This thesis presents briefly the geology of the Cerro de Pasco district to acquaint the reader with the general geological setting of the district. A study of ore controls for a typical lead-zinc replacement body at the world famous Cerro de Pasco mine in Peru, 102 km northeast of Lima, was undertaken for purposes of better understanding. The particular body selected, the San Alberto Ore Body, occurs as a northeast extension of a main mass of pyrite, known as the "pyrite body", and is enclosed in Triassic- Jurassic limestone. Primary ore controls were determined to be a "Y"-like intersection formed by NS Longitudinal Faulting with a NE striking bedding fault. Resultant brecciation created the necessary permeable conditions whereby ore fluids were channeled away from the pyrite body into the limestone for ore emplacement. Three phases of hydrothermal rock alteration were identified as silicic alteration, chloritic alteration and an outer zone of bleaching and recrystallization. One peculiarity is found in the mineral composition of the silicic alteration, and a hypothesis is presented to explain it. The paragenetic sequence given for hypogene and gangue minerals was determined from the examination of more than 150 thin and polished sections.

This thesis examines the articles the Brazilian writer Lima Barreto (1881-1922) published in the popular satirical magazine Careta. It argues that Careta epitomises Lima Barreto’s aim to create social impact through literature, as it provided him with the largest readership he enjoyed in his lifetime, reaching hundreds of thousands of readers weekly nationwide and internationally. The thesis expands the knowledge about the strategies Lima Barreto used to convey his ideas, showing how he endeavoured to engage with mass audiences in order to combat social fragmentation and intellectual alienation in early twentieth century Brazil. The significance of this thesis is evident on two levels. First, I demonstrate throughout the chapters that Barreto fully engaged with Careta to convey his ideas to a mass audience, choosing the magazine as his main periodical voice in the last years of his life. This argument challenges the idea that Lima Barreto was a marginal writer in the First Republic. Second, the originality of this thesis lies in locating and uncovering almost one hundred and fifty hitherto unknown texts, most of them published pseudonymously in Careta. Chapter one discusses the militancy of Barreto's works. Chapter two argues that Barreto elected magazines, more than newspapers, to convey his message to a large audience. Chapter three relates the early history of Careta. Chapter four suggests that Barreto incorporated pictorial strategies into his articles. Chapter five argues that Barreto embraced Careta's central theme derived from the Commedia dell'Arte. Chapter six discusses systematically the pseudonyms attributed to Barreto in Careta and provides robust evidence that he published many hitherto unknown texts pseudonymously. Finally, I conclude that Careta encapsulates Barreto's efforts to reach a mass readership and communicate with readers beyond literary circles.

This thesis seeks to explain Argentine and Chilean approaches to modern Pan-Americanism. It offers several significant contributions to the historiography of Pan-Americanism and Southern Cone policymaking. First, it provides a sweeping overview of Pan-Americanism as a form of regional cooperation from 1888 to 1930, gathering the various strands of Pan-American history and forming a coherent overall narrative. It introduces a two-dimensional analytical framework for understanding Pan-American cooperation as a whole. The 'first dimension' included efforts to regulate the political relationships in the Americas while the 'second dimension' was more technical, social, cultural, and commercial. Within this framework, the approaches of two participant countries (Chile and Argentina) are closely examined in parallel. Attitudes towards the US, geopolitical calculations, and economic considerations – the basis of most historical interpretations – form part of the explanation, but this thesis presents a more complicated set of actors, influences, and ideas. Inspired by the methodology of Foreign Policy Analysis and recent studies in modern regionalism, the second half of the thesis deconstructs Pan-American policies. It examines four patterns that emerged through research: changes in the organization of policymaking, the influence of non-state actors and public opinion, the rise of intermestic strands of Pan-Americanism, and the role of ideas in international relations. Each pattern is analyzed and fully substantiated using evidence selected from the narrative and supplemented by wider research. Referencing models from multiple disciplines, the chapters reveal how different actors and objectives (including stemming social crisis, gaining prestige, and demonstrating commitment to democratic governance) influenced policy at different moments. Ultimately, this thesis emphasises the interplay of factors and suggests that unpacking Pan-Americanism has implications for understanding Latin America's role in international history and modern regionalism in the Americas.

