The Master’s thesis deals with the evaluation of performance in the company ČD, a.s. by using the Balanced Scorecard method. The theoretical part of thesis describes the Balanced Scorecard concept and the process for its implementation. The next part of thesis evaluates the current situation of the company by using selected analytical methods. Based on the results of analysis is created a proposal for implementation of the BSC method for the analysed company. The final part of thesis summarizes possible risks and expected benefits of this concept.

D’après Georges Simmel, le conflit est inhérent à la société. Désignant des situations antagonistes entre deux ou plusieurs personnes, il contribuerait, selon l’auteur, à l’unité de la société. Différents conflits interpersonnels existent, dont celui du duel et de la discussion. Lorsque les opposants entrent en duel, ils recherchent en premier lieu la réussite personnelle. Pour y parvenir, la communication entre les sujets est souvent synonyme d’expression, « chacun cherchant d’abord, non pas l’interlocution mais la possibilité de parler ». En fin de compte, c’est moins l’individu auquel on est confronté que l’on a envie d’entendre que la possibilité de pouvoir s’exprimer ou d’agir soi-même. Dans une discussion, telle qu’entendue par Jürgen Habermas, il s’agit d’abord de tendre vers une victoire commune. Dans leurs interactions, les interlocuteurs partagent leurs idées, leurs arguments en vue d’aboutir à ce qu’ils estiment être le meilleur pour eux grâce à la recherche de vérité, de justesse et de sincérité. Aujourd’hui, nous sommes davantage tournés vers une société d’expression plutôt qu’une société de discussion , laquelle reste, aux yeux de nombreux scientifiques, un modèle trop idéal pour trouver une application concrète dans la vie de tous les jours. S’inscrivant pleinement dans la culture de notre société, le sport est considéré comme une pratique sociale ordinaire. Or, en portant notre attention sur les rapports que les adversaires entretiennent entre eux à l’occasion de leur affrontement sportif, il nous a été possible de faire un double constat : il est d’abord des conflits entre opposants qui sont le reflet de la société actuelle (c’est le cas du football). Le monde sportif offre par ailleurs l’occasion de développer une autre forme de communication entre adversaires, celle d’une « société de discussion » : c’est le cas de l’affrontement tennistique. / According to Georges Simmel, conflict is inherent in society. In establishing conflict situations between two or more people, it helps to achieve, according to Simmel, unity in society. There are different types of interpersonal conflict, including the duel and the discussion. When two opponents take part in a duel, they are seeking, first and foremost, personal success. To achieve this, the communication between the two individuals is often synonymous with expression, “each seeking primarily, not to communicate but to be able to speak.” Ultimately, it is not so much that they want to hear the other person speak as having the opportunity of speaking or acting themselves. In a discussion, as understood by Jürgen Habermas, the primary aim is to work towards a common victory. Through their interaction, the speakers share their ideas and arguments in order to achieve what they believe is best for them through a quest for truth, fairness and sincerity. Today we are more oriented towards an expression society rather than a discussion society, the latter model being, in the view of many scientists, too much of an ideal to have any practical application in everyday life. Sport is part and parcel of the culture of our society, and is deemed to be an ordinary social practice. However, if we focus on the relationships between opponents during their sporting clash, we can make two observations: not just that interpersonal conflicts are a reflection of today’s society, as in the case of football; but also that the world of sport provides an opportunity to develop another form of communication between adversaries: that of a “discussion society”, which finds its fullest expression in competitive tennis.

