Die sächsischen Kommunen weisen hohe Investitionsbedarfe im Bereich Sport- und Freizeiteinrichtungen auf, die zudem im Vergleich zum übrigen Bundesgebiet leicht überdurchschnittlich ausfallen (vgl. Abbildung sowie KIS Analyse „Kommunaler Investitionsbedarf im Freistaat Sachsen, Befragung 2016“). Der damit verbundene Investitionsstau spiegelt sich insbesondere im Bereich kommunaler Sportstätten wider.

Today, there is no doubt about the necessity of sports facilities to be able to play different sports. At the same time various sports and clubs have a severe deficiency of sports facilities. In Stockholm the situation is most acute. The purpose of this study is to illustrate which effects a limited sports facility asset has from a football club perspective. This has been done with the following research questions: How do the football clubs themselves feel that their sports facility assets limit their activities? How does the football clubs feel that they need to adapt their business based on their situation? What consequences does the football clubs see from a limited sports facilities asset? In this study we have used semi structured interviews. Seven representatives from sports clubs in the area of Stockholm and one representative from the Swedish football association has been interviewed. The result showed that the sports clubs in Stockholm are very dissatisfied with their sports facility situation. The sports clubs are working in different ways to handle this situation. The distribution of training times, the sectioning of soccer fields, the training programs and their work with lobbying has been identified as the central strategies to handle their lack of sports facilities.

Title: Crisis management and the solution of a bankruptcy of a profitable sports club Objectives: The main objective of this thesis is to propose general procedures of profitable sports clubs dealing with crisis and bankruptcy. Methods: This thesis is based on a qualitative research. Documents related to insolvency were analyzed, specifically act No. 182/2006 Coll., The Act of Bankruptcy and Ways of its Resolution (The Insolvency Act), as amended by subsequent regulations and publicly accessible insolvency proceedings in the insolvency register. Qualitative interviews with insolvency law specialists have been executed using the manual to make sure the thesis results are objective. Results: A general manual for entrepreneurs in profitable sports facilities was compiled by the analysis of necessary documents and based on the The Insolvency Act. The manual serves for times when a sports facility gets into financial problems resulting in insolvency proceedings. In some cases, an insolvency proposition has to be submitted, with regard to a potential responsibility of the statuary authorities or people in charge of financial obligations. At the same time, it is important to proceed with the property inventory/inventorying, to create a list of receivables and liabilities, and also a property and an...

Från många håll inom idrottsrörelsen hörs röster om att det råder en brist på idrottsytor i Sverige, allra främst i Stockholm. Denna studie har fokuserat på varför behovet av nya idrottsytor är så stort i Stockholm och vilka de största utmaningarna är för att planera för dessa. Både idrottsrörelsen och Stockholms stad är relativt eniga om att behovet är stort, framförallt i jämförelse med städer som Göteborg och Malmö. Tidigare forskning och litteratur har utgjort en grund för förståelsen av hur situationen utvecklats och ser ut idag. För studien har Stockholms stad och idrottsrörelsen givit sina perspektiv på vilka utmaningar som finns och hur de bör hanteras. Utifrån intervjuer har sex stycken huvudsakliga utmaningar kunnat identifieras, bestående av ekonomiska hinder, markbrist, otillräcklig samverkan, ej tillämplig lagstiftning, synen på idrott som olägenhet och ojämlika villkor. Med hjälp av ekonomiska teorier och teorier om maktutövning har utmaningarna analyserats och diskuterats med ambitionen att hitta lösningar. Detta har utmynnat i slutsatser om att det måste till nya modeller för finansiering, innovativa lösningar och effektivisering av idrottsytor, en utvecklad samverkan, en större förståelse för idrottens nyttovärde och möjligen ny lagstiftning. / Within the swedish society of sports, voices are being raised that there is a general lack of sports facilities in Sweden, especially in the city of Stockholm. This report focuses on why there is such a need for sports facilities in Stockholm and what the actual challenges consist of in terms of municipal planning. A comparison of cities in Sweden tells that Stockholm is far behind Gothenburg and Malmö when it comes to the offering of sports facilities. Previous research and literature have formed the basis for understanding how the situation has developed and how it appears today. Interviews have been conducted with planners from the municipality of Stockholm and as well as certain sport federations in order to get their perspectives on the challenges that exist and how they should be taken care of. Based on these interviews, six main challenges have been identified, consisting of financial obstacles, lack of land, insufficient collaboration, legal barriers, unequal conditions and the view of sport as disturbing. By using theories of economy and power, the identified challenges have been analyzed and discussed with the ambition to present various solutions. This has resulted in conclusions that include new models for financing, innovative solutions and efficient use of sports facilities, a developed collaboration, a greater understanding of the value of physical activity and possibly new legislation.

