Research into ‘ethnic’ attainment differences in British higher education tends to depict students from minority ethnic backgrounds as disadvantaged, marginalised, discriminated against and excluded. This shapes the current theoretical perspective adopted by university policies and informs practice. However, the consequences of this perspective for students, their educational attainment and university education as a whole are largely unexamined. This study explored the teaching and learning experiences of students, alongside their views concerning how these experiences may have impacted on their attainment. To arrive at a more unbiased and better informed understanding of ethnic attainment differences, the student narratives in this study were analysed from a realist philosophical position. The experiences students related included student interactions, participatory and intellectual engagement, (un)equal treatment and academic study and support. The richness and variety of the individual narratives defied simple analysis and required further discussion of perceptions, interpretations, meaning, understanding and categorisation. Some students talked of social interaction in terms of race, colour, ethnicity, nationality, culture, class and age, while others thought such social grouping unproblematic. Engagement was seen either as participatory engagement in the learning process or as intellectual engagement with the subject. There were perceptions of unequal treatment due to race or ethnicity which contrasted with suggestions of straightforward unprofessional practices. Attitudes to academic study ranged from descriptions of struggling with the academic workload to feeling the lack of intellectual challenge. The analysis and discussion revealed a process of minoritisation that resulted from the current approaches to ethnic attainment. The continued use of group-based social differentiation inadvertently fosters the idea that ethnic and social attributes matter and creates a divisive subtext which loses any sense of our common humanity. Group-based social differentiation can undermine the resilience and human agency of students because it suggests that educational attainment is predominantly determined by ethnic and social attributes, downplaying the students’ capacity to act in pursuit of educational goals. As a result, university policies and practice perpetuate rather than ameliorate the status of minority ethnic higher education students.

This paper analyses three of the dominating discourses Anders Behring Breivik used in his compendium, the official title of which is 2083 – A European Declaration of Independence, also known as Breivik's Manifesto. It is believed Breivik posted his Manifesto on the Internet shortly before the attacks in Norway in July, 2011. The number 2083 stands for the year when the "Western European Civil War" was expected to be completed, all traitors executed, and all Muslims deported from Europe. This article will discuss dominating discourses in the Manifesto, seen from a background of a European multicultural backlash, in which the political far-right movement is increasing. Furthermore, this article will end with a discussion of education and the importance of analysis of such phenomena within different subjects.

A tese O sujeito da educação em um contexto pós-metafísico repõe a problemática do sujeito da educação seguindo o fio condutor da reviravolta lingüística. Tendo em consideração a crise da razão (ocidental) e a crítica do sujeito, – que impugnou uma idéia de ratio (metafísica) dissolvendo a concepção de sujeito (subjectum) soberano, consciente e responsável –, retoma os questionamentos dirigidos ao esclarecimento moderno (Aufklärung), situando a derrocada dos fundamentos normativos da educação (Bildung) em um contexto pós-metafísico. Diante desse quadro social contemporâneo amplo, radicalmente modificado e, densamente complexo, adentrando na conversação teórico-filosófica e pedagógica, O sujeito da educação em um contexto pós-metafísico, busca compreender – no horizonte de uma leitura hermenêutica –, o sujeito da educação em sua configuração lingüística. Para tanto, analisa e distingue, contrastando, a abordagem teórico-metodológica de Richard Rorty e de Jürgen Habermas, autores contemporâneos identificados com a reviravolta lingüísticopragmática. O neopragmatismo de Rorty redescreve o sujeito rede de crenças e desejos; a teoria do agir comunicativo de Habermas reconstrói o sujeito de fala e ação. Explicita-se, assim, o sujeito como agente lingüístico. Contingente e descentrado, o sujeito lingüístico não mais constitui um fundamento subjacente (hypokeimenon) e necessário. Destrancendentalizada a razão metafísica, o sujeito, em um contexto pós-metafísico, no influxo da reviravolta lingüística apresenta-se modesto em suas pretensões, comunicativo em suas interações, intersubjetivo em suas razões. Com base nesses pressupostos, a