The last 15 years have brought a lot of changes to the upbringing of children with the special disorders. Children with insignificant intellectual disorders, also children having specific learning disorders are started to be taught at secondary schools. Until 1991 the biggest part of these children has been taught at special schools for children with intellectual disorders. At present, children who have not been taught at all came to special schools. Children who have been taught at secondary schools now form majority at secondary schools. In this connection, there was a need to have specialized pedagogues at secondary schools. Their functions and duties have been always discussed at media and in scientific conferences. However, the content of work of specialized pedagogues is not very clear. Object of work - preparedness of specialized pedagogues to work at secondary school. Problem of work - functions of specialized pedagogues at secondary school. Aim of work - to find out how the schedule of specialized pedagogues duties meets the expectations of pedagogues of secondary schools and the expectations of the specialized pedagogues. Goals of work: 1. to study pedagogical and special literature about the content of work and aims of specialized pedagogue at secondary school. 2. to analyze the content and methods of specialized pedagogue who works at secondary school. 3. to find out the priorities of work spheres of specialized pedagogue, how it is perceived by specialized... [to full text]

With the increasing effect of disasters and long term issues on human well-being and economy over the recent years, effective management of humanitarian supply chains has become more important. This thesis work focuses on three problems in humanitarian supply chains where uncertainty is inherent, namely (i) post-disaster debris clearance with uncertain debris amounts, (ii) allocation of a health/humanitarian commodity in a developing country setting with multiple demand types, and (iii) distribution of specialized nutritious foods by a large scale humanitarian organization. In each of the three parts, the problem is formally defined, and a novel optimal solution approach incorporating the inherent uncertainty in the environment and updates is proposed. In cases where optimal models cannot be solved within reasonable time, novel heuristics are developed. Through structural analysis and computational experiments based on real data, the proposed approaches are compared to those that ignore the uncertainty in the environment and/or updates of information as new data becomes available. Using computational experiments, the proposed approaches are compared to those that are applied in practice, and the aspects of the system where performance improvements are more significant are analyzed.

Nursing students in South Africa are exposed to various clinical environments as part of the prescribed curriculum (SANC, 2008). These clinical environments not only positively or negatively influence nursing students but also greatly influence their decisions regarding future specialization. This relationship between the influence of the clinical environment and the decision to apply at a specific hospital was established by Andrews et al. (2005:147), but little is known about how it affects the decision of nursing students to specialize in a specific area. According to the South African Nursing Council‟s statistical data, an additional qualification in operational theatre is one of the least qualifications applied for (SANC, 2012b). This indicates that not many nursing students choose, for example, the theatre as a specialization area when their studies are completed. In light of this evidence, this study aimed to explore the influence that the clinical environment has on the decision of nursing students to specialize in a specific area. An explorative and descriptive design, which is qualitative in nature, was followed to conduct this study. The data collection was conducted in two phases. Phase one: Nursing students‟ experiences after exposure to theatre as a clinical environment were explored by means of reflective essays. Data was analysed according to the principles of Tesch as described in Creswell (1994:154). Meetings between the researcher and an experienced co-coder resulted in consensus regarding the findings. Three main themes and eleven sub themes were identified and provided clarity on the influence of the clinical environment on nursing students. Phase two, consisting of two focus group discussions facilitated by an expert in focus group facilitation, was completed to validate the findings from the reflective essay. This data was transcribed, analysed and the findings validated by the existing data from phase one. Conclusions drawn from this study were that the clinical environment does influence the students‟ decision to specialize in operating theatre, but many choose not to specialize in theatre due to personal preferences. / MCur, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Nursing students in South Africa are exposed to various clinical environments as part of the prescribed curriculum (SANC, 2008). These clinical environments not only positively or negatively influence nursing students but also greatly influence their decisions regarding future specialization. This relationship between the influence of the clinical environment and the decision to apply at a specific hospital was established by Andrews et al. (2005:147), but little is known about how it affects the decision of nursing students to specialize in a specific area. According to the South African Nursing Council‟s statistical data, an additional qualification in operational theatre is one of the least qualifications applied for (SANC, 2012b). This indicates that not many nursing students choose, for example, the theatre as a specialization area when their studies are completed. In light of this evidence, this study aimed to explore the influence that the clinical environment has on the decision of nursing students to specialize in a specific area. An explorative and descriptive design, which is qualitative in nature, was followed to conduct this study. The data collection was conducted in two phases. Phase one: Nursing students‟ experiences after exposure to theatre as a clinical environment were explored by means of reflective essays. Data was analysed according to the principles of Tesch as described in Creswell (1994:154). Meetings between the researcher and an experienced co-coder resulted in consensus regarding the findings. Three main themes and eleven sub themes were identified and provided clarity on the influence of the clinical environment on nursing students. Phase two, consisting of two focus group discussions facilitated by an expert in focus group facilitation, was completed to validate the findings from the reflective essay. This data was transcribed, analysed and the findings validated by the existing data from phase one. Conclusions drawn from this study were that the clinical environment does influence the students‟ decision to specialize in operating theatre, but many choose not to specialize in theatre due to personal preferences. / MCur, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Darbo tikslas. Ištirti specializuotų odontologinių paslaugų plėtros galimybes Tauragės rajone. Tyrimo uždaviniai. Įvertinti Tauragės rajono gyventojų nuomonę apie specializuotų odontologinių paslaugų poreikį bei bendrosios praktikos gydytojų odontologų požiūrį į specializuotų odontologinų paslaugų plėtros galimybes Tauragės rajone; suformuluoti specializuotų odontologinių paslaugų plėtros Tauragės rajone rekomendacijas. / The opportunities for development of specialized dental care services in Tauragė district is a novel and practice-oriented issue. The necessity for management of such services is an integral part of public health management. Collaboration in health care system for favorable development of opportunities is a key task for policy-makers, health professionals, and patients themselves. In order to define patients' and dentists' needs, attitudes, and perspectives it is relevant to substantiate the opportunities for development of dental care services both scientifically and practically. Aim of the study: to assess the opportunities for development of specialized dental care services in Tauragė district. Objectives: to evaluate Tauragė district residents' views on the need for specialized dental care services; to evaluate general practice dentists' views on opportunities for development of specialized dental care services in Tauragė district; to formulate the recommendations for the development of specialized dental care services in Tauragė district. Methods. The questionnaire-based study was a survey of 290 residents of Tauragė district who visited a dentist in Tauragė district during the study period. The data analysis was quantitative using statistical data processing software "SPSS 17.0 for Windows". The indicators were described by means (for continuous variables) and percentages (for dichotomous variables). Statistical hypotheses were tested using chi square test, Spearman... [to full text]