There is ample debate around the conceptualizations of rural development as well as its implementation and impacts. Contemporary understandings underline the importance of social movements in social change, which has become a fundamental part of development. The Rural Development Tuki Association (RDTA) is such a social movement from Dolakha district in Nepal that originated within a Swiss-funded development project in the 1970s. The organization was a prime actor in social change and influenced the development of the villages in their district. There is a lack of applied research focusing on the history, evolution and context of social movements.The junction between social movement studies and organizational theory originated the theory of ‘strategic action fields’ that is used to analyze and understand the dynamics that underlie the emergence, stabilization and contestation of movements and organizations. The findings that are to inform this framework were collected during a field visit to Dolakha district through six informal gatekeeper-selected interviews and the analysis of documents provided by the organization itself. All this data was analyzed through content analysis and complemented by an extensive literature review on rural development, rural advisory services and Nepal’s political history to better understand the wider context within which the actions retold by members or related individuals took place.The RDTA originated as a novel approach to delivery of rural development services to village communities aiming to increase their self-reliance and agency in development. The ‘Tuki’ were selected members of village communities that received training and were then to share the newly acquired expertise with their peers like an expert-farmer or farmer-to-farmer extension system would. At first the villages struggled to accept the new authority and governance at the time made it impossible for the Tuki to formally organize. There was considerable conflict between Panchayat officials and Tuki members. Towards the end of the Panchayat the Tuki became respected members of village communities and started to increase their influence on local politics as well as widen their network within the district. This enabled the organization to claim and maintain a dominant position within rural development in Dolakha from its official registration in 1991 until the end of the direct financial support from the Swiss Agency of Development and Cooperation (SDC) in 2004. The support from Switzerland had significantly influenced the Tuki’s focus, ideals and organizational structure and the work done by SDC was a progressive reflection of the rural development discourse that was predominant at the time. The organization was able to stabilize after its funding crisis around 2004 but was never able to return to previous stability and activity. The ability to identify community needs, create collective identities and mobilize individuals to engage in action frames that aim for the common good where the main forms of social skill that enabled the RDTA to reach the network and impact it did and maintain its activity throughout different political scenarios that threatened the organizations ability to continue its action. The RDTA is facing challenges of identity, funding and staff-turnover and will need to reengage in debates around its focus and organizational structure if it is to continue its legacy in Dolakha.Social movements and civil society actors played a crucial role in the development of Nepal’s rural areas and its evolution towards a democratic, egalitarian and inclusive society. More research is needed to better understand the impact the RDTA has had on village life and how national and international discourses on rural development have informed and influenced their activities and frameworks. The theory of ‘strategic action fields’ provided an excellent framework that was crucial at analyzing the dynamics that govern the emergence, stabilization and contestation of strategic action and its broader environment.

A l'occasion de deux recherches menées autour de la question de l'éducation à l'environnement et au développement durable nous avons pu observer que ce champ était exposé à des controverses de tous ordres : scientifiques, éthiques, politiques, techniques, etc… autant que piégé par toutes sortes de représentations sociales fondées ou erronées. Le corollaire pratique de ces controverses a été le recours au débat comme moyen de mieux comprendre les enjeux en présence, de dépasser les représentations « automatiques » ou « aveugles » de la réalité afin de prendre des décisions raisonnables. Notre problématique porte sur l'identification des conditions d'efficacité du débat réglé et argumenté, et sur l'observation des mécanismes qui permettent au débat de servir de cadre pour l'apprentissage à la mise en problème, à la co construction de savoirs et à l'éducation à la citoyenneté dans et hors l'école, mais aussi dans les organisations, depuis les associations jusqu'aux entreprises. Notre thèse est qu'il existe, dans la forme même des débats et plus largement des échanges langagiers, une articulation génératrice d'apprentissages et de volonté d'agir, entre d'une part les types d'arguments élaborés et exposés par les locuteurs et d'autre part la manière dont s'effectuent les échanges. Autrement dit, il existe une relation d'ordre cognitif entre effort de rationalisation au niveau des argumentations et effort de communication au niveau des interactions langagières. / On the occasion of two researches around the issue of environmental education and sustainable development we have seen that this field was exposed to all kinds of controversy: scientific, ethical, political, technical, etc. as well as trapped by all kinds of social representations based or erroneous. The practical corollary of this controversy was the use of debate as a means to better understand the issues at stake, beyond the representations of "automatic" or "blind" to reality in order to make reasonable decisions.Our problem concerns the identification of the conditions of efficiency and reasoned debate settled, and observation mechanisms that allow the debate to provide a framework for learning the setting problem, the co-construction of knowledge and citizenship education in and out of school, but also in organizations, from associations to businesses. Our work will focus on describing these conditions and lead to the development of a typology of debates according to criteria of greater or lesser efficiency in terms of problematization, co-construction of knowledge and effective action. Our thesis is that there exists, in the form of debates and more broadly language exchanges, generating a joint learning and willingness to act, on the one hand between the types of arguments developed and presented by the speakers and secondly how to perform the exchange. In other words, there is a relationship between cognitive rationalization at the level of argumentation and communication efforts at linguistic interactions.

