There were many ways of bordering manliness during the historical period covered by my research. Borders have been metaphorically understood as those invisible, often non-enunciated limits that have safeguarded manliness. There were borders separating masculinity from femininity and from childishnes, but there is also a more distant border, separating masculinity from the bestial. The term un-manliness is a useful concept for this analysis, for it can be used to illuminate the different ways in which masculinity has been interrogated. The concept can also be used in comparative analyses of how tolerance towards men deviating from ideas of ideal masculinity has differed according to situation and culture. It has been my ambition to elucidate the particular attitudes, values, customs, knowledge and requirements that influenced the view of masculinity at both individual and the group level. The clearest-cut aspects of manliness and un-manliness expressed in court proceedings were those having to do with sexuality, relations within the household, and the subordinate and dominant masculinities displayed by different court-room actors. The latter, in turn, reflected contemporary social structures, including the social gap that divided the Livonian peasantry’s serfs or former serfs from the ruling Baltic-German elite. Records from the court proceedings have shown the subordinate masculinity of the defendants, subordinate not only to that of the officers of the court but to that of the witnesses. This subordination was an inevitable consequence of the nature of the accusations, regardless of whether they were deemed well-founded or false.  The defendants were placed in a situation where they were forced constantly to be on the alert, ready to defend themselves and show their best sides. As a result, they would often give extremely clear expression to their views of proper masculinity. Such actors stressed, consciously or unconsciously, certain manly traits and behaviour patterns that characterised themselves and others. Their arguments provide insights into what they thought of each other and how they conceived a man should generally be, behave and act in different situations. By the same token, they clearly showed what kinds of behaviours were considered undesirable or outright unmanly. The positioning of the borders of manliness was linked both to time and to space. Deviations have helped different societies set the borders for what they considered acceptable behaviour. There was a clear cultural and geographical border between Sweden as such, and the Swedish province Livonia. This emerges clearly when one compares Livonian results with earlier studies on bestiality in Sweden. This shows that the view of manliness and the tolerance towards certain kinds of behaviour changed as one moved East.

What are the power relations between the fashion company Na-kd, influencers, and the general public? This study problematizes and concretizes the events surrounding the fashion company Na-kd that took place at the end of 2020 and is further discussed as an example of so-called cancel culture. The study explores the cancel culture phenomenon through the theoretical framework of Michel Foucault; including power, punishment, and discipline. By way of a Foucauldian discourse analysis, we have identified three main discourses: the boycott discourse, the violation discourse, and the discourse regarding subject positions. The analysis also identified the following subject positions as active partakers in the discourse: followers, company, influencer, woman, and boycotter which are discussed and analyzed in terms of how they relate to one another. The study’s key findings include the problematic use of boycott culture as a concept and whether it can be applied to companies or not, the shift of responsibility from company to influencers (i.e. individuals), and how great the power of the followers actually is. / Hur ser maktförhållandena ut mellan Na-kd, influerare och allmänheten? Studien problematiserar och konkretiserar händelserna kring modeföretaget Na-kd som ägde rum i slutet på 2020, och diskuteras vidare som ett exempel på bojkottskultur. Vidare i studien så utforskas bojkottskultur som fenomen utifrån det teoretiska ramverket Michel Foucault innefattande makt, straff och disciplin. För skapandet av en enhetlig undersökning så används Michel Foucaults diskursanalys, där tre huvuddiskurser identifieras: bojkottsdiskursen, diskursen om överträdelser inom fallet och subjektspositioner. Avslutningsvis diskuteras de identifierade subjektspositionerna; följare, företag, influerare, kvinna och bojkottare och hur dessa i förlängningen relaterar till varandra. Studiens huvudsakliga resultat  utmynnar i huruvida bojkott som begrepp går att applicera på ett företag eller inte, hur förflyttningen av ansvar från företaget till influerare sker och hur stor följarnas makt faktiskt är.

The purpose of this essay is to analyse several of the extreme dystopian elements found in the Warhammer: 40000 megatext and reveal how these elements display critique towards authoritarian policies and philosophy. I opted for a close reading of several texts and analysed several characters’ relationship to the galactic empire known as the Imperium of Man and found themes of suppression of thought, self-existential crises and wishes for freedom. Through my analysis of the megatext of Warhammer: 40000, I argue that it is the governance of the Imperium of Man that creates these humanitarian issues, and, while not an explicit reference, has been influenced by our own human history. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera ett flertal dystopiska element som existerar i det fiktiva universumet Warhammer: 40000 och påvisa hur dessa element avslöjar kritik riktad mot auktoritär politik och filosofi. Jag valde en fördjupad läsning av ett antal texter och analyserade karaktärernas relation till det galaktiska imperiet Imperium of Man och fann områden vars fokus var förtryck mot yttrandefrihet, existensiella kriser och drömmar om frihet. I min analys av Warhammer: 40000 argumenterar jag att styrelseskicket som etablerats i Imperium of Man skapar dessa humanitära kriser, vilket till viss del blivit inspirerat av mänsklighetens egen historia.

