Объектом исследования явились психологическое одиночество и комплекс личностных черт «темная триада». Предметом исследования стала взаимосвязь психологического одиночества с личностными чертами «Темной триады» у женщин. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (63 источника) и приложения, включающего в себя бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 93 страницы, на которых размещены 6 рисунков и 9 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются основная и дополнительная гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме психологического одиночества и комплекса личностных черт «темной триады». Представлены разделы, посвященные исследованию подходов и типологии в изучении психологического одиночества, исследованию структурных показателей комплекса «темной триады», их взаимосвязь и специфику переживания женского одиночества. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: анкете (пол, возраст, статус в браке, наличие детей, родителей, трудовая занятость), опроснику для определения вида одиночества С. Г. Корчагиной, дифференциальный опроснику переживания одиночества Е.Н. Осина и Д.А. Леонтьева, короткому опроснику темной триады в адаптации М.С. Егоровой, М.А. Ситниковой, О.В. Паршиковой. Также во второй главе представлен корреляционный и сравнительный анализ результатов исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутвм гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики. / The object of the study was psychological loneliness and a complex of personality traits «dark triad». The subject of the study was the relationship of psychological loneliness with the personality traits of the «Dark Triad» in women. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (63 sources) and an appendix, which includes forms of the methods used. The volume of the master's thesis is 93 pages, which contain 6 figures and 9 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the development of the problem, sets the goal and objectives of the study, defines the object and subject of the study, formulates the main and additional hypotheses, indicates the methods and empirical base, as well as the stages of the study, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the topic of psychological loneliness and the complex of personality traits of the «dark triad». The sections devoted to the study of approaches and typology in the study of psychological loneliness, the study of the structural indicators of the «dark triad» complex, their relationship and the specifics of experiencing female loneliness are presented. The conclusions on the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It presents a description of the organization and methods of the study and the results obtained by all the methods used: a questionnaire (sex, age, marital status, the presence of children, parents, employment), a questionnaire to determine the type of loneliness by S. G. Korchagina, a differential questionnaire feelings of loneliness E.N. Osina and D.A. Leontiev, a short questionnaire of the dark triad adapted by M.S. Egorova, M.A. Sitnikova, O.V. Parshikova. The second chapter also presents a correlation and comparative analysis of the results of the study. In conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses put forward, are summarized, the practical significance of the study is substantiated, and possible prospects for further development of this issue are described.

En Afrique subsaharienne, d’importantes mutations sociales, économiques et démographiques sont en cours. Leurs conséquences sur les formes et la force des solidarités familiales posent des défis à la procuration de soutien social. Malgré ces transformations, l’isolement social y demeure peu abordé. L’objectif principal de la thèse est de proposer un approche démographique ancrée dans le paradigme des réseaux sociaux pour étudier le phénomène de l’isolement social chez les Siin Sereer de Niakhar, un groupe ethnique du bassin arachidier au Sénégal rural. Le premier article de cette thèse vise à identifier un cadre théorique pour étudier l’isolement social en Afrique subsaharienne rurale et décrire les formes de cet isolement ainsi que les évènements à son origine. Des entretiens qualitatifs individuels ont permis d’identifier le niveau d’intégration au sein du système d’assurance informelle et la (mauvaise) qualité des relations sociales comme dimensions principales de l’isolement social. Le cadre théorique des sociétés de solidarités et des principes de l’économie morale permettent de cerner l’organisation sociale ainsi que le système de protection sociale prévalant dans ce contexte. Ce faisant, les motifs de l’isolement social sont compris de manière contextuelle. À partir des résultats de l’analyse qualitative, le deuxième article de la thèse vise à développer une typologie des réseaux sociaux capable de rendre compte de l'isolement social et décrire les caractéristiques socio-démographiques des individus dans les différents types de réseaux sociaux identifiés. Cette approche par méthodes mixtes permet de développer une classification sensible