Orientador: Pedro Paulo Abreu Funari / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T00:51:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Schiavetto_SolangeNunesdeOliveira_D.pdf: 10642676 bytes, checksum: ba07e27b1934b80994b20c1c261cb8d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo principal a realização de investigações arqueológicas na região de Araraquara/SP e sua utilização em trabalhos de educação patrimonial. As pesquisas em discussão centram atenção na execução de projetos arqueológicos de levantamento e escavação com posterior análise de laboratório de materiais de sítios cerâmicos da região proposta para estudos. Foram escolhidas as bacias do médio Mogi-Guaçu (bacia do rio Pardo) e médio Jacaré-Guaçu (bacia do rio Tietê). O panorama arqueológico resultante das pesquisas de campo é comparado aos dados já existentes em trabalhos arqueológicos acadêmicos e de Arqueologia de Contrato conduzidos na região delimitada pelos rios Piracicaba, Tietê, Pardo e Paraná, historicamente conhecida como ¿campos de Araraquara¿. As fontes etno-históricas e etnográficas também foram analisadas e confrontadas com os resultados arqueológicos, com o intuito de ponderar sobre suas influências na construção da imagem do indígena no Estado de São Paulo, sua história e contribuição para a formação da identidade nacional. Por fim, a tese centrou atenção em temas de teoria arqueológica que busquem compreender alguns conceitos antropológicos utilizados pelos arqueólogos brasileiros no que toca aos sítios cerâmicos e a visão de monolitismo resultante da utilização a-crítica desses conceitos / Abstract: The present research has as its main goal to do archaeological investigations in the region of Araraquara/SP and to use such investigations in works of heritage education. The research centered its attention in the accomplishment of archaeological works of survey and excavation, with the posterior laboratory analysis of ceramic sites materials from the proposed region of study. For the fieldwork, we selected the areas of the Middle Mogi-Guaçu basin (in the Rio Pardo basin) and the Middle Jacaré-Guaçu basin (in the Tietê River basin). We compared the resulting archaeological scenario gathered from the field research to the data already available from academic archaeological works and from Contract Archaeology accomplished in the region delimited by the rivers Piracicaba, Tietê, Pardo and Paraná, historically known as the ¿Araraquara fields¿. We also analyzed and confronted the ethno-historical and ethnographical sources with the archaeological findings, with the aim of reflecting about its influences in the construction of the image of the native in the State of São Paulo, as well as in his history and his contribution to the formation of the national identity. Finally, the work has centered attention in themes of archaeological theory that seeks to understand some anthropological concepts used by Brazilian archaeologists in relation to the ceramic sites and also to review the monolithic vision resulting from the a-critical usage of such concepts / Doutorado / Historia Cultural / Doutor em História

Orientador: John Manuel Monteiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:08:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wittmann_LuisaTombini_M.pdf: 1642401 bytes, checksum: 0ecf2615ecf270035caef0ad7403df6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Esta dissertação discute três momentos do processo de contato entre o povo indígena Xokleng, os imigrantes alemães e os funcionários do SPI, na região do Vale do Itajaí, no Estado de Santa Catarina, entre 1850 e 1926. O trabalho enfoca, num primeiro momento, os ataques na mata entre os nativos e os recém-chegados; num segundo, os processos de adoção de crianças indígenas; e, num terceiro, o cotidiano do Posto Indígena Duque de Caxias, na esteira da ¿pacificação¿ dos Xokleng. Busca-se compreender as formas de pensar e agir dos diferentes sujeitos históricos envolvidos no contato, conferindo visibilidade aos atores indígenas e dando voz às suas próprias interpretações e ações diante da nova realidade / Abstract: This thesis discusses three distinct moments in the contact between Xokleng Indians, German immigrants, and members of the Indian Protection Service (SPI), in the Itajaí Valley of Santa Catarina (1850-1926). The work focuses on the violent clashes between natives and newcomers, on the practice of adoption of Indian children, and on daily life in the Duque de Caxias Indian Station following ¿pacification¿. The aim of this research is to develop an understanding of the thought and actions of the subjects involved in these episodes of contact, giving visibility to Indians as historical agents and voice to their own interpretations and actions vis-à-vis a new reality / Mestrado / Historia Social / Mestre em História