O crescimento econômico e o avanço da tecnologia tem gerado maior produção de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos, cuja vida útil está cada vez menor. A troca constante de equipamentos tem levado a um aumento no descarte dos mesmos. Além da maior produção de resíduos, um agravante é o potencial poluidor deste tipo de resíduo devido aos metais pesados contidos neles, como o chumbo, mercúrio e cádmio. Contudo, apesar disso, há também metais nobres como ouro e prata, o que tem se tornado uma grande oportunidade de negócio para a indústria de reciclagem e os interessados nesta cadeia de resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos (REEE). Entretanto, apesar do mercado bilionário que gira em torno da produção e troca destes equipamentos, o descarte incorreto dos REEE tem consequências socioambientais muito sérias, como a poluição do solo e da água, o que causa implicações à saúde como doenças neurológicas, câncer e até a morte. Neste contexto, foi estabelecida a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) (Lei 12.305/2010), cujo objetivo é dar a destinação ambientalmente adequada para os resíduos. Com novas obrigatoriedades legais, os envolvidos na cadeia de produção, consumo e descarte dos eletroeletrônicos estão tendo que se reorganizar para manter-se neste mercado. Por isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi entender e mapear o campo no qual os REEE estão inseridos. Ou seja, conhecer quais atores fazem parte deste campo; como se relacionam; quais são os interesses e disputas; como tudo isso está relacionado; como se organiza e quais os campos próximos que interferem nele. A pesquisa se baseou na teoria de campos de Fligstein e McAdam (2012) para entender a existência do campo de ação estratégica estudado, seu estado e características. Foi feito o levantamento de dados através de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Utilizou-se da observação participante e a entrevista semiestruturada com os principais atores do campo de ação estratégico dos REEE identificados, com apoio de um roteiro. Pôde-se perceber a existência do campo de REEE, como se estabeleceu a crise no mesmo e como isso tem transformado o campo. Foram identificados uma série de atores que participam do fenômeno de transformação do campo de ação estratégica dos REEE: Universidade, empresas, sociedade civil e governo, além de dois campos próximos que exercem influência no campo estudado, o Mercado de EEE e a Indústria internacional de reciclagem de REEE. O Estado se mostrou muito influente no campo de REEE. Os atores e campos envolvidos desejam, portanto, a recuperação destes REEE para a reciclagem, devido, principalmente, às vantagens econômicas que a reciclagem proporciona a eles. A forma de fazer a recuperação dos REEE é o que tem sido discutido e está em disputa no campo. Diversos entraves foram observados para a gestão dos REEE no contexto brasileiro, mas a principal questão foi a necessidade de investimentos, incentivos e ações conjuntas, colaborativas e concomitantes para possibilitar a gestão efetiva dos REEE. Assim, a forma como a responsabilidade compartilhada, em especial o acordo setorial, vem sendo empregados não se mostram suficiente para a gestão dos REEE. Observou-se a necessidade de uma mudança de paradigma no que tange as questões de produção, consumo, troca e descarte dos REEE no contexto brasileiro. / Economic growth and the advancement of technology have generated greater production of electrical and electronic equipment, with a shorter service life. The constant exchange of equipment has led to an increase in their disposal. In addition to increased waste production, an aggravating factor is the potential for this type of waste to be polluted due to the heavy metals contained in them, such as lead, mercury and cadmium. However, despite this, there are also noble metals such as gold and silver, which has become a great business opportunity for the recycling industry and those interested in this waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) chain. However, in spite of the billion dollar market that revolves around the production and exchange of these equipments, the incorrect disposal of WEEE has very serious socio-environmental consequences, such as soil and water pollution, which causes health implications such as neurological diseases, cancer and even the death. In this context, the National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS) (Law 12.305/2010) was established, whose objective is to provide the environmentally appropriate destination for the waste. With new legal mandates, those involved in the chain of production, consumption and disposal of consumer electronics are having to reorganize to stay in this market. Therefore, the objective of this study was to understand and map the field in which WEEE are inserted. That is, to know which actors are part of this field; how they relate; what are the interests and disputes; how all this is related; how it is organized, and what nearby fields interfere with it. The research was based on the field theory of Fligstein and McAdam (2012) to understand the existence of the field of strategic action studied, its state and characteristics. Data collection was done through bibliographical and documentary research. Participant observation and the semi-structured interview with the main actors of the strategic action area of the WEEE identified were used, with the support of a script. It was possible to perceive the existence of the field of WEEE, as it was established the crisis in the same one and how this has transformed the field. A number of actors have been identified in the phenomenon of transformation of WEEE\'s strategic field of action: University, companies, civil society and government, as well as two close fields that influence the field studied, the Electrical and Electronic Equipment Market and the International Industry of recycling of WEEE. The state proved to be very influential in the field of WEEE. The actors and fields involved therefore want the recovery of these WEEE for recycling, mainly due to the economic benefits that recycling provides them. The way to do WEEE recovery is what has been discussed and is in dispute in the field. Several barriers were observed for the management of WEEE in the Brazilian context, but the main issue was the need for investments, incentives and joint, collaborative and concomitant actions to enable the effective management of WEEE. Thus, the way shared responsibility has been used does not prove to be sufficient for the management of WEEE. It was observed the need for a paradigm shift in the issues of consumption, exchange and disposal of WEEE in the Brazilian context.