possibilidade de um sujeito lingüístico constitui uma alternativa para uma outra compreensão do sujeito da educação. Incorporando as demandas do sujeito no plano interativo lingüístico-intersubjetivo, o discurso pedagógico renova o sentido da própria tarefa educativa de assegurar, dinamizar e potencializar o caráter dialogal da formação (Bildung) do sujeito. Quer dizer, a educação é uma interação efetível, tanto quanto, em sua ação, constitui-se enquanto espaço possibilitador da conversação, do diálogo, do processo de socialização-individuação do sujeito lingüístico. O desenvolvimento da competência lingüística do sujeito posicionado intersubjetivamente caracteriza e orienta a ação educativa. / This thesis entitled The subject of the education in a postmetaphysical context replaces the problem of the education’s subject following the connecting thread of the linguistic turn. Considering the crisis of the occidental reason and the critics of the subject – which didn’t accept an idea of metaphysical ratio, dissolving the conception of sovereign subject (subjectum), conscious and responsible – takes up again the questions addressed to the modern Illuminism (Aufklärung), placing the collapse of the normative foundations of the education (Bildung) in a postmetaphysical context. In face of this contemporary survey, radically modified and very complex, involving the conversation in the point of view of philosophical-theoretical and pedadogic aspects, The subject of the education in a postmetaphysical context tries to understand – by means of a hermeneutic reading – the education’s subject in his linguistic configuration. Thus are analysed and distinguished, but also compared, the theoretical and methodical approaches of Richard Rorty and Jürgen Habermas, two contemporary authors identified with the linguistic and pragmatic turn. The Neo Pragmatism of Rorty focuses on the subject as a net of religious convictions, and desires. Habermas’ theory of communicative acts rebuilds the subject as speaking and acting. Thus appears the subject as linguistic agent. As contingent and not more as center, the linguistic subject doesn’t constitute an underlying and necessary foundation (hypokeimenon). Without a transcendence, the metaphysical reason, the subject, in a postmethaphysical context, influenced by the linguistic turn, appears modest in its pretensions, communicative in its interactions, intersubjetive in its reasons. Based on such presupposition the possibility of a linguistic subject is an alternative for an other understanding of the education’s subject. Incorporating the requests of the subject at the interactive and intersubjective level, the pedagogic discourse renews the meaning of the educative task in order to reinforce and ensure with dynamism the dialogical character of the formation (Bildung) of the subject. In other words: the education is a realizable interaction in its action and represents a space which makes possible the conversation, the dialogue, the process of socialization and individuation of the linguistic subject. The evolution of the linguistic competence of the subject intersubjectively considered characterizes and orientates the educative action.

A tese O sujeito da educação em um contexto pós-metafísico repõe a problemática do sujeito da educação seguindo o fio condutor da reviravolta lingüística. Tendo em consideração a crise da razão (ocidental) e a crítica do sujeito, – que impugnou uma idéia de ratio (metafísica) dissolvendo a concepção de sujeito (subjectum) soberano, consciente e responsável –, retoma os questionamentos dirigidos ao esclarecimento moderno (Aufklärung), situando a derrocada dos fundamentos normativos da educação (Bildung) em um contexto pós-metafísico. Diante desse quadro social contemporâneo amplo, radicalmente modificado e, densamente complexo, adentrando na conversação teórico-filosófica e pedagógica, O sujeito da educação em um contexto pós-metafísico, busca compreender – no horizonte de uma leitura hermenêutica –, o sujeito da educação em sua configuração lingüística. Para tanto, analisa e distingue, contrastando, a abordagem teórico-metodológica de Richard Rorty e de Jürgen Habermas, autores contemporâneos identificados com a reviravolta lingüísticopragmática. O neopragmatismo de Rorty redescreve o sujeito rede de crenças e desejos; a teoria do agir comunicativo de Habermas reconstrói o sujeito de fala e ação. Explicita-se, assim, o sujeito como agente lingüístico. Contingente e descentrado, o sujeito lingüístico não mais constitui um fundamento subjacente (hypokeimenon) e necessário. Destrancendentalizada a razão metafísica, o sujeito, em um contexto pós-metafísico, no influxo da reviravolta lingüística apresenta-se modesto em suas pretensões, comunicativo em suas interações, intersubjetivo em suas razões. Com base nesses pressupostos, a possibilidade de um sujeito lingüístico constitui uma alternativa para uma outra compreensão