aux spécificités culturelles, fondée sur l'expérience locale de la sociabilité et de l'isolement social. En plus des groupes intégrés localement et élites locales, les résultats suggèrent l’existence de deux réseaux dépourvus socialement (isolés localement et relations contraintes) qui représentent près de la moitié des résidents du village. Cette distribution suggère que la vulnérabilité socialeest un enjeu important dans ce contexte. La description socio-démographique des réseaux indique que les femmes sont surreprésentées dans les deux types de réseaux sociaux dépourvus socialement. Le dernier article de la thèse étudie les déterminants de la dimension subjective de l’isolement social, la solitude. Nous incluons dans nos analyses les caractéristiques socio-démographiques des répondants ainsi que leur niveau d’intégration sociale, opérationnalisée à travers notre typologie des réseaux sociaux qui est capable de rendre compte de l'isolement social. Nos analyses révèlent qu’à Niakhar, certains déterminants de la solitude sont spécifiques aux hommes ou aux femmes, et d’autres leur sont communs. Aussi, l’étude suggère que l’effet du niveau d’intégration sociale sur la solitude varie selon l’âge et le sexe. Comparativement aux hommes, pour les femmes, un niveau élevé d’intégration sociale n’est pas garant d’une absence de solitude et de déprime. Pour elles, les enjeux autour de ces sentiments négatifs résident plus fortement dans la proximité avec leurs enfants. Les résultats de cette thèse contribuent à la fois à une meilleure compréhension et une mesure plus adéquate de l’isolement social dans un contexte différent des sociétés industrialisées où, face aux changements sociaux en cours, l’effritement des solidarités sociales risque d’entraîner un agrandissement des inégalités sociales et de vulnérabiliser une proportion croissante de résidents des milieux ruraux. / In sub-Saharan Africa, major social, economic, and demographic changes are underway. Their consequences on the forms and strength of family solidarities challenge the provision of social support. Despite these transformations, social isolation remains little studied and understood. This dissertation aims to propose a demographic approach anchored in the social network paradigm to study social isolation among the Siin Sereer, an ethnic group in the groundnut basin of rural Senegal. The first article aims to identify a theoretical framework for studying social isolation in rural sub-Saharan Africa and to describe the forms as well as the events leading to social isolation. Individual qualitative interviews were used to identify the level of integration within the informal insurance system and the quality of social relations as the main dimensions of social isolation. The theoretical framework of solidarity societies and the principles of the moral economy are used to identify the social organization and the social protection system prevailing in this context. In this way, social isolation is understood in a contextual way. Based on the findings of the qualitative analysis, the second paper aims to develop a typology of social networks capable of accounting for social isolation and to describe the socio-demographic characteristics of individuals in the different types of social networks identified. This mixed-methods approach allows for the development of a culturally sensitive classification based on the local experience of sociability and social isolation. In addition to the locally integrated and local elite groups, the results suggest the existence of two socially deprived networks (locally isolated and constrained relationships) that account for almost half of of the village residents. This distribution suggests that social vulnerability is an important issue in this context. The socio-demographic description of the networks indicates that women are over-represented in both types of socially deprived networks. The last paper investigates the determinants of the subjective dimension of social isolation, loneliness. We include in our analyses the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents as well as their level of social integration, operationalized through our typology of social networks which can capture social isolation. Our analyses reveal that in Niakhar, some determinants of loneliness are specific to men or women, and others are common to both sexes. Also, the study suggests that the effect of the level of social integration on loneliness varies with age and sex. Compared to men, for women, a high level of social integration does not guarantee an absence of loneliness and depression. For them, the issues surrounding these negative feelings lie more strongly in the proximity to their children. This dissertation contributes to both a better understanding and a more adequate measurement of social isolation in a context different from that of industrialized societies where, in the face of ongoing social change, the erosion of social solidarities risks leading to an increase in social inequalities and the vulnerability of a growing proportion of rural residents.