O crescimento econômico e o avanço da tecnologia tem gerado maior produção de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos, cuja vida útil está cada vez menor. A troca constante de equipamentos tem levado a um aumento no descarte dos mesmos. Além da maior produção de resíduos, um agravante é o potencial poluidor deste tipo de resíduo devido aos metais pesados contidos neles, como o chumbo, mercúrio e cádmio. Contudo, apesar disso, há também metais nobres como ouro e prata, o que tem se tornado uma grande oportunidade de negócio para a indústria de reciclagem e os interessados nesta cadeia de resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos (REEE). Entretanto, apesar do mercado bilionário que gira em torno da produção e troca destes equipamentos, o descarte incorreto dos REEE tem consequências socioambientais muito sérias, como a poluição do solo e da água, o que causa implicações à saúde como doenças neurológicas, câncer e até a morte. Neste contexto, foi estabelecida a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) (Lei 12.305/2010), cujo objetivo é dar a destinação ambientalmente adequada para os resíduos. Com novas obrigatoriedades legais, os envolvidos na cadeia de produção, consumo e descarte dos eletroeletrônicos estão tendo que se reorganizar para manter-se neste mercado. Por isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi entender e mapear o campo no qual os REEE estão inseridos. Ou seja, conhecer quais atores fazem parte deste campo; como se relacionam; quais são os interesses e disputas; como tudo isso está relacionado; como se organiza e quais os campos próximos que interferem nele. A pesquisa se baseou na teoria de campos de Fligstein e McAdam (2012) para entender a existência do campo de ação estratégica estudado, seu estado e características. Foi feito o levantamento de dados através de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Utilizou-se da observação participante e a entrevista semiestruturada com os principais atores do campo de ação estratégico dos REEE identificados, com apoio de um roteiro. Pôde-se perceber a existência do campo de REEE, como se estabeleceu a crise no mesmo e como isso tem transformado o campo. Foram identificados uma série de atores que participam do fenômeno de transformação do campo de ação estratégica dos REEE: Universidade, empresas, sociedade civil e governo, além de dois campos próximos que exercem influência no campo estudado, o Mercado de EEE e a Indústria internacional de reciclagem de REEE. O Estado se mostrou muito influente no campo de REEE. Os atores e campos envolvidos desejam, portanto, a recuperação destes REEE para a reciclagem, devido, principalmente, às vantagens econômicas que a reciclagem proporciona a eles. A forma de fazer a recuperação dos REEE é o que tem sido discutido e está em disputa no campo. Diversos entraves foram observados para a gestão dos REEE no contexto brasileiro, mas a principal questão foi a necessidade de investimentos, incentivos e ações conjuntas, colaborativas e concomitantes para possibilitar a gestão efetiva dos REEE. Assim, a forma como a responsabilidade compartilhada, em especial o acordo setorial, vem sendo empregados não se mostram suficiente para a gestão dos REEE. Observou-se a necessidade de uma mudança de paradigma no que tange as questões de produção, consumo, troca e descarte dos REEE no contexto brasileiro. / Economic growth and the advancement of technology have generated greater production of electrical and electronic equipment, with a shorter service life. The constant exchange of equipment has led to an increase in their disposal. In addition to increased waste production, an aggravating factor is the potential for this type of waste to be polluted due to the heavy metals contained in them, such as lead, mercury and cadmium. However, despite this, there are also noble metals such as gold and silver, which has become a great business opportunity for the recycling industry and those interested in this waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) chain. However, in spite of the billion dollar market that revolves around the production and exchange of these equipments, the incorrect disposal of WEEE has very serious socio-environmental consequences, such as soil and water pollution, which causes health implications such as neurological diseases, cancer and even the death. In this context, the National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS) (Law 12.305/2010) was established, whose objective is to provide the environmentally appropriate destination for the waste. With new legal mandates, those involved in the chain of production, consumption and disposal of consumer electronics are having to reorganize to stay in this market. Therefore, the objective of this study was to understand and map the field in which WEEE are inserted. That is, to know which actors are part of this field; how they relate; what are the interests and disputes; how all this is related; how it is organized, and what nearby fields interfere with it. The research was based on the field theory of Fligstein and McAdam (2012) to understand the existence of the field of strategic action studied, its state and characteristics. Data collection was done through bibliographical and documentary research. Participant observation and the semi-structured interview with the main actors of the strategic action area of the WEEE identified were used, with the support of a script. It was possible to perceive the existence of the field of WEEE, as it was established the crisis in the same one and how this has transformed the field. A number of actors have been identified in the phenomenon of transformation of WEEE\'s strategic field of action: University, companies, civil society and government, as well as two close fields that influence the field studied, the Electrical and Electronic Equipment Market and the International Industry of recycling of WEEE. The state proved to be very influential in the field of WEEE. The actors and fields involved therefore want the recovery of these WEEE for recycling, mainly due to the economic benefits that recycling provides them. The way to do WEEE recovery is what has been discussed and is in dispute in the field. Several barriers were observed for the management of WEEE in the Brazilian context, but the main issue was the need for investments, incentives and joint, collaborative and concomitant actions to enable the effective management of WEEE. Thus, the way shared responsibility has been used does not prove to be sufficient for the management of WEEE. It was observed the need for a paradigm shift in the issues of consumption, exchange and disposal of WEEE in the Brazilian context.