Experterna i media har till uppgift att kommentera och analysera nyhetshändelser. Genom rollen att göra skeenden begripliga för en större publik besitter de makten att påverka samhällsopinionen. Med utgångspunkt i mediernas fascination för att rapportera om brott och straff undersöktes i den här studien svensk press användning av kriminologer som experter. Studiens empiriska material bestod av 710 artiklar publicerade i elva storstadstidningar mellan den 1 april 2012 och den 31 mars 2017. Uppsatsens teoretiska ramverk byggde på medielogik som förklarar den process i vilken medierna presenterar och distribuerar information. I den här studien bidrog den med förståelse till svensk press val av kriminologer och hur dessa kan kopplas till mediernas behov. Dessutom användes representationsteori i syfte att analysera kriminologernas citat. För att studera detta tillämpades en kvantitativ innehållsanalys där ett kodschema konstruerades och variabler utformades för att besvara studiens frågeställningar. Senare användes en kvalitativ innehållsanalys för att analysera tematik i kriminologernas citat.    Resultatet visade att fördelningen av kriminologer är obalanserad. Framför allt framträdde Jerzy Sarnecki i en dominerande del av artiklarna, men också Leif GW Persson och Mikael Rying förekom i en förhållandevis stor utsträckning. I resultatet konstaterades dock att Leif GW Perssons namn och ansikte oftast användes för att locka till läsning, något som nyanserar bilden av Jerzy Sarnecki som mediernas favoritkriminolog. Vidare påvisades det att studiens topp tre kriminologer sällan tilldelas en närmare presentation än att de är just kriminologer, detta jämfört med övriga kriminologer som ofta legitimeras med forskningsunderlag och ytterligare yrkesroll. Dessutom uppmärksammades att kriminologerna, beroende på hur de uttalade sig, gavs varierat utrymme i olika frågor. / Recent years the criminologists has possessed a larger quantity of space in the Swedish media; many times to contribute with knowledge and theories for the public regarding crime events. At the same time news desks experience a greater task with an increasing pressure to be first with publishing different stories, which could lead to a comfortable approach to new expert sources. The main purpose of the thesis was therefore to examine how criminologists are represented and presented in some of the major Swedish newspapers from a perspective of Stuart Hall’s ideas of representation. With a quantitative and qualitative content analysis a total of 710 news articles in eleven different papers were examined, from the beginning of April 2012 until the end of March 2017. In an early stage it was clear that just three criminologists occurred in over 70 percent of the articles. Later different themes between them could be identified which displayed how their attributes were used in different ways, giving them access to express themselves in varied topics. Furthermore the analysis showed that the experts were represented in a rather hard boiled manner. For example topics as fatal violence and criticism of the police were two categories in which they often appeared.

Genom en innehållslig idéanalys av Gustaf Auléns bok ‘Den kristna försoningstanken’ och Agne Nordlanders bok ‘Korsets mysterium’ med C. Baxter Krugers teologiska ståndpunkt i hans bok ‘Jesus and the Undoing of Adam’ som den vetenskapliga utgångspunkten för min analys ger jag mig i kast med ett tidlöst ämne som ställer mig i en mångtusenårig tradition. Jag hoppas kunna göra en teologisk analys och bedömning av vad litteraturvalet har att säga om begreppet Guds vrede och därigenom ge exempel på hur försoningslära kan förankras i patristisk teologi. / Through a thematic analysis of Gustaf Aulén's book 'Den kristna försoningstanken' and Agne Nordlander's book 'Korsets mysterium', using C. Baxter Kruger's theological standpoint in his book 'Jesus and the Undoing of Adam' as the scholarly foundation for my analysis, I delve into a timeless subject that places me within a tradition spanning millennia. I aim to conduct a theological analysis and assessment of what the choice of literature has to say about the concept of ‘the wrath of God’, thereby providing examples of how atonement theology can be anchored in patristic theology.