Les mesures de restrictions adoptées par le gouvernement du Québec pour freiner la propagation du coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 ont sans nul doute bouleversé les liens sociaux et exacerbé le sentiment d'isolement social chez les résidents ruraux. Dans ce contexte, la question du bien-être, mais bien plus du sentiment de solitude dans la population rurale québécoise, prend toute sa dimension. Compte tenu du peu d'information disponible sur ce sujet, nous avons réalisé une étude longitudinale chez les résidents ruraux du Québec âgés de 18 ans et plus, dont les objectifs étaient : 1) Analyser l'évolution des différentes dimensions du bien-être et de la solitude pendant la pandémie de COVID-19; 2) Analyser la dynamique temporelle de la solitude et du bien-être; 3) Identifier les facteurs de risque et de protection associés à la solitude et au bien-être. À cette fin, le bien-être et la solitude autodéclarés de même que des variables portant sur les caractéristiques sociodémographiques, psychoémotionnelles et les antécédents de santé individuels de 510 résidents ruraux ont été collectés, grâce à un questionnaire en ligne, à cinq périodes distinctes : T0 (29 avril au 6 août 2020), T1 (21 octobre au 27 octobre 2020), T2 (15 février au 23 février 2021), T3 (31 août au 7 septembre 2021) et T4 (21 février au 28 février 2022). Des statistiques descriptives sur toutes les variables collectées ont été produites. Un modèle linéaire mixte a été utilisé pour examiner l'influence des indicateurs sociodémographiques et psychosociaux sur le bien-être et la solitude de la population soumise à l'étude. Au total, 473 participants (Âge médian : 42 ans; Hommes : 84,96%) ont été retenus pour l'étude portant sur le bien-être, tandis que 468 participants (Âge médian : 42 ans; Hommes : 85,87%) ont été sélectionnés pour l'étude sur la solitude. Relativement au premier objectif, un participant sur trois a signalé ressentir souvent ou parfois un manque de compagnie ou se sentir isolé des autres. Parallèlement, plus du tiers des participants ont estimé souvent avoir une pensée claire et se sentir utiles, détendus, proches des autres, capables de bien résoudre les problèmes auxquels ils sont confrontés, capables de prendre leurs propres décisions et optimistes quant à l'avenir. Concernant le deuxième objectif, une amélioration significative du bien-être des participants a été observée tout au long des périodes de suivi. De même, le sentiment de solitude a diminué au fil du temps, avec des réductions significatives observées aux périodes T1, T3 et T4. En ce qui concerne le troisième objectif, la pandémie a eu un impact significatif sur le bien-être des jeunes adultes. En outre, certains facteurs individuels tels que le faible revenu, les problèmes de santé mentale, le chômage, le manque d'interaction sociale et l'inquiétude concernant les répercussions financières personnelles de la COVID-19 peuvent accroître la probabilité de solitude et/ou de faible bien-être. En conclusion, nos résultats illustrent la résilience des ménages ruraux québécois pendant la pandémie de COVID-19, tout en soulignant la nécessité pour les décideurs publics de prendre en compte les besoins et les aspirations de la couche de la population la plus vulnérable et moins résiliente lors de futures crises similaires. / The restrictive measures adopted by the government of Quebec to curb the spread of the SARS-Cov2 coronavirus have undoubtedly disrupted social connections and exacerbated the feelings of social isolation among rural residents. In this context, the issue of well-being, and even more so, the feeling of loneliness within the rural population of Quebec, takes on its full significance. Given the paucity of information available on this topic, we conducted a longitudinal study involving rural residents aged 18 and over, with the following aims: 1) To analyze the progression of the different facets of well-being and loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2) To examine the temporal dynamics of loneliness and well-being. 3) To identify the risk and protective factors associated with loneliness and well-being. To this end, data of self-reported well-being, and loneliness, as well as variables concerning socio-demographic characteristics, psycho-emotional aspects, and individual health history of 510 rural residents, were gathered through online questionnaire at five distinct time points: T0(April 19 to August 6, 2020), T1 (October 21 to October 27, 2020), T2 (February 15 to February 23, 2021), T3 (August 31 to September 7, 2022), and T4 (February 21 to February 28, 2022). Descriptive statistics were computed for all collected variables. A mixed linear model was used to examine how socio-demographic and psychosocial descriptors influenced well-being and feelings of loneliness. A total of 473 participants (median age= 42; men= 84.96%) were included in the well-being study, while 468 participants (median age= 42; men= 85.87%) were selected for the loneliness study. Addressing the first aim, a third of participants reported that they often or sometimes felt a lack of company or felt isolated from others. At the same time, over a third of participants often experienced clarity of thought, and a sense of usefulness, relaxation, close social links, problem-solving abilities, autonomy in decision-making, and optimism about the future. Regarding the second objective, a significant improvement in participants' well-being was observed throughout the follow-up periods. Similarly, feelings of loneliness decreased over time, with significant reductions noted at T1, T3 and T4. As for the third objective, the pandemic had a significant impacted the well-being of young adults. Furthermore, individual factors such as low income, mental health problems, unemployment, lack of social interaction, concern about the personal financial impact of COVID-19, may increase the likelihood of loneliness and/or diminished well-being. In summary, our findings demonstrated the ability of rural households of Quebec to cope with the challenge of the COVID-19 pandemic, while underscoring the need for public policymakers to consider the needs and aspirations of the most susceptible and less resilient segment of the population in future comparable crises.