“The spaces were life occurs are places. A place is a space which has a distinct character. Since ancient times the genius loci, or “spirit of place”, has been recognized as the concrete reality man has to face and come to terms with in his daily life. Architecture means to visualize the genius loci, and the task of the architect is to create meaningful places, whereby he helps man to dwell.” “...a totally made up of concrete things having material substance, shape, texture and colour. Together these things determine an “environmental character”, which is the essence of place.” -C. Norberg-Schulz / Master of Architecture

Utbudet av idrottsanläggningar är betydligt lägre i Stockholm stad jämfört med Göteborg och Malmö relativt till antalet invånare samtidigt som antalet utövare blir allt fler. Den här studien har fokuserat på finansieringsmodeller för idrottsanläggningar och har tillsammans med en kvalitativ litteraturstudie använt semi-strukturerade intervjuer mot offentliga och privata aktörer samt organisationer som verkar för idrottsfrågor i syfte att förstå svårigheter och få en överblick över vilka alternativa lösningar som gjorts. Resultatet indikerar traditionella policys och regelverk som skapar problem vid upphandling, genomförande och förvaltning, samt en obalans i förutsättningar för finansiering. Slutsatsen antyder i det korta perspektivet att nyttjandet av befintligt behov är relevant och kanske kan en översyn på hyresstödet vara aktuellt huruvida det är det mest effektiva systemet. För att skapa bättre finansiella förutsättningar mellan offentliga och privata aktörer kan sociala obligationer möjligen balansera ut kostnaderna framgent. I en stad som Stockholm verkar kombinationsprojekt vara ett sätt att använda marken fullt ut och ett sätt att diversifiera intäktsmöjligheterna, samtidigt som interkommunala samarbeten möjliggör kostnadsfördelning. / The availability of sports facilities is significantly lower in Stockholm compared to Gothenburg and Malmö relative to the number of inhabitants, while the number of athletes continues to grow. This study focuses on financing models for sports facilities and combines a qualitative literature review with semi-structured interviews with public and private actors, as well as organizations involved in sports issues, to understand the challenges and provide an overview of alternative solutions. The results indicate that traditional policies and regulations create problems in procurement, implementation, and management, and there is an imbalance in financing conditions. The conclusion suggests that, in the short term, better utilization of existing facilities is relevant and that a review of rental subsidies might be necessary to determine if it is the most effective system. To create better financial conditions between public and private actors, social bonds can potentially balance costs in the future. In a city like Stockholm, combination projects seem to be a way to fully utilize the land and diversify revenue opportunities, while inter-municipal cooperation enables cost-sharing.

A project report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. Johannesburg, 1997. / The previously disadvantaged communities of Greater Johannesburg generally rely on publlc transport to get from place to place. Disabled people, who can be considered to be part of the previously disadvantaged community, often do not have any form of transport available to them at all. People from these communities wishing to attend an event at the Ellis Park Precinct would either have to use the existing public transport or make their own transport arrangements. Traffic and transportation management plans have been implemented at the Ellis Park Precinct with the intention of ensuring the Precinct's transportation accessibility for all the people of Greater Johannesburg, but the needs of the previously disadvantaged communities, who are captive to public transport, were not formally provided for. This project report provides details of the truffle and transportation management plans that have been implemented and then recummends/suggests various transportation options that could improve the transportation accessibility of the Precinct for these previously disadvantaged communities.