Orientador: Angel Humberto Corbera Mori / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T17:19:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Viola_EduardoVidal_M.pdf: 1040357 bytes, checksum: 8d38207c5ce6cab001a3a16b71f0a2f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A presente dissertação apresenta uma análise do sistema de pronomes pessoais de um conjunto composto por cem línguas indígenas da América do Sul. Para esse trabalho foram reunidas línguas de diferentes troncos e famílias linguísticas faladas no continente, bem como algumas línguas isoladas. O trabalho é dividido em duas partes principais. Na primeira parte são apresentados dados teóricos acerca dos pronomes pessoais, como a sua definição, distinção entre pronomes pessoais livre, clíticos e afixos pessoais, os diversos parâmetros de marcação das categorias de pessoa, número e gênero, bem como outros fatos relevantes sobre esses pronomes. A última parte do trabalho apresenta uma análise tipológica comparativa do sistema de pronomes pessoais do conjunto de línguas indígenas que foram estudadas para esse trabalho / Abstract: This dissertation analyses the system of the personal pronouns in a set of one hundred indigenous languages of South America. For this work it was reunited languages of different families spoken in South America, as well some isolated languages. This work is divided in two main parts; in the first part we present some theoretical aspects about the personal pronouns, like its definition, distinction between free and bound pronouns, the various parameters of marking the category of person, number and gender, as well as other relevant facts about the personal pronouns. In the last part we present a comparative typological analysis of the personal pronouns system composed by the indigenous languages that were studied for this work / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestre em Linguística

É apresentada aqui a revisão taxonômica das espécies de Viguiera Kunth que ocorrem no Brasil, com inclusão de descrições, ilustrações, mapas de distribuição e comentários. Também são providas chaves de identificação para grupos relacionados e para as espécies sul-americanas. O estudo da anatomia foliar forneceu novos subsídios para a delimitação de espécies ou grupo de espécies. As análises polínicas também apresentam informações parciais úteis à taxonomia. Foi elaborada uma investigação sobre Viguiera sensu lato, através de três análises envolvendo diferentes números de táxons terminais, com uso de dados morfológicos; a primeira visou o esclarecimento da real posição taxonômica de seus representantes e as duas últimas pleitearam uma melhor delimitação dos grupos de espécies no continente. A análise dos padrões de distribuição geográfica possibilitou a delimitação de dois grupos com características morfológicas distintas, além de um intermediário; o primeiro exclusivo da região dos Andes, o segundo extra-andino e o terceiro andino com pequenas intrusões em outras localidades. Os resultados também corroboram a hipótese de outros autores, de que a origem do gênero é recente no Brasil. Em relação às condições edáficas, existem dois grupos de espécies no Brasil; o primeiro encontrado em regiões com clima do tipo Cwa e o segundo no clima do tipo Aw, da classificação de Köpen; apenas 4 espécies ocorrem em clima Cfa, mas não são exclusivamente brasileiras. Não houve respaldo para a transferência das espécies sul-americanas para o gênero Rhysolepis. / This study presents a taxonomic review of the species Viguiera Kunth that occur in Brazil, and includes descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps and comments. Identification keys are also provided for related groups and to the South American species. The leaf anatomy study supplied new subsidies for the delimitation of the species or of species groups. The pollinic analysis either presents useful partial information in taxonomy. An investigation was elaborated on Viguiera sensu lato, through three analyses, involving different numbers of terminal taxa and using morphological data; the first one tried to explain the real taxonomic position of its representative members and the last two sought for a better delimitation of the groups of species in the Continent. The analysis of the patterns of geographic distribution made possible the delimitation of two groups with different morphological characteristics, and a intermediate one; the first group is exclusive from Andean region, the second not happens in the Andes, and the third do not occur in the Andes, with a few intrusions in other localities. The results also corroborate others author\'s hypothesis, that the origin of the genus is recent in Brazil. In relation of the edaphic conditions, there are two groups of species in Brazil: the first one is found in regions with climate of the type Cwa and the second in the climate of the type Aw, of the Köpen classification; only 4 species happen in climate Cfa, but they are not exclusively Brazilian. There was no support for the transfer of the South American species to the genus Rhysolepis.