do sujeito da educação. Incorporando as demandas do sujeito no plano interativo lingüístico-intersubjetivo, o discurso pedagógico renova o sentido da própria tarefa educativa de assegurar, dinamizar e potencializar o caráter dialogal da formação (Bildung) do sujeito. Quer dizer, a educação é uma interação efetível, tanto quanto, em sua ação, constitui-se enquanto espaço possibilitador da conversação, do diálogo, do processo de socialização-individuação do sujeito lingüístico. O desenvolvimento da competência lingüística do sujeito posicionado intersubjetivamente caracteriza e orienta a ação educativa. / This thesis entitled The subject of the education in a postmetaphysical context replaces the problem of the education’s subject following the connecting thread of the linguistic turn. Considering the crisis of the occidental reason and the critics of the subject – which didn’t accept an idea of metaphysical ratio, dissolving the conception of sovereign subject (subjectum), conscious and responsible – takes up again the questions addressed to the modern Illuminism (Aufklärung), placing the collapse of the normative foundations of the education (Bildung) in a postmetaphysical context. In face of this contemporary survey, radically modified and very complex, involving the conversation in the point of view of philosophical-theoretical and pedadogic aspects, The subject of the education in a postmetaphysical context tries to understand – by means of a hermeneutic reading – the education’s subject in his linguistic configuration. Thus are analysed and distinguished, but also compared, the theoretical and methodical approaches of Richard Rorty and Jürgen Habermas, two contemporary authors identified with the linguistic and pragmatic turn. The Neo Pragmatism of Rorty focuses on the subject as a net of religious convictions, and desires. Habermas’ theory of communicative acts rebuilds the subject as speaking and acting. Thus appears the subject as linguistic agent. As contingent and not more as center, the linguistic subject doesn’t constitute an underlying and necessary foundation (hypokeimenon). Without a transcendence, the metaphysical reason, the subject, in a postmethaphysical context, influenced by the linguistic turn, appears modest in its pretensions, communicative in its interactions, intersubjetive in its reasons. Based on such presupposition the possibility of a linguistic subject is an alternative for an other understanding of the education’s subject. Incorporating the requests of the subject at the interactive and intersubjective level, the pedagogic discourse renews the meaning of the educative task in order to reinforce and ensure with dynamism the dialogical character of the formation (Bildung) of the subject. In other words: the education is a realizable interaction in its action and represents a space which makes possible the conversation, the dialogue, the process of socialization and individuation of the linguistic subject. The evolution of the linguistic competence of the subject intersubjectively considered characterizes and orientates the educative action.

A tese O sujeito da educação em um contexto pós-metafísico repõe a problemática do sujeito da educação seguindo o fio condutor da reviravolta lingüística. Tendo em consideração a crise da razão (ocidental) e a crítica do sujeito, – que impugnou uma idéia de ratio (metafísica) dissolvendo a concepção de sujeito (subjectum) soberano, consciente e responsável –, retoma os questionamentos dirigidos ao esclarecimento moderno (Aufklärung), situando a derrocada dos fundamentos normativos da educação (Bildung) em um contexto pós-metafísico. Diante desse quadro social contemporâneo amplo, radicalmente modificado e, densamente complexo, adentrando na conversação teórico-filosófica e pedagógica, O sujeito da educação em um contexto pós-metafísico, busca compreender – no horizonte de uma leitura hermenêutica –, o sujeito da educação em sua configuração lingüística. Para tanto, analisa e distingue, contrastando, a abordagem teórico-metodológica de Richard Rorty e de Jürgen Habermas, autores contemporâneos identificados com a reviravolta lingüísticopragmática. O neopragmatismo de Rorty redescreve o sujeito rede de crenças e desejos; a teoria do agir comunicativo de Habermas reconstrói o sujeito de fala e ação. Explicita-se, assim, o sujeito como agente lingüístico. Contingente e descentrado, o sujeito lingüístico não mais constitui um fundamento subjacente (hypokeimenon) e necessário. Destrancendentalizada a razão metafísica, o sujeito, em um contexto pós-metafísico, no influxo da reviravolta lingüística apresenta-se modesto em suas pretensões, comunicativo em suas interações, intersubjetivo em suas razões. Com base nesses pressupostos, a possibilidade de um sujeito lingüístico constitui uma alternativa para uma outra compreensão do sujeito da educação. Incorporando as demandas do sujeito no plano interativo