Notre thèse vise une analyse comparative qui porte sur le paramètre du rythme. Le corpus d’étude est constitué d’une quarantaine de genres musicaux parmi les plus emblématiques de l’Amérique du Sud. La problématique principale consiste à comprendre le rapport entre la structure des rythmes et leurs dénominations vernaculaires multiples et de faire émerger leur signification culturelle. L’objectif de notre analyse est d’aboutir à des alternatives typologiques à géométrie variable mettant en confrontation les plans d’observation (endogène et exogène). Ces typologies nous permettent en même temps de mettre en relief les airs de famille entre les rythmes ainsi que leurs éventuelles filiations. Cette analyse s’appuie sur divers procédés de transcription, de modélisation et de comparaison des patterns polyrythmiques. Plusieurs composantes et aspects relatifs au paramètre rythmique sont également considérés, tels les oppositions de timbre, le tempo, les multiples spécificités performancielles, ainsi que les principes agogiques mis en oeuvre par les musiciens. Constituée de quatre chapitres, notre thèse fait état des différentes étapes méthodologiques de notre travail : analyse musicale, premières propositions typologiques (perspective exogène), enquêtes menées auprès des détenteurs des traditions (perspective endogène). Les deux perspectives sont ensuite mises en relation, voire confrontées, le tout dans une optique de validation culturelle des données conduisant à de nouvelles solutions typologiques. / Our thesis is a comparative analysis that focuses on rhythm as a parameter. The corpus of study consists of forty of the most iconic music genres of South America. The main issue is to understand the relationship between the structure of the rhythms and their various vernacular names and to make their cultural meaning emerge. The goal of our analysis is to create typological alternatives that confront the observation plans (endogenous and exogenous). These typologies focus on the family similarities between the rhythms and their possible affiliations. This analysis is based on various transcription processes, modeling and comparison of polyrhythmic patterns. Several aspects and components relating to the rhythmic parameter will also be considered, such as timbre oppositions, tempo, multiple performance formulations, and agogic principles created by the musicians. Consisting of four chapters, our thesis is based on several methodological steps: our music analysis and our initial typological proposals (exogenous perspective) on one hand, and on the other hand, our investigation process lead with the owners of the traditions (endogenous perspective). Both perspectives are then related, or faced, all in the perspective of a cultural validation.