The advent of rapid manufacturing has enabled the realization of countless products that have heretofore been infeasible. From customized clear braces to jet fighter ducts and one-off dental implants, rapid manufacturing allows for increased design complexity and decreased manufacturing costs. The manufacturing capabilities of this process have evolved to the point that they have surpassed current design capabilities. Meso-scale lattice structures can now be built that contain more lattice struts than it is reasonable to efficiently define. This work has attempted to create a method for designing such lattice structures that is efficient enough to allow for the design of large or complex problems. The main hindrance to the design of complex meso-scale lattice problems is essentially the need to define the strut diameters. While it is obvious that a large design would contain more struts than can be specified by hand, designs also quickly surpass the current capabilities of computational optimization routines. To overcome this problem, a design method has been developed that uses a unit-cell library correlated to finite element analysis of the bounding geometry to tailor the structure to the anticipated loading conditions. The unit-cell library is a collection of base lattice primitives, or unit-cells, that have been specialized for certain applications. In this case, primitives have been created that perform best under the types of stress analyzed by finite element analysis. The effectiveness of this process has been demonstrated through several example problems. In all cases, the unit-cell library approach was able to create structures in less time than current methods. The resulting structures had structural performance slightly lower than similar models created through optimization methods, although the extent of this degradation was slight. The method developed in this work performs extremely well, and is able to create designs for even the most complex lattice structures. There is room for future development, however, in the streamlining of the design process and consideration of higher-order affects within unit-cells.

Esta tesis estudia la especificidad de los significados léxicos especializados, a partir del análisis del funcionamiento de nombres relacionales; ofrece una explicación integrada de la semántica especializada y no especializada y una modelización de entrada léxica unificada. Conjuga así, el modelo comunicativo de la terminología con modelos polisémicos de generación del significado léxico.El trabajo presenta una revisión crítica de las propuestas lingüísticas y terminológicas acerca de las propiedades semánticas del léxico científico. Luego, analiza las propiedades del significado léxico especializado, los factores y los mecanismos de generación semántica, a partir del análisis contrastivo del comportamiento de madre en corpora textuales. La tesis proporciona, a su vez, criterios de reconocimiento formal de información semántica especializada, útiles para desarrollar diversos tipos de aplicaciones. Finalmente, propone una generalización de la semántica especializada de los nombres relacionales y una representación de entrada dinámica, que contempla componentes de conocimiento lingüístico y extralingüístico que interactúan en la generación del significado léxico. / This dissertation studies the specificity of specialized lexical meanings, based on an analysis of the behaviour of relational nouns; it offers an integral explanation of specialized and non-specialized semantics and a modellization of a unified lexical entry. Thus, it combines the communicative model of terminology with polysemic models of generation of lexical meaning.This work starts by presenting a critical review of linguistic and terminological approaches to the semantic properties of scientific lexicon. Then it procedes to analize the properties of specialized lexical meaning, the factors that influence semantic generation and its mechanism, based on the behaviour of madre in text corpora. It also provides criteria for the formal recognition of specialized semantic information which can help develop different kinds of applications. Finally, the dissertation puts forward a generalization of the specialized semantics of relational nouns and a representation of a dynamic entry, which contemplates components of linguistic and extralinguistic knowledge interacting in the generation of lexical meaning.

