 9 References 179 10 Appendices 193

Academic studies of sustainable fashion, and the discourses of actors in business and policy, under-define fashion as a system by treating the social and ecological aspects of fashion separately. This reduces the potential for academic findings to provide knowledge useful for transformation of the fashion system and obstructs desired outcomes from policy and business responses to fashion’s negative social and environmental impacts. Understanding how fashion works as a system presents a challenge to transdisciplinary efforts for transformation towards sustainability. In this Licentiate, I explore ways to look at fashion using a feminist critical realist social-ecological system approach. I develop a theoretical framework to understand the fashion system, and particularly to understand what is keeping it unsustainable. I view fashion as a ‘nested’ social-ecological system with inseparable social and biophysical parts.  I use a feminist lens characterized by diversity; this draws attention to gaps, what is known, missing and absent. To show that social aspects and material aspects are intertwined and cannot be studied independently of each other, I use critical realism as a metatheory. I bring its idea of a stratified reality and the model of the four-planar social being to the social-ecological system approach that forms the core of my work. I combine Ostrom’s frequently used general framework for analysing social-ecological systems with a policy-oriented framework for sustainable development. Drawing from these two frameworks I develop a five principles for a strategy framework for sustainable fashion. In summary, applying the strategy framework within the theoretical framework enables thinking more deeply about the structure and implications of knowledge contributions when taking a social-ecological perspective on actions for sustainability.  The two papers in this licentiate thesis examine the effects of ontological standpoints that allow environmental impacts of textile fibres to be analysed in isolation from the cultural and social aspects of fashion.    Paper 1, ‘Making Resilient Decisions for Sustainable Circularity of Fashion’, is recently published in the journal Circular Economy and Sustainability (Palm et al. 2021). It aimed to show how current circularity responses to global sustainability challenges have so far fallen short. The current path of the expanding fashion industry is fraught with accelerated material throughputs and increased disposal and waste, contributing to human-driven environmental changes at planetary scale. In addition the fashion industry has issues of poor working conditions, modern-day slavery, and justice. By representing a Driver – State – Response framework as an adaptive cycle of a social-ecological system, it makes it clear that reducing planetary pressure from the global fashion and textiles industry requires greater recognition of the system’s social drivers. This paper was a step towards the iterative development of my sustainable fashion framework.   Paper 2, ‘Reviewing and defining the concept of Sustainable Fashion: a critical social-ecological approach’, is included as an early-stage draft manuscript. It aims to provide a starting point for discussions towards a coherent science-business-policy definition of the concept of sustainable fashion itself. Using the five theoretically grounded principles of my strategy framework, I examine the manifold definitions related to sustainable fashion such as eco fashion, green fashion, ethical fashion, slow fashion, organic fashion and cradle-to-cradle-fashion. Critical realism’s idea of absence structures this paper.  This thesis contributes to knowledge of what a nested inseparable social-ecological system fashion is, enriching ontological descriptions for resilience research more generally.  Also, it provides concrete guidance for transdisciplinary efforts with business and policy working to decrease fashion’s negative impacts on humans and the planet, by showing that fruitful responses pay attention to social activities beyond the industry value chain, not just material flows within. Finally,  I hope my research serves as a contribution to propaedeutics of the field of sustainable fashion, i.e. giving an introductory understanding of the reality and the possibilities of fashion for people and planet. / <p>The work presented here was part of a consortium research project between Stockholm Resilience Centre and the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, initiated and funded by H&amp;M Group, the Swedish public limited company. Celinda Palm, Sarah Cornell and Tiina Häyhä’s employment was part-funded through this project.</p>

Paris has been recurrently affected by floods in the recent years. Such events of heavy precipitations are expected to grow in intensity while being concentrated on shorter periods of time. Subsequently, the risk of floods will increase. The municipality must act accordingly and achieve resilience. Paris is part of the biosphere as an social-ecological system, human activities and the environment are complexely interrelated. The system must become resilient to surprise events to ensure its sustainability. Adaptive governance has been recognized in the field of flood risk management as the means to achieve such resilience. An adaptive governance presents five characteristics: a multilevel feature, public participation, tailor-made solutions, appropriate scale and learning capacity. This thesis aims to analyse how the municipality of Paris incorporates the adaptive approach in its flood risk governance. It also aims to identify the elements it lacks to develop a successful adaptive flood risk governance. Based on the analysis of interviews held with officials of several departments of the municipality and of a selection of official text-based documents several conclusions were drawn. When analysing the multilevel feature of the flood risk governance it appeared that institutional fragmentation was the result of a lack of leadership at the scale of Paris. Regarding public participation, I observed a lack of measures in the governance, both at the basin scale and at the municipality’s scale. However, the municipality does possess the tools to involve citizens in the decision-making process. Tailor-made solutions are duely recommended and implemented, however, multiple constraints hinder their implementation. The governance showed particular interest in the role of the appropriate scale to adress flood risk. The learning capacity is clearly displayed in plans and honed by the municipality. It appears that the adaptive flood risk governance of Paris is in need of a leader that will coordinate the actors, make the strategies coherent and address the constraints to the implementation of tailor-made solutions.

In an European context of agricultural land abandonment, the role of the farming community as landscape stewards is crucial for maintaining the rural landscape as well as the ecosystem services provided by this landscape. Such stewardship is studied here by assessing the participation of the farming community in the management of Menorca Biosphere Reserve, a small Mediterranean island with very well conserved and rich rural landscape which is not escaping this tendency of land abandonment. A survey of 41 farms and interviews with 15 stakeholders were performed in order to assess the role of the farming community in participatory management processes and the effectiveness of the Menorca Biosphere Reserve Agency (MBRA) in facilitating their participation.The results show that the participatory activities of the MBRA are effective and highly valued by participating stakeholders but could be improved by: 1) engaging non-associated farmers and traditional farmers in the MBRA activities 2) finding a consensual and long-term solution on issues related to the access to private rural land 3) providing rapid feedback to participants after meetings and 4) transforming the MBRA structure in order to deal with changes and an uncertain future. Failing to do this could illegitimate further participatory activities, erode trust among stakeholders and alienate the farming community and the society, thereby affecting the maintenance of the rural landscape.This case study highlights the importance of appropriate management structure for adaptive co-management to benefit from the participation of stakeholders in general and farmers in particular. The findings should be of interest to managers, scholars and practitioners using adaptive co-management approaches to manage complex social-ecological systems such as rural, cultural landscapes.