lingüístico-intersubjetivo, o discurso pedagógico renova o sentido da própria tarefa educativa de assegurar, dinamizar e potencializar o caráter dialogal da formação (Bildung) do sujeito. Quer dizer, a educação é uma interação efetível, tanto quanto, em sua ação, constitui-se enquanto espaço possibilitador da conversação, do diálogo, do processo de socialização-individuação do sujeito lingüístico. O desenvolvimento da competência lingüística do sujeito posicionado intersubjetivamente caracteriza e orienta a ação educativa. / This thesis entitled The subject of the education in a postmetaphysical context replaces the problem of the education’s subject following the connecting thread of the linguistic turn. Considering the crisis of the occidental reason and the critics of the subject – which didn’t accept an idea of metaphysical ratio, dissolving the conception of sovereign subject (subjectum), conscious and responsible – takes up again the questions addressed to the modern Illuminism (Aufklärung), placing the collapse of the normative foundations of the education (Bildung) in a postmetaphysical context. In face of this contemporary survey, radically modified and very complex, involving the conversation in the point of view of philosophical-theoretical and pedadogic aspects, The subject of the education in a postmetaphysical context tries to understand – by means of a hermeneutic reading – the education’s subject in his linguistic configuration. Thus are analysed and distinguished, but also compared, the theoretical and methodical approaches of Richard Rorty and Jürgen Habermas, two contemporary authors identified with the linguistic and pragmatic turn. The Neo Pragmatism of Rorty focuses on the subject as a net of religious convictions, and desires. Habermas’ theory of communicative acts rebuilds the subject as speaking and acting. Thus appears the subject as linguistic agent. As contingent and not more as center, the linguistic subject doesn’t constitute an underlying and necessary foundation (hypokeimenon). Without a transcendence, the metaphysical reason, the subject, in a postmethaphysical context, influenced by the linguistic turn, appears modest in its pretensions, communicative in its interactions, intersubjetive in its reasons. Based on such presupposition the possibility of a linguistic subject is an alternative for an other understanding of the education’s subject. Incorporating the requests of the subject at the interactive and intersubjective level, the pedagogic discourse renews the meaning of the educative task in order to reinforce and ensure with dynamism the dialogical character of the formation (Bildung) of the subject. In other words: the education is a realizable interaction in its action and represents a space which makes possible the conversation, the dialogue, the process of socialization and individuation of the linguistic subject. The evolution of the linguistic competence of the subject intersubjectively considered characterizes and orientates the educative action.

Abstract In this thesis, I will focus on the changes in the professional identity of pre-service teachers in mathematics, physics and chemistry during their teacher training. The study material consists of 43 pre-service teachers’ learning journals in the academic year of 2005–2006. Bruner (1986) separates two modes of thinking: Narrative and paradigmatic. In this study, I focus on narrative thinking. According to Denzin (1989), a story includes a plot, a middle point and an ending, and the turning points in the story often have a special meaning. In applying narrative method, and by using purposeful sampling I selected six different pre-service teachers’ journals as study material. Applying Polkinghorne’s (1995) approach, the pre-service teachers’ case descriptions were emplotted. The narratives included the changes that had happened in various subdomains of teacher’s professional identity. After that I compared the six case descriptions systematically on the basis of the central themes including the pre-service teachers’ self-esteem related to teaching and mastering the subjects, reflection, emotions, and how to deal with them, and beliefs of students and teaching. A special attention was paid to the changes in them. One point of interest was to find out what kind of meaning the teacher trainers had on the changes in the pre-sevice teachers’ professional identity. According to the main findings, only one pre-service teacher’s professional identity has developed during the training periods in all central aspects. Self-esteem related to mastering the subjects remained good with almost all the pre-service teachers, but self-esteem related to teaching improved with three cases, and got worse with two cases. With some pre-service teachers, the focus on their reflection changed from themselves towards student’s activity. Coping with tenseness, failures in dealing with negative emotions and