Submitted by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-22T12:45:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRAA.pdf: 2243702 bytes, checksum: 470cad0026ded91bc0e57998aa2b45b5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-22T12:45:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRAA.pdf: 2243702 bytes, checksum: 470cad0026ded91bc0e57998aa2b45b5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-22T12:45:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRAA.pdf: 2243702 bytes, checksum: 470cad0026ded91bc0e57998aa2b45b5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-22T12:45:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRAA.pdf: 2243702 bytes, checksum: 470cad0026ded91bc0e57998aa2b45b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Community forest management (CFM), the planned and rational use of forest resources by traditional communities and family farmers, is regarded as one of the strategies to tackle deforestation in the Amazon region. Even with challenges, community associations in the region seek to approve "Sustainable Forest Management Plans" (SFMP), a document required in the first stage of CFM. Assuming that the process of obtaining the SFMP occurs in a "strategic action field" (SAF) (FLIGSTEIN; McADAM, 2011), this work performed two study cases (YIN, 2001) from processes conducted by community associations in the municipality of Lábrea in the State of Amazonas. A strategic action field (SAF) is a “socially constructed arena in which actors with varying resources endowments vie for advantages to achieve their objectives” (FLIGSTEIN, McADAM, 2011). Through the "theoretical lens" of the SAF approach, we sought to understand the elements that influenced the contrasting results obtained in the action: a successful one, with the approval of a SFMP; and an unsuccessful one. Our main objective was to analyze and compare these two processes and, specifically, we proposed to: (a) analyze the influence of other fields and the State; (b) identify incumbent and challengers actors; (c) identify resources and social skill. The case studies had an exploratory and longitudinal orientation. Data were collected through participatory observation; document analysis, and semi-structured interviews, the latter being the main data source. Twenty six people among governmental, nongovernmental and actors from the associations aforementioned were interviewed between 2015 and 2017. The theoretical approach of SAF was used as a guideline for data analysis. We argue that the field under analysis is the subfield of timber production in Lábrea, part of an economic field in transformation, and influenced by an emerging environmental field. Thus, we understand that the processes were influenced by three main elements: the presence of internal governance structures; socially skilled actors; and networks. We understand that the situation of the field and the presence of governance structures enabled the action of socially skilled actors in the successful case; and the absence of governance structures in the unsuccessful one left the process vulnerable to the performance of socially skilled actors in the opposite direction of timber production legalization. We suggest the analysis of the genesis of CFM and a network study as a complementary analysis. / O manejo florestal comunitário e familiar (MFCF), isto é, a exploração planejada e racional dos recursos florestais por comunidades tradicionais e agricultores familiares, é tido como uma das estratégias contra o desmatamento na Amazônia. Mesmo apresentando uma série de desafios, diversas associações comunitárias da região vêm buscando a aprovação de “Planos de Manejo Florestal Sustentável” (PMFS), documento exigido na primeira etapa do MFCF. Assumindo a ocorrência dos processos de obtenção de um PMFS em um campo de ação estratégica (CAE), no presente trabalho desenvolvemos dois estudos de caso (YIN, 2001), a partir dos processos conduzidos por associações comunitárias de Lábrea (AM). Um CAE é “uma arena socialmente construída onde os atores, dotados de diferentes recursos, disputam por vantagens para alcançar os seus objetivos” (FLIGSTEIN; McADAM, 2011). Através das “lentes teóricas” dessa abordagem, buscamos compreender os elementos que influenciaram os resultados contrastantes obtidos na ação: uma exitosa, com um PMFS aprovado; e outra não exitosa. Assim, nosso objetivo foi analisar e comparar os processos e, especificamente, nos propusemos a: (a) analisar a influência de outros campos e do Estado; (b) identificar os atores incumbentes e desafiantes; (c) identificar os recursos e a habilidade social. Os estudos de caso tiveram caráter exploratório e orientação longitudinal. Coletamos os dados através de observação participante; análise documental, e entrevistas semiestruturadas, sendo esta última a principal fonte de dados. Entrevistamos 26 pessoas, dentre atores governamentais, não governamentais e das associações em questão, entre 2015 e 2017. Utilizamos a abordagem teórica de CAEs como orientadora da análise dos dados, relacionando-os aos seus principais conceitos. Argumentamos que o campo em análise trata-se do sub-campo da produção madeireira em Lábrea, parte de um campo econômico em transformação, e influenciado por um campo ambiental emergente. Argumentamos que os processos foram influenciados por três elementos principais: a presença de estruturas de governança; de atores socialmente hábeis; e as redes. Entendemos que a situação do campo e a presença de estruturas de governança, possibilitou a ação de atores socialmente hábeis no caso exitoso; e a inexistência de estruturas de governança, no caso não exitoso, deixou a iniciativa vulnerável à atuação de atores socialmente hábeis de forma oposta à legalização da produção madeireira. Sugerimos a análise da gênese do MFCF e um estudo de redes como análises complementares.