Orientador: Izildinha Maestá / Resumo: Introdução: A neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional (NTG) de alto risco compreende um conjunto de doenças malignas da placenta que requerem tratamento quimioterápico com múltiplos agentes. Centros Brasileiros de Referência apresentam alta proporção de NTG de alto risco quando comparada aos centros de países desenvolvidos. Objetivos: Avaliar os resultados do tratamento quimioterápico, especificamente os fatores de risco associados com a falha do tratamento primário, em mulheres sul-americanas com NTG de alto risco. Métodos: Este estudo de coorte retrospectiva investigou mulheres com NTG de alto risco (definição consoante o sistema de estadiamento FIGO 2002) tratadas em um dos três centros sul-americanos: Centro de Doenças Trofoblásticas de Botucatu - Universidade do Estado de São Paulo; Centro de Doenças Trofoblásticas do Rio de Janeiro - Maternidade Escola da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro da Universidade Federal Fluminense; e Centro de Doenças Trofoblásticas de Buenos Aires - Hospital Carlos G. Durand de Buenos Aires, Argentina, no período de 1990 a 2014. Dados clínicos coletados incluíram idade, número de partos, tipo de gravidez antecedente, intervalo entre a gravidez antecedente e o início do tratamento da NTG, título de hCG sérico pré-tratamento, presença de doença metastática, local e número de metástases, estadiamento e escore de risco FIGO. Resultado do tratamento foi categorizado como sucesso (remissão completa sustentada)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction: High-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) comprises a set of malignant placental diseases that require multi-agent chemotherapy. Brazilian Reference Centers have a high proportion of high-risk NTG when compared to centers in developed countries. Objectives: To assess chemotherapy outcomes, particularly the risk factors associated with primary treatment failure, in South American women with high-risk GTN. Methods: This retrospective cohort study investigated women with FIGO-defined and staged high-risk GTN attending three South American centers: Botucatu Trophoblastic Diseases Center- São Paulo State University; Rio de Janeiro Trophoblastic Diseases Center – Maternity School of Rio de Janeiro Federal University, and University Hospital Antônio Pedro of Fluminense Federal University; and Buenos Aires Trophoblastic Diseases Center - Hospital Carlos G. Durand of Buenos Aires, Argentina, between 1990 and 2014. Clinical data collected included age, number of deliveries, type of antecedent pregnancy, interval between antecedent pregnancy and GTN treatment initiation, pre-treatment serum hCG level, presence of metastatic disease, metastasis site and number, FIGO stage and risk score. Treatment outcome was classified as success (sustained complete remission) or failure (resistance, toxicity, early death). Logistic regression was used to identify the clinical factors associated with primary treatment failure (p < 0.05). Results: The proportion of patients with h... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The wild populations of the Scarlet Macaw subspecies native to southern Mexico and Central America, A. m. cyanoptera, have been drastically reduced over the last half century and are now a major concern to local governments and conservation groups. Programs to rebuild these local populations using captive bred specimens must be careful to reintroduce the native A. m. cyanoptera, as opposed to the South American nominate subspecies (A. m. macao) or hybrids of the two subspecies. Molecular markers for comparative genomic analyses are needed for definitive differentiation. Here I describe the isolation and sequence analysis of multiple loci from 7 pedigreed A. m. macao and 14 pedigreed A. m. cyanoptera specimens. The loci analyzed include the 18S rDNA genes, the complete mitogenome as well as intronic regions of selected autosomally-encoded genes. Although the multicopy18S gene sequences exhibited 10% polymorphism within all A. macao genomes, no differences were observed between any of the 21 birds whose genomes were studied. In contrast, numerous polymorphic sites were observed throughout the 16,993 bp mitochondrial genomes of both subspecies. Although much of the polymorphism was observed in the genomes of both subspecies, subspecies-specific alleles were observed at a number of mitochondrial loci, including 12S, 16S, CO2 and ND3. Evidence of possible subspecies-specific alleles were also found in three of four screened nuclear loci. Collectively, these mitochondrial and nuclear loci can be used as the basis to distinguish A. m. cyanoptera from the nominate subspecies, A. m. macao, as well as identify many hybrids, and most importantly will contribute to further reintroduction efforts.