insecurity about one’s professional identity were in the main role in their stories. All pre-service teachers had teacher-centered lessons in mathematics, but some started to value student-centered orientation also. Physics and chemistry lessons were more student-centered including, for example, project and lab work. Beliefs about students became more positive. The significance of the teacher trainers in developing a pre-servive teacher’s professional identity was often quite minor. / Tiivistelmä Tutkin matematiikan, fysiikan ja kemian aineenopettajaopiskelijoiden ammatti-identiteetin kehittymistä heidän opetusharjoittelunsa aikana. Tutkimusaineistona olivat 43:n lukuvuonna 2005–2006 opetusharjoitteluihin osallistuneiden opettajaopiskelijan pitämät oppimispäiväkirjat. Bruner (1986) erottaa kaksi ajattelun muotoa: narratiivisen ja paradigmaattisen. Tässä tutkimuksessa fokusoidun narratiiviseen ajatteluun. Denzinin (1989) mukaan tarinassa on juoni, alku, keskikohta ja loppu, ja käännekohdat tarinassa saavat erityisen merkityksen. Narratiivista lähestymistapaa käyttäen valitsin tutkimusaineistoksi harkinnanvaraisesti kuuden erilaisen opettajaopiskelijan oppimispäiväkirjat. Polkinghornea (1995) soveltaen juonensin opettajaopiskelijoiden tapauskuvaukset niin, että ne sisälsivät opettajan ammatti-identiteetin eri osa-alueissa tapahtuneet muutokset. Sen jälkeen vertailin tapauskuvauksia systemaattisesti keskeisten teemojen osalta. Keskeisiä teemoja olivat opettamiseen ja opetettavan aineen osaamiseen liittyvä itsetunto, reflektointi, tunteet ja niiden käsittely sekä uskomukset oppilaista ja opettamisesta. Kiinnitin erityisesti huomiota muutoksiin. Tarkastelin myös opetusharjoittelun ohjaajien merkitystä opettajaopiskelijan ammatti-identiteetin muutoksiin. Päätulokseni ovat seuraavat: Vain yhden opettajaopiskelijan ammatti-identiteetti kehittyi opetusharjoittelun aikana jokaisella opettajan ammatti-identiteetin keskeisellä osa-alueella. Opetettavan aineen osaamiseen liittyvä itsetunto säilyi lähes kaikilla opettajaopiskelijoilla hyvänä, mutta opettamiseen liittyvä itsetunto nousi kolmella ja laski kahdella opetusharjoittelun aikana. Opettajaopiskelijoiden reflektointi muuttui osalla itsestä oppilaan toimintaan kohdistuvaksi. Jännittämisestä selviytyminen, negatiivisten tunteiden käsittelyn epäonnistuminen ja epävarmuus opettajan ammatti-identiteetistä olivat pääosassa opettajaopiskelijoiden kertomuksissa. Opettajakeskeisyys painottui kaikilla opettajaopiskelijoilla matematiikan opetuksessa, osalla tapahtui muutosta oppilaskeskeiseen suuntaan. Fysiikan ja kemian oppitunneilla oppilaskeskeisyys näkyi oppilastöiden ohjaamisen kautta. Uskomukset yläasteen oppilaista muuttuivat positiivisemmiksi. Ohjaajan merkitys opettajaopiskelijan ammatti-identiteetin kehityksessä tuli melko vähän esille.

This thesis investigates a relationship between a teacher and a pupil and the understanding of the pupil as an object or a subject of education. The first part describes the objectivist approach to the pupil and the accenting role of the pedagogue in the educational process, which prevailed in the 19 th century. The second part concerns the reformist pedagogical movement of the 1920's and 1930's, which period brought radical changes to the approach to the pupil and an immoderate promotion of the new approach to the pedagogical relationship. The third chapter tries to reflect nationalistic and socialistic pedagogy and offers a description of a comprehensive non-differentiated school. The last chapter deals with the recent conception of the teacher-pupil relationship and their mutual interaction.

1 Leo Vaniš: Abstrakt dizertace (EN): The dissertation theses "ART EDUCATION - LITERARY EDUCATION: The subjects of" higher "culture in aesthetic education on the example of geometric art" is based primarily on the field of educational sciences, focusing on two areas of the educational process: art and literary education. Two equivalent school subjects matters (which the very graphic concept of the name by capital letters suggests, as well as the intentional duplication of the word education) is based on the study of culture, which is conceived on two levels - "higher" and "lower," possibly simple, unprofessional, but not necessarily of lower quality. The intentional introduction of the word "higher" in quotation marks already in itself suggests that it will be a problem of defining what such a culture means, what it can look like and how it can be understood in an educational context. collection of so-called canonically anchored works, in the field of verbal and artistic creation, while cross-sectionally focusing on one researched aspect - geometry. Whith the concept of dual geometry (often referred to in the theses as the "phenomenon of simple and artistic geometrization") the author tries to show the projection of already established great artistic values into contemporary educational reality, defining...