Com o intuito de ampliar as reflexões sobre a variabilidade de opções pedagógicas que podem ser disponibilizadas aos alunos surdos no ensino comum, o trabalho desenvolvido nesta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo descrever e analisar o Atendimento Educacional Especializado oferecido a tais alunos em uma escola municipal de Ensino Médio. As questões que nortearam o referido estudo foram: Como se constituiu o Atendimento Educacional Especializado para alunos surdos e que profissionais estavam habilitados a prestar esse serviço? Quais eram os objetivos desse serviço de apoio e como era feito o seu planejamento? Em um contexto em que o Atendimento Educacional Especializado se desenvolveu de forma múltipla, quais são os efeitos e os possíveis beneficiários desse trabalho? Estas questões embasaram a análise do movimento institucional organizado e vivenciado pelos gestores da Secretaria Municipal de Educação de um município da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre/RS, pelos membros da equipe diretiva, professores e alunos da escola municipal de Ensino Médio onde o referido projeto foi implantado. Com base nas reflexões do pensamento sistêmico propostas por Gregory Bateson e Humberto Maturana, este estudo foi conduzido por meio da pesquisa qualitativa, priorizando a processualidade do trabalho investigativo, contemplando a subjetividade do pesquisador, dos sujeitos e o contexto no qual estavam inseridos. Nesta perspectiva, os dados do presente trabalho foram coletados com a utilização dos seguintes instrumentos metodológicos: observação participante, análise de documentos, e entrevista semi-estruturada. No que se refere à organização geral do projeto, mereceu destaque a implantação de espaços variados que combinavam a presença de alunos surdos e alunos ouvintes sendo atendidos por diferentes profissionais especialistas em educação de surdos, demonstrando que o Atendimento Educacional Especializado pode ser múltiplo e plural. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa acabou retratando que, se por um lado, havia o reconhecimento de que os alunos surdos possuíam necessidades lingüísticas diferentes e que, por isso, precisavam ser atendidos em alguns momentos separados dos ouvintes, por outro lado, o projeto de inclusão nos indicou que a convivência e a experiência de participar de grupos nos quais há o desafio da Língua Portuguesa, da LIBRAS e de outras formas de comunicação pode ser rica para os alunos surdos, para os alunos ouvintes e para os demais integrantes da comunidade escolar. Os resultados da presente investigação fortalecem a compreensão de que a escola comum, ao repensar e redimensionar suas práticas, deve ser a melhor opção para a educação de todos os alunos. / In order to deepen the discussion about the variability of pedagogical options that may be made available to deaf students in regular schools, the work developed in the present master's thesis aims to characterize and analyze the Specialized Educational Services provided to such students in a public High School. The questions that guided this study were: What did the Specialized Educational Services provided to deaf students include, and what professionals were entitled to provide these services? What was the goal of these services, and how was the planning undertaken? In a context in which Specialized Educational Services have developed in multiple ways, what are the outcomes, and who are the possible beneficiaries of this work? Those questions underlay the analysis of the institutional movement organized and experienced by the managers of the Municipal Secretariat of Education of a municipality in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre/RS (Brazil), and by members of the management team, teachers and students of the public High School where the project was put into operation. Based on concepts of systemic thinking, proposed by Gregory Bateson and Humberto Maturana, the present study was conducted by means of qualitative research, giving priority to the procedural character of investigative work, taking into consideration the subjectivity of the researcher and participants, and the context in which they were set. In this perspective, data were collected by using the following methodological tools: participant observation, document analysis, semi-structured interview and questionnaire. Regarding the general organization of the project, we must highlight the implementation of varied spaces that brought together deaf and hearing students professionally assisted by a wide range of specialists in deaf education, which illustrates that Specialized Educational Services can be multiple and plural. Throughout this research, we observed that, on the one hand, deaf students are agreed to have different linguistic needs and, because of that, they should at times be given individual assistance, on the other hand, the inclusion project in question gave evidence that sharing and participating in groups challenged by the Portuguese language, the Brazilian Sign Language, and other forms of communication, can be enriching to deaf students, hearing students, and other members of the school community. The outcomes of the present research reinforce the idea that regular schools are the best choice for the education of every student, for they somehow rethink and remodel their practices.