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Vereinheitlichung der in Südamerika existierenden Höhensysteme, die sich auf verschiedene Meerespegel beziehen, in einem globalen vertikalen Referenzsystem, das die Erfordernisse moderner geodätischer Verfahren erfüllt. Dabei werden folgende Themen bearbeitet: a) Alternativen für die Definition und Realisierung eines konventionellen Welthöhensystems; b) Diagnostik und Standardisierung der südamerikanischen Höhensysteme; c) Strategien für die genaue Transformation der lokalen Höhensysteme in das Welthöhensystem. Unter der Voraussetzung, dass ein modernes Höhensystem die genaue Kombination von physikalischen und geometrischen Höhen unterstützen muss, werden zwei Komponenten betrachtet: a) eine geometrische Komponente bestehend aus ellipsoidischen Höhen als Koordinaten und ein Niveauellipsoid als Referenzfläche und b) eine physikalische Komponente bestehend aus geopotentiellen Koten als Koordinaten und eine durch einen bestimmten W0-Wert definierte Äquipotentialfläche als Referenzniveau. Die physikalische Komponente wird durch Potentialparameter definiert, damit sie als Bezug für jeden Typ von physikalischen Höhen (d.h. orthometrische Höhen, Normalhöhen, usw.) dienen kann. Die Umwandlung von geopotentiellen Koten in metrische Höhen und die Modellierung der Bezugsfläche (Geoid- bzw. Quasigeoid-Bestimmung) werden als ein Teil der Realisierung betrachtet. Da das ganze Konzept sich auf die Kombination von geometrischen und physikalischen Parametern bezieht, war es nötig, eine Inventur der zurzeit angewendeten Konventionen zu machen und diese zu analysieren, um systematische Fehler zu reduzieren und die zeitlichen Veränderungen der verschiedenen Daten zu berücksichtigen. Hauptprodukte dieser Arbeit sind: a) Detaillierte Beschreibung der Charakteristiken des Festpunktfeldes, das das globale vertikale Bezugsystem realisieren soll. Diese Beschreibung enthält genaue Formulierungen für die Berücksichtigung der notwendigen Konventionen und die Bereitstellung von Normalgleichungssystemen der nationalen Höhennetze, um ihre Kombination durch überregionale Ausgleichungen zu ermöglichen. b) Bestimmung eines W0-Referenzwertes unter Anwendung verschiedener Ansätze und der Kombination neuester Modelle der Erdoberfläche und des Erdschwerefeldes. Dabei wurde besonders auf die rigorose Fehlerfortpflanzung der Rechnungen geachtet, um die Zuverlässigkeit dieses Wertes zu schätzen. c) Formulierung der Bobachtungsgleichungen für die Bestimmung der Niveaudifferenzen zwischen den lokalen Höhensystemen und dem Welthöhenbezugssystem. Dies wurde in drei Ansätzen betrachtet: ein Ozean-Ansatz (im Meeresgebiet um die Referenzpegel), ein Küsten-Ansatz (auf dem Festland an den Referenzpegeln) und ein Kontinent-Ansatz (mit kontinentalen Festpunktfeldern des geometrischen Referenzsystems). d) Vereinheitlichung der existierenden Höhensysteme Südamerikas in dem globalen vertikalen Referenzsystem. Die Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse liegt derzeit um ±5 cm für die Gebiete mit der größten Anzahl von Beobachtungen (Argentinien, Brasilien-Imbituba, Kolumbien, Ecuador, Uruguay und Venezuela) und um ±2 … 3 dm für Gebiete mit geringer Verfügbarkeit und großer Unsicherheit der Daten (Brasilien-Santana, Bolivien, Peru und Chile). Die geschätzten Höhenniveaus sind größtenteils positiv, d.h. die lokalen vertikalen Datums liegen über dem globalen Referenzwert W0. Dieses sowie auch der Nord-Süd-Anstieg am Atlantik und der Süd-Nord-Anstieg am Pazifik spiegelt die Meeresoberflächentopographie in der Region wieder. e) Vorschläge zur Fortführung der Arbeiten mit zusätzlichen Daten in den einzelnen Ländern.:Verzeichnis der Tabellen 5 Verzeichnis der Abbildungen 5 1. Einleitung, Problemstellung, Ziel und Aufbau der Arbeit 9 2. Definition eines globalen vertikalen Referenzsystems 19 2.1. Stand bei der Einrichtung eines globalen vertikalen Referenzsystems 21 2.2. Vorschlag zur Definition eines globalen vertikalen