Durant la colonisation, le colonisateur n’a pas ménagé ses efforts pour peupler la Guyane. Les différentes populations qui s’y sont installées au gré des différentes opérations de développement-peuplement ont été anéanties par les épidémies et les conditions de vie déplorables. Ce qui valut à la colonie son surnom d’enfer vert. Avec le régime de la départementalisation en 1946, la Guyane connut comme une révolution sanitaire et sociale qui améliora les conditions de vie et la rapprocha des départements métropolitains. S’en suivit une croissance démographique encouragée par une politique migratoire. Une telle composante immigrée influa dans tous les domaines socioculturels du département jusqu’à faire partie de l’identité propre de la Guyane. Malgré cette croissance, l’appel à la main-d’œuvre extérieure demeura encore nécessaire au développement du département : construction de la base spatiale en 1965, grands chantiers de Guyane, agriculture, etc. Le succès de la base spatiale, le système de protection sociale, les hauts salaires, la richesse du sous-sol, les conditions de vie braquèrent les projecteurs sur le département et attirèrent nombre de ressortissants des pays environnants, ceux-là mêmes qui étaient repoussés hors de leurs frontières par les crises sociales, la pauvreté, la guerre civile. Si bien qu’en 1982 le nombre d’immigrés tendait à dépasser le nombre de nés en Guyane et suscita la réticence des Guyanais qui réclamaient de la part du gouvernement une politique migratoire restrictive et d’expulsion. Stigmatisant les populations immigrées, les Guyanais leur imputèrent tous les maux du département : maladies et épidémies, chômage, délinquance, drogue, non-scolarisation, pauvreté, création de bidonvilles, etc. tous ces maux qui rapprochent un peu plus le département des régions et des pays environnants les plus pauvres. / During Colonization, the colonizing country did not hesitate to populate French Guyana. The various populations who migrated there, following numerous attempts to populate and develop the country were eventually wiped out by epidemics and horrid living conditions. These extreme conditions eventually earned the region the nickname ‘The Green Hell’. However with the regime of departmentalization in 1946, French Guyana witnessed a sanitary and social revolution which greatly improved the living conditions and brought the region up to a level comparable with the metropolitan regions. Following this reform there was a great demographic growth encouraged by a policy open to migration. This new migration influenced all socio-cultural domains of life in the department right down to the authentic French Guyana identity. In spite of this growth, the need for an exterior labor force remained necessary for the development of the country: construction of the Space exploration base in 1965, great development of urban French Guyana, agriculture, etc. The success of the Space exploration program, the social security system, increased salaries, the richness of the soil and the improved living conditions put French Guyana in the spotlight and attracted a number of citizens from neighboring countries. Many of these new immigrants were fleeing their own countries, currently amidst social turmoil, intense poverty or even Civil War. The degree of desperation was such that in 1982 the number of immigrants surpassed the number of people born in French Guyana and provoked their resistance, imploring the government for a restrictive migration policy that would even employ expulsion. Stigmatizing these immigrant populations, the people of French Guyana began to blame all the ills of society on these new masses: illness and epidemics, unemployment, delinquency, drug abuse, lack of scholarity amongst children, poverty, the development shanty towns etc. All of these afflictions brought the living standard closer to those of the surrounding regions and the poorest of neighboring countries

Classical frontal teaching, where pupils are supposed to listen to the teacher and make notes is becoming stereotypical. Therefore I decided to focus on a topic where I can apply more teaching methods both in Geography lessons and Biology ones. The goal of this work was to create a teaching guide including necessary materials covering the topic of American natural lanscapes and afterwards to evaluate the contribution of these activities. The teaching materials were tested in two classes in The Basic School in Dolní Břežany. Both classes underwent a pretest, the first posttest (immediately after the experimental lessons), the second posttest (six weeks after the experimental lessons) and pupils also tried activities in which they had to apply their achieved knowledge. The data were evaluated using statistical analyses where the results showed a progress of gained knowledge between the pretest and the first posttest, whereas their knowledge did not significantly differ between the first and second posttest. It can be concluded that pupils broadened their knowledge, which was deeper than at the beginning and the pupils were able to retain this knowledge for a longer time. Key words: North America, South America, natural lanscapes, Biology, Geography, activating teaching methods, curriculum integration

[pt] O principal objetivo desse trabalho é avaliar os desdobramentos do desenvolvimento institucional sobre a integração energética da América do Sul. Sendo assim, e após o debate acerca das teorias neofuncionalistas, das teorias intergovernamentalistas e das teorias da governança multi-nível, bem como suas contribuições para o desenvolvimento institucional da integração energética, propõe-se uma ampliação do conceito de cooperação e segurança energéticas, avançando na lógica da infraestrutura física demandada para a criação de determinados empreendimentos, uma vez que a literatura atual foca demasiadamente na questão do petróleo e de seus derivados. Apresenta-se, ainda, dados acerca da atual infraestrutura física do subcontinente sul-americano. Ademais, discute-se os benefícios e os entraves à promoção da integração energética regional, que tem, em maior ou menor grau, relação com o arcabouço institucional relativo ao tema na América do Sul. / [en] The main objective of this work is to evaluate the consequences of institutional development on energy integration in South America. So, after discussions of neofunctionalist theories, intergovernmentalists theories and theories of multi-level governance and their contributions to the development institutional energy integration, we propose an extension of the concept of cooperation and energy security, advancing the logic of demanded physical infrastructure for the creation of certain projects since the current literature focuses excessively on the issue of oil and its derivatives. We also present data about the current physical infrastructure of the South American subcontinent. Furthermore, we discuss the benefits and barriers to the promotion of regional energy integration, which has a greater or lesser degree relation with the institutional framework relating to the theme in South America.