<p>Abstract</p><p>This paper is about the philosophies created by Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) and Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900). The purpose is to show the high degree of similarities between Thoreau’s and Nietzsche’s philosphy.</p><p>At first glance, it seems far-fetched to suggest an affinity between them; the differences in style and choice of subjects, have most certainly contributed to the fact that very few comparisons so far have been made. There is no evidence that one experienced any influence over the other, neither writer seems to have been aware of the other. Also their different areas of use during the 20th century, may have influenced the almost total lack of search for affinity. Thoreau’s philosphy has often been used by environmentalist movements, while Nietzsche has been connected to a wide range of various strivings, such as totalitarian regimes, individualistic artists and post-modern thinkers.</p><p>But if one disregard these facts, look beyond the differences, and break down their texts in search for their most fundamental opinions, one will see that Nietzsche and Thoreau shared a number of concerns. They were both ciritical to many aspects of the modern civilisation, espacially the way of life it encouraged. It was a life style, deep rooted in an obstructive tradition, that did not take the very essential conditions of life into consideration. This was both Thoreau’s and Nietzsche’s opinion, and their philosophies represent a willingness to re-establish a way of life that ignores all traditions hostile to life.</p><p>Both of them criticize the religion and its moral of work, the modern science, and many institutions of the modern society – the schools and the prisons for example. But they also praise things, things they claim to have a value in contrast to the modern way of life – the simple things. Both Thoreau and Nietzsche praise the solitude life style, the silent walking in the wilderness, the simple but healthy food, as well as some intellectual stimulus, especially good litterature and music. All these simple things contribute to Thoreau’s and Nietzsche’s opinion of life; it should be looked upon with the eyes of a child. Life should be like a play.</p><p>The title of this paper is Philosphers of the Rooster and the Morning. The title suggests the similarities I have found between Thoreau’s and Nietzsche’s philosophies. They both announce an awakening. For them, a new morning has broken, and this paper shows the similar circumstances they give credit for their awakening.</p>

Abstract This paper is about the philosophies created by Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) and Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900). The purpose is to show the high degree of similarities between Thoreau’s and Nietzsche’s philosphy. At first glance, it seems far-fetched to suggest an affinity between them; the differences in style and choice of subjects, have most certainly contributed to the fact that very few comparisons so far have been made. There is no evidence that one experienced any influence over the other, neither writer seems to have been aware of the other. Also their different areas of use during the 20th century, may have influenced the almost total lack of search for affinity. Thoreau’s philosphy has often been used by environmentalist movements, while Nietzsche has been connected to a wide range of various strivings, such as totalitarian regimes, individualistic artists and post-modern thinkers. But if one disregard these facts, look beyond the differences, and break down their texts in search for their most fundamental opinions, one will see that Nietzsche and Thoreau shared a number of concerns. They were both ciritical to many aspects of the modern civilisation, espacially the way of life it encouraged. It was a life style, deep rooted in an obstructive tradition, that did not take the very essential conditions of life into consideration. This was both Thoreau’s and Nietzsche’s opinion, and their philosophies represent a willingness to re-establish a way of life that ignores all traditions hostile to life. Both of them criticize the religion and its moral of work, the modern science, and many institutions of the modern society – the schools and the prisons for example. But they also praise things, things they claim to have a value in contrast to the modern way of life – the simple things. Both Thoreau and Nietzsche praise the solitude life style, the silent walking in the wilderness, the simple but healthy food, as well as some intellectual stimulus, especially good litterature and music. All these simple things contribute to Thoreau’s and Nietzsche’s opinion of life; it should be looked upon with the eyes of a child. Life should be like a play. The title of this paper is Philosphers of the Rooster and the Morning. The title suggests the similarities I have found between Thoreau’s and Nietzsche’s philosophies. They both announce an awakening. For them, a new morning has broken, and this paper shows the similar circumstances they give credit for their awakening.