Submitted by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-07-14T19:11:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE. STELLA LUNA. 2015.pdf: 3644648 bytes, checksum: 7e84216ab529a92791f01a0b5e61bf7c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-07-14T20:45:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE. STELLA LUNA. 2015.pdf: 3644648 bytes, checksum: 7e84216ab529a92791f01a0b5e61bf7c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-14T20:45:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE. STELLA LUNA. 2015.pdf: 3644648 bytes, checksum: 7e84216ab529a92791f01a0b5e61bf7c (MD5) / Este estudo avaliou a implantação das ações estratégicas, a partir do Pacto Pela Redução da Mortalidade Infantil na região Nordeste e Amazônia Legal, em dois municípios do Estado de Mato Grosso, no período de 2009 a 2013. As contribuições teórico-metodológicas de Wholey (1977), Matus (1993), Testa (1995) e Denis e Champagne (1997) subsidiaram o estudo de avaliabilidade, a análise das características de governo e da gestão da saúde e o grau de implantação das ações estratégicas. Foi construído o modelo causal, da intervenção e o teórico lógico para subsidiar a avaliação. A pesquisa avaliativa foi realizada em duas etapas. Na primeira, realizou-se um estudo de avaliabilidade da intervenção e, na segunda, uma análise das características de governo e da gestão da saúde e do grau da implantação das ações. Dos treze municípios prioritários de Mato Grosso, estabelecidos no Pacto, foram selecionados como municípios-caso deste estudo, Cuiabá e Poconé a partir de critérios pré-estabelecidos. O estudo de dois casos foi realizado por meio de abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa utilizando-se de dados primários e secundários. Foram conduzidas entrevistas com cinquenta e nove informantes-chave e realizada análise documental e observação de campo. A coleta dos dados e a observação de campo foram realizadas no período de abril a setembro de 2013. Os dados foram analisados por categorias, conforme o quadro teórico. O estudo de avaliabilidade demonstrou que as ações estratégicas estavam suficientemente estruturadas para permitir avaliações sistemáticas e havia clima político favorável para sua implementação. Contudo, as características de governo e de gestão da saúde que influenciaram negativamente a implementação do Plano, em ambos os municípios-caso, foram uma baixa governabilidade, principalmente, por instabilidade política e desgaste da gestão local e baixa capacidade de governo marcada por dificuldades na política de gestão de pessoas que resultou em um Plano Municipal frágil. Observou-se uma prática de planejamento não estruturada com caráter mais burocrático e ritualístico, não havendo acompanhamento e avaliação sistemática do Plano. Em 2013, as ações estratégicas para redução da mortalidade infantil neonatal no município de Cuiabá, foram classificadas como em estágio intermediário (51,4%), enquanto para o município de Poconé, elas se mostraram incipientes (42,9%). A vigilância do óbito materno e infantil, além da mobilização social estão entre os componentes menos implantados. As principais causas de mortes neonatais estiveram relacionadas aos cuidados imediatos ao recém-nascido, tendo o maior número os óbitos neonatais ocorridos por aspiração de mecônio e por causas redutíveis por adequado controle na gravidez. Recomenda-se ampliar e qualificar a atenção primária à saúde, implementar e qualificar a vigilância do óbito e nascimento, garantir apoio logístico integrado à rede de atenção à saúde, implementar o complexo regulador e a atenção especializada, fortalecer e melhorar a qualidade das maternidades, instituir Plano de Carreira no SUS para valorizar os profissionais de saúde e ampliar a qualidade da atenção, monitorando a execução das ações estratégicas.