[pt] A América do Sul é uma região cuja anarquia internacional contemporaneamente não apresenta mais um estado de anarquia marcado pelo dilema de segurança. Saber se essa sociedade internacional obteve uma mudança pacífica a ponto de superar este dilema e atingir uma comunidade pluralista de segurança é o problema de pesquisa desta tese. Isso requer o entendimento deste conceito, bem como a constatação da presença de seus elementos constitutivos na região sul-americana. Para responder a esta pergunta, o trabalho foi dividido em duas partes, a primeira de natureza teórica e a segunda de caráter empírico. Cada uma tem dois capítulos. No primeiro capítulo da parte teórica, expõe-se a revisão da literatura sobre comunidades de segurança e, no segundo capítulo, faz-se uma revisão da literatura relativa à segurança internacional na região. Quanto à parte empírica, seu primeiro capítulo foi destinado a traçar um perfil da ordem sulamericana durante a Guerra Fria antes da hipotética emergência de uma comunidade de segurança na região. Já no quarto capítulo demonstra-se seu possível surgimento e consolidação no pós-Guerra Fria. O método comparativo é usado para cotejar esses dois períodos, de modo a captar uma possível transição para uma comunidade de segurança. Conclui-se que, após a guerra fria, não se pode dizer ainda que a América do Sul apresenta todos os elementos de uma Comunidade de Segurança madura, mas se encontra em estágio ascendente. / [en] South America is a region which international anarchy presently does not show a condition marked by the security dilemma anymore. To assess to what extent this international society has obtained a peaceful change up to a point of overcoming this dilemma and achieving a pluralistic security community condition is the research problem of this thesis. It requires the comprehension of this concept, as well as the assessment of its constitutive elements in the South- American region. To answer this question, the thesis has been divided in two parts, the first of theoretical nature and the second of empirical character. Each of them has two chapters. In the first chapter of the theoretical part, one exposes the literature review on security communities. In the second chapter, one makes a literature review of the international security relatively to the region. As for the empirical part, its first chapter has been destined to trace the profile of South- American order during the Cold War, before the hypothetical emergence of a security community in the region. In the fourth chapter, one shows its possible emergence and consolidation in the post-Cold War. The comparative method is used to contrast these two periods in order to capture the possible transition to a Security Community. One concludes that, after the Cold War one cannot state that South America has all elements of a Security C ommunity but it is in an emergent stage.

Asthma and rhinitis epidemiology has wide variations around the world. The aim of this review was verify the prevalence of asthma and rhinitis in South America and report differences from other regions of the world. We reviewed studies with International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) methodology in South America, Phases I and III. In South America the ISAAC Phase I ranked four countries among top ten in prevalence of asthma and three countries among top ten in prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis. ISAAC Phase III showed little changes in asthma and rhinitis prevalence in South American countries. The prevalence increases of asthma and rhinitis in South American centers indicate that the burden of both is continuing to rise, but the differences in prevalence are lessening. / Revisión por pares