Au vingt-et-unième siècle, il ne suffit plus de présenter la publicité sur les écrans. L'image ne capte plus notre attention. Fini les acteurs et la mise en scène. On exige de l'authenticité. Au vingt-et-unième siècle, il faut introduire la publicité dans la vie réelle, l'incarner. La partie créative de ce mémoire, qui est intitulée Beige sur rose, raconte l'histoire de Nelly et Simone, deux femmes qui travaillent pour la même agence de publicité. Elles partagent un style de vie semblable, quoiqu'elles soient diamétralement opposées sur le plan affectif. La première cherche désespérément l'amour, souffre d'alcoolisme et est hantée par l'idée du suicide, tandis que la seconde est légère et insouciante, sans attache. Ce roman cherche à débusquer ce qui se cache derrière les apparences, à mettre en lumière ce qui se passe dans la solitude, une fois toutes les caméras éteintes. La partie réflexive de ce mémoire s'intéresse à l'immanence et à la transcendance du sujet incarné féminin à travers les œuvres de Nelly Arcan et Audrée Wilhelmy. L'objectif est de mettre en lumière l'étrange paradoxe dans lequel se trouve coincé le corps de la femme, à mi-chemin entre l'aliénation et la libération, et comment, encore aujourd'hui, les femmes se trouvent souvent prises au piège dans des circuits de représentations contradictoires et conflictuelles.

[pt] Esta dissertação propõe uma leitura da especificidade do laço social na atualidade, assim como propõe uma maneira como, a partir deste laço, poderia ser decantada uma política contemporânea. Para esta costura, uma leitura do sociólogo Zygmunt Bauman fornece balizas para delimitarmos o estado atual do laço social. Em seguida, algumas das perspectivas de Sigmund Freud, com relação ao social e aos modos de organização grupal, especialmente quanto ao lugar que estes dão ao líder, são contrapostas à descrição de Bauman. Jorge Alemán e Ernesto Laclau trazem, então, elementos para a aplicação de conceitos desenvolvidos por Jacques Lacan, a partir de Freud, ao momento político atual, especialmente no que concerne às concepções de solidão comum, significante vazio e ato instituinte. Por fim, os conceitos lacanianos de nó borromeano e sinthome são examinados para localizar em que se apoiam os conceitos de Alemán e Laclau, com referência ao ensino de Lacan. Amarra-se, assim, nossa dissertação, propondo alguma orientação dentro do campo demarcado. / [en] This dissertation proposes a reading of the specificity of the social tie in the present time, as well as proposes a way where, from this tie, a contemporary politics could be decanted. For this seam, a reading by sociologist Zygmunt Bauman provides reading beacons for delimiting the current state of the social tie. Next, some of Freud s perspectives on the social and modes of group organization, especially as to the place they give to the leader, are opposed to Bauman s description. Jorge Alemán and Ernesto Laclau bring elements for the application of concepts developed by Jacques Lacan from Freud s work to the present political moment, especially in what concerns his conceptions of common solitude, empty signifier and institute act. Finally, the Lacanian concepts of the Borromean node and sinthome are examined with the objective of locating in which the concepts of Alemán and Laclau are supported in the teaching of Lacan. Thus, our dissertation is tied, proposing some orientation within the demarcated field.