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

According to the recent Statistics South Africa (2007), there are 668 176 children with disability between 6 – 23 years old of which 337 660 are males and 330 516 females in the Amathole District of the Eastern Cape. This number consists of schoolchildren with visual, auditory, physical, mental, multiple and non- specified types of disabilities. However, there are limited research studies on the challenges around opportunities for children to participate in variety of sporting activities within the school settings. The purpose of this study was to provide a more accurate picture of the barriers against inclusion of students with disabilities in sports, among the identified Special Schools in the Amathole district, Eastern Cape. Data collection involved interviews, questionnaire and participant observation methods. Results showed that 87 percent of the students with disabilities participated in one sport or the other with male student participating more (92.2 percent than the female participants (86.7 percent). Overall, the participation rate was 86.7 percent. Further analysis of data revealed that 44 percent female and 41.5 percent male students agreed strongly that sporting activities are beneficial to their health. 7.1 percent of the sample indicated that their disability prevented them from sports participation. The reported main barriers towards sports participation include; lack of trained personnel; lack of adequate funding; lack of cooperation from parents and guardians and inadequate facilities and equipment. Although students with disabilities were using the limited resources at their disposal to participate in sports, they need support to sustain their efforts.

Mobile devices and online services allow capturing an unprecedented amount of information about human behavior. In this dissertation, I use these new types of data to understand how the built environment affects social life and businesses in cities. In Chapter 1, I provide the first causal evidence that the provision of urban parks promotes opportunities for racially and ethnically diverse encounters. Utilizing a novel dataset featuring individual GPS tracking data for more than 60 thousand Twitter users in the New York metro area, I introduce a measure of racial diversity that captures one's level of exposure to diverse others in places visited daily. My empirical strategy relies on using the variation in the timing of park construction works across the city (that temporarily limit the capacity of said parks) to identify the impact of the effectively accessible parkland area on the individual exposure to racial diversity. My results show that for White and Black/African American residents additional 10 acres of parks within a 5 km radius from home increase individual chances of encounters with the members of other groups by 1 p.p. The effect is sizable: for reference, transitioning from the current state to the random mixing scenario would require a 9 p.p increase in diversity for an average Black or African American individual and a 3.5 p.p increase for an average White person. I also provide evidence to suggest that park accessibility affects the diversity of White and Black residents differently: for parks located closer to home, the effect appears to be more pronounced for Whites than Blacks. Chapter 2, written jointly with Dmitry Sedov, investigates the role of sports facilities in generating consumption spillovers for the local businesses. The construction of sports facilities, which can cost hundreds of millions of dollars, is often subsidized by public sources. In many cases, subsidies are allocated on the premise that sports venues benefit the local economy by bringing new customers to nearby businesses. We pin down the size and the spatial distribution of such spillovers using daily foot traffic data from mobile phones covering major sports league facilities and the surrounding commercial establishments. By employing the fixed effects and the IV estimation strategies, we show that the spillover benefits are heterogeneous across sports and business sectors. We find that 100 baseball stadium visits generate roughly 29 visits to nearby food & accommodation businesses and about 6 visits to local retail establishments. While the estimates for football stadiums are comparable, basketball & hockey arenas do not appear to generate significant spillovers for the surrounding businesses. Using our spillover estimates, we also compute an upper bound on the additional local spending induced by each sample arena. The median value of the additional spending turns out to be substantially smaller than the corresponding median subsidy to sports facilities in our sample. In Chapter 3, I examine the contribution of parks to social ties between neighborhoods in New York City. Although the role of public spaces in facilitating social interactions in cities has been widely discussed by social scientists and urban design scholars, data sets from online social networks present unexplored opportunities to quantify this link on a larger scale. I use data on friendship links between Facebook users across New York City zip codes to show that two neighborhoods with a higher density of green spaces between them are more likely to have stronger social ties. In particular, when controlling for demographic differences and zip-code level fixed effects, I find that a 1 p.p. increase in the percentage of land allocated to parks between two given zip codes is associated with a 1.2% higher chance of online social connection between their residents. Comparing the effects of park density for different types of parks, I further document that the presence of community parks, flagship parks, and playgrounds are all significant predictors of higher social connectedness between zip codes. Notably, the largest estimated effect is for playgrounds, indicating a 33% higher probability of connection per 1 p.p. increase in density.