Os conceitos geopolíticos elaborados, ou apropriados, e ressignificados pelas grandes potências moldam as relações internacionais. A partir desta tese, esta pesquisa versa sobre as relações internacionais entre os Estados americanos, que tiveram lugar no movimento panamericano de 1933 a 1954. Durante o período, no âmbito dos eventos continentais mais importantes (Conferências Pan-Americanas e Reuniões de Consulta aos Ministros das Relações Exteriores), destacaram-se dois conceitos geopolíticos levados a termos pelos Estados Unidos e que serviram de baliza para as relações interamericanas: América do Sul e América Latina. A primeira proposição, em vigência de 1933 a 1942, compreendia o conjunto das Américas como espaço formado pelos Estados Unidos, por Estados da América Central e por Estados diferentes e desenvolvidos que formavam a América do Sul. Após este período, uma nova proposição sugeriu que as relações hemisféricas eram constituídas, por um lado, pelos Estados Unidos e, por outro, pelos demais Estados americanos que passaram a compor a América Latina, sem distinção. Neste sentido, o objetivo geral deste trabalho é analisar a atuação da diplomacia dos Estados Unidos e da diplomacia do Brasil em relação aos conceitos de América do Sul e América Latina nas relações hemisféricas. Para tanto, procuramos identificar o que denominamos como demandas latino-americanas e que receberam destaque na documentação diplomática produzida e arquivada pelo Departamento de Estado e pelo Ministério das Relações Exteriores do Brasil. Buscamos, ainda, verificar o posicionamento dos Estados Unidos e do Brasil e qualificar a cooperação entre o ambos. A pesquisa levou-nos a atuar na intersecção de dois temas clássicos da história das relações interamericanas: a política da Boa Vizinhança e a Doutrina Truman de contenção ao comunismo. Concluiu-se que durante o período da Boa Vizinhança, a América do Sul emergiu tanto de uma crise de interpretação da sociedade (e da diplomacia) americana sobre o que havia ao sul do Rio Grande, quanto de uma crise do capitalismo mundial. A delimitação geopolítica e o prestígio atribuído à diplomacia brasileira foi ao encontro do interesse da política externa brasileira, cuja abrangência sul-americana há muito constava de seu horizonte de atuação regional. Neste sentido, no início da década de 1940, o Brasil vislumbrava que seria essencial para a política hemisférica dos Estados Unidos e para as relações interamericanas. No entanto, a perspectiva de um lugar reservado nas relações hemisféricas não sustentou-se no pós-guerra, especialmente nos eventos pan-americanos sob a Doutrina Truman. A proposição norteamericana de que havia igualdade entre os Estados da América Latina, composta por um grupo homogêneo de Estados, levou as diplomacias brasileira e americana a operar desde posições opostas. Paradoxalmente, o Brasil deu os primeiros passos rumo a aproximação com os demais Estados do subcontinente. As conclusões deste trabalho são relevantes e subsidiam a compreensão das relações internacionais americanas contemporâneas, sobretudo os processos de integração regional. / Geopolitical concepts elaborated, appropriated or reinterpreted by the great powers play a key role in shaping international relations. This thesis deals with international relations among the American states from 1933 to 1954, specifically in the Pan-American movement. In the major continental events (Pan-American Conferences and Consultation Meetings of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs) under consideration, two geopolitical concepts brought to terms by the United States served as a beacon for inter-American relations: South America and Latin America. The first proposition, in effect from 1933 to 1942, comprised the whole of the Americas as a space formed by the United States, by the Central American states and the different and developed states that formed South America. After this period, a new proposition suggested that hemispheric relations were established, on the one hand, by the United States and, secondly, by other American states that were included in Latin America without distinctions. In this sense, the aim of this study is to analyze the performance of the diplomacy of the United States and Brazil in relation to the concepts of South America and Latin America in hemispheric relations. Therefore, I try to identify what I call Latin American demands, which were highlighted in the diplomatic documentation produced and filed by the State Department and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brazil. I also seek to trace the positions of the United States and Brazil and qualify cooperation between both countries. The research led me to explore the intersection of two classic themes of the history of inter-American relations: the Good Neighbor Policy and the Truman Doctrine to contain communism. It was concluded that during the period of the Good Neighbor Policy, South America emerged both as a crisis of the American interpretation of society (and diplomacy) about what was occurring south of the Rio Grande and a crisis of world capitalism. The geopolitical boundaries and prestige attributed to Brazilian diplomacy during this period was clearly in the interest of Brazilian foreign policy, whose South American horizon had long consisted only of regional operations. In this sense, in the early 1940s, Brazilian politicians envisioned that the country would be essential for the hemispheric policy of the United States and for inter-American relations. However, the prospect of a reserved place in hemispheric relations did not hold up after the war, especially in the Pan American events during the period of the Truman Doctrine. The United States proposition that there was equality among the homogeneous group of states led Brazilian and American diplomacies to stake out opposite positions. Paradoxically, Brazil took the first steps towards rapprochement with the other states of the subcontinent. The findings of this study subsidize the understanding of contemporary inter-American relations, particularly processes of regional integration.