Este trabalho analisa os sentidos e as estratégias dos discursos das revistas especializadas em meio ambiente, a fim de investigar como a noção de meio ambiente é construída. Tendo em vista que o jornalismo conforma a realidade - selecionando pautas, enfoques e modos de tornar esse conhecimento social um discurso inteligível -, compreende-se que quatro diferentes publicações ambientais ('Terra da Gente, 'Mãe Terra', 'Sustenta!' e 'Aquecimento Global') trazem perspectivas diferentes de uma visão ambiental, ainda que se proponham tratar da mesma temática. Para delinear as semelhanças e divergências entre as revistas, optou-se por usar, de forma livre, o referencial teórico-metodológico da Análise do Discurso Francesa. Além das filiações de sentido, extraídas de Formações Discursivas (FDs) definidas em função da literatura que discute o meio ambiente, verificam-se os sentidos possíveis dos nomes das revistas e as estratégias discursivas que movimentam as intenções dos produtores pensando em seus destinatários. Sem deixar de perceber o contexto e as dificuldades externas à produção, foca-se no jornalismo ambiental apresentado no veículo revista, tanto pelo espaço privilegiado de interpretação, quanto pela dedicação integral que o tema recebe. A pesquisa indica que cada revista fabrica um discurso particular sobre meio ambiente, porém a FD Ecossocial é a predominante no corpus, assim como a mobilização de estratégias de aproximação e de estímulo à mudança de hábitos do leitor. / This paper analyzes the senses and the discursive strategies of environmental newsmagazines in order to investigate how the notion of environment is built for them. Considering that journalism formats reality - selecting agendas, approaches and ways to make this knowledge an understandable social discourse - it is known that four different environmental publications ('Terra da Gente', 'Mãe Terra', 'Sustenta!' and 'Aquecimento Global') will bring different perspectives of an environmental vision, although they intend to address the same subject. To delineate the similarities and differences between the magazines, we decided to use in a free way the theoretical and methodological framework of French Discourse Analysis. The intention is to look for affiliations of sense, extracted from Discoursives Formations (DFs), defined according to the literature which discusses the environment, and evidences about the possible senses in titles of the mentioned magazines, and also the discursive strategies that move the intentions of the producers thinking about the receivers. Considering the context and the external difficulties in the production, there is a focus in environmental journalism present in the magazine as a vehicle, because of a privileged space for interpretation and the dedication that the theme receives. This research indicates that each magazine built a particular discourse about the environment, but the DF Ecossocial is predominant in the samples. The analysis also demonstrates the regular use of strategies to reach the reader and to stimulate them to change their habits.

Esta pesquisa versa sobre o atendimento educacional especializado. Como recorte, investiga as possibilidades do brincar como ato pedagógico. O texto é tecido a partir do diálogo entre educação especial e psicanálise e organizado em duas grandes partes intituladas: Desdobramento do brincar e Jogos constituintes. Tais partes, ou dobras, falam sobre os movimentos teórico-metodológicos da pesquisa: da construção do relicário, texto-caixa onde as memórias e as vivências como professora de um aluno com impasses em sua constituição psíquica são lidas, escritas e rasuradas, à profanação das tradicionais formas de ofertar o ensino especializado por meio do brincar. Pela construção do caso, ressignificam-se sentidos e práticas objetivadoras do humano. O argumento deslinda a potência da educação como experiência; do brincar como capaz de produzir experiência; da função estruturante da escola e do professor. Conclui-se que o brincar, como ato pedagógico, no âmbito do atendimento educacional especializado, é capaz de efeitos estruturantes para alunos que vivem impasses em seu processo constitutivo. O brincar é o próprio trabalho de constituição do sujeito na infância, daí que se intervenha com e a partir do brincar no atendimento educacional especializado. / This research is about specialized education services. Though, its main subject is to investigate the possibilities of the usage of play-based activities as a pedagogical act. The essay is built on based on the dialogue between special education and psychoanalysis and is divided in two parts, named Desdobramento do brincar and Jogos constituintes. Those parts present the theoretical-methodological moves made in this research: from the construction of a shrine (a text-box where teacher's memories and experiences with a psychologically disturbed pupil are written, read and erased) to the debasement of traditional ways of offering a play-based specialized education. By constructing a case, new significance is given to humans' objectifying senses and praxis. The main point of this essay ascertains how powerful is education when it is dealt as an experience, as it also ascertains play-based activities as capable of building up experiences and claims the structuring role of schools and teachers. So, play-based activities, once they are used as an pedagogical act in specialized education services, may produce structuring effects on pupils who suffer any sort of impasse on their development process. The play is part of one's development and also is an important matter through one's childhood. That's why it is so necessary the usage of play-based activities on specialized education services.