Referenzsystems 23 2.2.1. Geometrische Komponente des globalen vertikalen Referenzsystems 25 2.2.2. Physikalische Komponente des globalen vertikalen Referenzsystems 28 2.3. Referenzniveau für die physikalische Komponente 29 2.3.1. Bestimmung von W0 im Rahmen des Randwertproblems 33 2.3.2. Aktuelle Werte von W0 36 2.4. Schlussfolgerungen 39 3. Konventionen für die Realisierung eines globalen vertikalen Referenzsystems 41 3.1. Vertikale Lage und zeitliche Änderungen des Erdschwerefeldes und der Erdoberfläche 41 3.1.1. Ellipsoidische Höhen in Gebieten der festen Erde 42 3.1.2. Ellipsoidische Höhen in ozeanischen Gebieten 45 3.1.3. Erdschwerefeld 48 3.1.4. Geopotentielle Koten 52 3.2. Stationäre und zeitabhängige Komponenten bei der Höhenbestimmung 53 3.3. Aktueller Stand bei der Reduktion zeitabhängiger Komponenten 55 3.4. Vertikale Lage und permanente Gezeit 60 3.5. Folgerungen bezüglich der stationären und zeitabhängigen Komponenten bei der Höhenbestimmung 66 4. Realisierung eines konventionellen globalen vertikalen Referenzsystems 69 4.1. Referenzrahmen 69 4.1.1. Verbindung mit dem ITRS/ITRF 69 4.1.2. Verbindung zum lokalen vertikalen Datum 70 4.1.3. Kinematische Ausgleichung geopotentieller Koten 73 4.1.4. Vertikale Koordinaten bezüglich eines globalen Referenzniveaus 77 4.2. Referenzniveau W0 77 4.2.1. Formulierung des festen Randwertproblems 78 4.2.2. Vom Störpotential T zum Wert W0 81 4.3. Empirische Bestimmung von W0 82 4.3.1. Abhängigkeit von W0 als Funktion des gewählten Schwerefeldmodells 83 4.3.2. Abhängigkeit von W0 als Funktion des gewählten Meeresoberflächenmodells 90 4.3.3. Auswirkungen der Vernachlässigung der Meeresflächentopographie bei der Schätzung des W0 97 4.3.4. Zuverlässigkeit der Schätzung von W0 99 4.4. Annahme eines Referenzwertes W0 101 5. Vereinheitlichung lokaler Höhensysteme im Rahmen eines globalen vertikalen Referenzsystems 105 5.1. Formulierung des skalar freien Randwertproblems 105 5.2. Beobachtungsgleichungen zur Vereinheitlichung lokaler vertikaler Datums 108 5.3. In Südamerika verfügbare physikalische und geometrische Observable zur Vereinheitlichung der bestehenden Höhensysteme 109 5.3.1. Geometrische Koordinaten 110 5.3.2. Höhenanomalien 116 5.3.3. Physikalische Höhen 121 5.3.4. Geometrische und physikalische Höhen in marinen Gebieten 124 5.4. Bestimmung der Datumsparameter der lokalen vertikalen Referenzsysteme in Südamerika 127 6. Diskussion und Ausblick 137 Literaturverzeichnis 141 Anhang A Gezeitenreduktion der Nivellements 159 B Ellipsoidische Korrektion zur Lösung des fixen Randwertproblems 161 / The objective of this study is the unification of the South American height systems into a global vertical reference system satisfying the requirements of modern Geodesy. The following topics are discussed: a) Definition and realisation of a conventional global vertical reference system; b) Review and standardisation of the geodetic data referring to the South American height systems; c) Strategies for the precise transformation of the local height datums into the global vertical reference system. It is expected that a modern vertical reference system supports the combination of physical and geometric heights with high accuracy globally. Therefore, two components are considered: a) A geometric component consisting of ellipsoidal heights as coordinates and a level ellipsoid as the reference surface, and b) A physical component comprising geopotential numbers as coordinates and an equipotential surface defined by a conventional W0 value as the reference surface. The definition of the physical component is based on potential parameters in order to provide reference to any type of physical heights (normal, orthometric, etc.). The conversion of geopotential numbers into metric heights and the modelling of the reference surface (geoid or quasigeoid determination) are considered as steps of the realisation. Since the approach developed in this study is based on the combination of geometric and