Esta dissertação teve como tema a Educação na Saúde, no contexto da criação da Secretaria de Gestão do Trabalho e da Educação na Saúde (SGTES) no Ministério da Saúde (MS), em 2003, e da formulação da Política Nacional de Educação Permanente em Saúde (PNEPS), ação que fazia parte do mandato constitucional do ordenamento da formação de recursos humanos da área. A estratégia adotada foi o estudo de caso, por se tratar da análise da atuação de indivíduos e de grupos na condução estatal nacional da política pública, na área da saúde, relativa à educação na saúde. Investigou-se, a partir da Teoria dos Campos, o desenvolvimento da política pública, a historicidade da ação dos atores, a articulação dos envolvidos e seus processos de disputa, até o reconhecimento de evidências à emergência de um “campo” na cena da saúde coletiva e da educação nacional. As teorias de análise em políticas públicas informam o delineamento das perguntas centrais desta pesquisa, compondo o enquadramento deste estudo. Verificou-se, na atuação dos atores dirigentes da SGTES, no período da sua criação e da formulação da PNEPS, entre 2003 a 2007, a conformação de um “campo de ação estratégica” específico. Isto é, a criação da SGTES e a formulação da Política Nacional de Educação Permanente em Saúde, no âmbito do Ministério da Saúde, constituíram as condições para a emergência de um campo específico, o da educação na saúde, na gestão política, com repercussão nos setores da saúde e da educação. Observa-se que essa ação do Estado reorganizou a área da educação de profissionais de saúde, em formação ou inseridos nos cenários do trabalho. / This dissertation has as its theme Health Education in the creation context of the Secretariat of Labor Management and Health Education (SGTES) in the Ministry of Health (MOH) in 2003 and the formulation of the National Policy of Permanent Health Education (PNEPS), action that was part of the constitutional mandate of the training planning of human resources on the area. The strategy adopted was the case study, because it is the performance analysis of individuals and groups in national state conduct of public policy on health, regarding health education. It is investigated, from the Fields Theory, the development of public policy, the historicity of the actors actions, the articulation of those involved and their dispute processes, from the recognition of evidences to the emergence of a "field" in the collective health scene and national education. The analysis of theories on public policies inform the design of the central questions on this current research, forming the framework of this study. It was verified, in the performance of the leaders actors of SGTES in the period of its creation and formulation of PNEPS from 2003 to 2007, the formation of a specific "strategic action field". Namely, the creation of SGTES and the National Policy of Permanent Health Education, under the Ministry of Health, constitute the conditions for the emergence of a specific field, the health education in policy management, with repercussions in health and education sectors. It is observed that this state action reorganized the educational area of the health professional, either on training process or inserted in the work scenarios.