physical parameters, it was necessary to include an inventory of the standards used in the determination of the vertical coordinates. This inventory is the basis for the identification and consequent removal of systematic errors caused by the application of different models and methods in the generation of the data available for this study. The main results of this study are: a) A detailed description of the characteristics to be satisfied by the reference stations realising the global vertical reference system. This description includes the needed conventions for the standardisation of the vertical coordinates and the computation of normal equations for the national levelling networks. These equations are required to integrate the local height systems into the global one. b) Estimation of the reference value W0 following different approaches and applying the latest geodetic models of the Earth\'s surface and gravity field. This procedure also includes a rigorous error propagation analysis to assess the reliability of the W0 estimate. c) Observation equations for the determination of the level discrepancies between the local height datums and the global W0. This is performed in three approaches: in the ocean areas around the reference tide gauges (ocean approach), at the reference tide gauges (coastal approach), and at the reference stations of the geocentric reference system (continental approach). d) Vertical datum parameters for the unification of the South American height systems into a global vertical reference system. The accuracy is assessed to be about ±5 cm for those countries with a good coverage of measurements (Argentina, Brazil-Imbituba, Colombia, Ecuador, Uruguay, and Venezuela). For those regions with poor data coverage or high uncertainties in the data quality (Brazil-Santana, Bolivia, Peru, and Chile), the accuracy is estimated to be about ±2 … 3 dm. The obtained level differences are in general positive, i.e., local vertical datums are above the global reference level W0. This and the north-south increase along the Atlantic coast and the south-north increase along the Pacific coast reflect well the behaviour of the sea surface topography in these regions. e) A description of the further activities to be developed by each country to improve the results of this study.:Verzeichnis der Tabellen 5 Verzeichnis der Abbildungen 5 1. Einleitung, Problemstellung, Ziel und Aufbau der Arbeit 9 2. Definition eines globalen vertikalen Referenzsystems 19 2.1. Stand bei der Einrichtung eines globalen vertikalen Referenzsystems 21 2.2. Vorschlag zur Definition eines globalen vertikalen Referenzsystems 23 2.2.1. Geometrische Komponente des globalen vertikalen Referenzsystems 25 2.2.2. Physikalische Komponente des globalen vertikalen Referenzsystems 28 2.3. Referenzniveau für die physikalische Komponente 29 2.3.1. Bestimmung von W0 im Rahmen des Randwertproblems 33 2.3.2. Aktuelle Werte von W0 36 2.4. Schlussfolgerungen 39 3. Konventionen für die Realisierung eines globalen vertikalen Referenzsystems 41 3.1. Vertikale Lage und zeitliche Änderungen des Erdschwerefeldes und der Erdoberfläche 41 3.1.1. Ellipsoidische Höhen in Gebieten der festen Erde 42 3.1.2. Ellipsoidische Höhen in ozeanischen Gebieten 45 3.1.3. Erdschwerefeld 48 3.1.4. Geopotentielle Koten 52 3.2. Stationäre und zeitabhängige Komponenten bei der Höhenbestimmung 53 3.3. Aktueller Stand bei der Reduktion zeitabhängiger Komponenten 55 3.4. Vertikale Lage und permanente Gezeit 60 3.5. Folgerungen bezüglich der stationären und zeitabhängigen Komponenten bei der Höhenbestimmung 66 4. Realisierung eines konventionellen globalen vertikalen Referenzsystems 69 4.1. Referenzrahmen 69 4.1.1. Verbindung mit dem ITRS/ITRF 69 4.1.2. Verbindung zum lokalen vertikalen Datum 70 4.1.3. Kinematische Ausgleichung geopotentieller Koten 73 4.1.4. Vertikale Koordinaten bezüglich eines globalen Referenzniveaus 77 4.2. Referenzniveau W0 77 4.2.1. Formulierung des festen Randwertproblems 78 4.2.2. Vom Störpotential T zum Wert W0 81 4.3. Empirische Bestimmung von W0 82 4.3.1. Abhängigkeit von W0 als Funktion des gewählten Schwerefeldmodells 83 4.3.2. Abhängigkeit von W0 als Funktion des gewählten Meeresoberflächenmodells 90 4.3.3. Auswirkungen der Vernachlässigung der Meeresflächentopographie bei der Schätzung des W0 97 4.3.4. Zuverlässigkeit der Schätzung von W0 99 4.4. Annahme eines Referenzwertes W0 101 5. Vereinheitlichung lokaler Höhensysteme im Rahmen eines globalen vertikalen Referenzsystems 105 5.1. Formulierung des skalar freien Randwertproblems 105 5.2. Beobachtungsgleichungen zur Vereinheitlichung lokaler vertikaler Datums 108 5.3. In Südamerika verfügbare physikalische und geometrische Observable zur Vereinheitlichung der bestehenden Höhensysteme 109 5.3.1. Geometrische Koordinaten 110 5.3.2. Höhenanomalien 116 5.3.3. Physikalische Höhen 121 5.3.4. Geometrische und physikalische Höhen in marinen Gebieten 124 5.4. Bestimmung der Datumsparameter der lokalen vertikalen Referenzsysteme in Südamerika 127 6. Diskussion und Ausblick 137 Literaturverzeichnis 141 Anhang A Gezeitenreduktion der Nivellements 159 B Ellipsoidische Korrektion zur Lösung des fixen Randwertproblems 161

Utilizing both primary and secondary literature, this study attempts to illustrate that the origins of one of Latin America’s most significant wars, the Paraguayan War (1864-70), are understandable only when viewed within the context of the historical development of the Rio de la Plata as a region. Adopting the framework provided by Robert N. Burr in his pioneering work on the South American continental balance of power system. “By Reason or Force: Chile and the Balancing of Power in South America, 1830-1905” (Berkely, 1965), this thesis examines one particular outgrowth of the historical process in the Rio de Plata: The development of a regional balance of power in the area. It also illustrates that such systems of international power politics are not necessarily promotive of stability and equanimity in the relations between nations: that balance of power systems are not static but constantly changing, and that such changes are conducive to friction, intrigue, and war.

No description available.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate how discussions in archaeology and genetics influence the consensus on human origins and migrations in the South Pacific. By analyzing the genetic research on chicken- and sweet potato-DNA, I present a general overview of how genetics and archaeology shape the understanding of how humans have colonized the Pacific. By deconstructing a review on how the Pacific was settled based on aDNA, I analyze a geneticist’s perspective on archaeological problems. Through this analysis I suggest how archaeology should be approached on a theoretical level in order to be relevant in understanding human migrations in the Pacific. I propose that archaeology’s strength lie in interpreting material culture through an agency perspective in order to reach a dimension not obtainable by biological perspectives / Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur diskussioner i arkeologi och genetik påverkar hur vi ser på mänskliga migrationer i Oceanien. Genom att analysera den genetiska forskning som gjorts på kyckling och sötpotatis ges en övergripande bild av hur genetik och arkeologi formar den förståelse som finns för hur människan koloniserat Söderhavet. Genom att dekonstruera en sammanställning av den genetiska forskning som gjorts på mänskligt DNA i Oceanien analyseras en genetikers synsätt på arkeologiska problemställningar. Genom analysen i denna uppsats föreslår jag hur arkeologi borde arbeta på ett teoretiskt plan för att vara relevant i hur vi förstår Oceaniens migrationsmönster. Jag föreslår att arkeologins styrka ligger i att tolka den materiella kulturen genom ett agency-perspektiv för att komma åt en dimension av migrationsproblematiken som inte går att nås genom biologiska perspektiv.