This thesis empirically examines how lobby groups and activists respond to innovative forms of public participation. The study centres on processes that foster a particular kind of deliberative governance including citizens’ juries, consensus conferences and planning cells. These deliberative designs bring together a panel of randomly selected lay citizens to deliberate on a specific policy issue for a few days, with the aim of providing decision makers with a set of recommendations. While policy makers worldwide are attracted to these novel participatory processes, little consideration has been given to how well they work alongside more adversarial and interest-based politics. This doctoral research project examines this interface by studying what these processes mean to different kinds of policy actors such as corporations, advocacy groups, government agencies, experts and professionals. These entities are collectively referred to in this thesis as ‘interest organisations’ because in some way they are seeking a specific policy outcome from the state – even government-based groups.¶ The empirical research in this thesis is based on comparative case studies of four deliberative design projects in Australia and Germany. The Australian cases include a citizens’ jury on waste management legislation and a consensus conference on gene technology in the food chain. The German case studies include a planning cells project on consumer protection in Bavaria, and a national consensus conference on genetic diagnostics. Together the cases capture a diversity of complex and contested policy issues facing post-industrialised societies. In each case study, I examine how relevant interest organisations responded to the deliberative forum, and then interpret these responses in view of the context and features of the case.¶ The picture emerging from the in-depth case studies is that interest organisations respond to deliberative designs in a variety of ways. Some choose to participate actively, others passively decline, and a few resort to strategic tactics to undermine citizens’ deliberations. The empirical research reveals that though responses are variable, most interest organisations are challenged by several features of the deliberative design model including: 1) that deliberators are citizens with no knowledge or association with the issue; 2) that experts and interest representatives are required to present their arguments before a citizens’ panel; and 3) that policy discussions occur under deliberative conditions which can expose the illegitimate use of power.¶ Despite these challenges, the paradox is that many interest organisations do decide to engage in lay citizen deliberations. The empirical research indicates that groups and experts value deliberative designs if they present an opportunity for public relations, customer feedback, or advocacy. Moreover, the research finds that when policy actors intensively engage with ‘ordinary’ citizens, their technocratic and elite ideas about public participation can shift in a more inclusive and deliberative direction.¶ The thesis finds that, on the whole, weaker interest organisations are more willing to engage with lay citizens than stronger organisations because they welcome the chance to influence public debate and decision makers. It appears that powerful groups will only engage in a deliberative forum under certain policy conditions, for example, when the dominant policy paradigm is unstable and contested, when public discussion on the issue is emerging, when policy networks are interdependent and heterogeneous, and when the broader social and political system supports public accountability, consensus and deliberation. Given that these kinds of policy conditions do not always exist, I conclude that tensions between interest organisations and deliberative governance will be common. In order to create more cooperative and productive interfaces, I recommend that interest organisations be better supported and integrated into citizens’ deliberations, and that steps be taken to safeguard forums from strategic attempts to undermine their legitimacy.¶ The thesis also sends out three key messages to democratic theorists. First, the empirical research shows that different kinds of groups and actors in civil society vary in their willingness and capacity to participate to public deliberation. Second, the deliberative design model demonstrates that partisan actors, such as interest organisations, will engage in public deliberation when they can participate as strategic deliberators. In this role partisans are not expected to relinquish their agendas, but present them as testimonies before a group of deliberators. Third, the empirical research in this thesis should bring home to theorists that deliberative forums are closely linked to the discursive context within which they operate.