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This thesis examines the relationships between different nations and cultures in Ivanhoe, The Talisman, Quentin Durward, Anne of Geierstein and Count Robert of Paris using Post-colonial theory. An analysis of Scott’s conception of society in general shows that 18th century Scottish historiography is fundamental to his vision of the world because it forms the basis of his systematization of history, social development and interaction between communities. It also profoundly influences his imagery and descriptions, as well as providing him with a range of stereotypes that he manipulates so skilfully that his great dependence upon them is occulted. Contemporary ideas and his own attitude to the Union of Scotland and England lead him to conceive of nation formation in terms of descent and hybridity. In part, he sees the nation as a community of blood. Yet, his acceptance of the Union means that he also considers it to be a body of different ethnic elements that live together. His use of the 18th century metaphor of family to figure the nation allows him to incorporate heredity and miscegenation into his analysis of national development through father-daughter couples. The father represents traditional culture, and the daughter, the nation’s present and future; her marriage to a foreigner signifying that people of differing descent can cross the nation’s porous borders. Religion is the final frontier: Christian nations cannot absorb non-Christians. Scott sees dominance and subordination as a complex part of human relationships. Apparently-subordinate subjects possess occulted power because their support of the hegemonic is often essential if the latter is to maintain its superiority. While his conception of society in patriarchal terms means that his female characters cannot offer violence to men, he shows that passive resistance is very effective. Through mimicry, the subordinate threatens the power and identity of the dominant. Power is not only conceived of in political terms. In Ivanhoe, Scott reveals the importance of moral stature which allows Rebecca to dominate the work although she is at the bottom of the political and racial hierarchy that structures English society. Scott’s conception of time is fundamental to the manner in which he conceives of the nation. Historical cultural forms are physicalised through chronotopes. Politically subordinate cultures base their actions in the present on pedagogic time, while the dominant ignore their past and live only in the present and the future. He also expresses dominant-subordinate relationships through speed, with time moving quickly for the powerful and slowly for the weak. Time, whether in the form of history, the characters’ perception of it or speed amalgamates all the various elements of Scott’s conception of nationhood into a seamless whole. Cette thèse analyse par le biais la théorie post-coloniale les relations internationales dans Ivanhoe, Quentin Durward, Anne of Geierstein et Count Robert of Paris. Les théories historiques élaborées en Écosse au XVIIIème siècle sont fondamentales dans la vision scottienne parce qu’elles forment la base de la systematisation de l’histoire, du développement sociale et, par conséquent, des relations entre les différentes communités. Ces théories influencent profondement les images qu’il utilise et la façon dont il décrit les caractères et les scènes. De plus, elles lui fournissent une gamme de stéréotypes qu’il manipule très adroitement. Sa conception de la manière dont se forment les nations vient des idées contemporaines et de sa propre expérience de l’union politique de l’Angleterre et de l’Écosse. Il considère la nation comme une communauté fondée sur l’ascendance par le sang mais aussi comme un groupe d’ethnies différentes qui vivent ensemble. Sa description de la nation emprunte à la métaphore de la famille courante au XVIIIième. Celle-ci lui permet d’inclure dans son analyse l’héridité et la mixité au moyen des couples formés par un père et sa fille. Le père représente la culture traditionelle, et la fille, le présent et le futur national. Son marriage avec un étranger signifie que les gens d’ascendance différente peuvent traverser les frontières perméables d’une nation. La religion est la frontière ultime: les nations chrétiennes ne peuvent absorber de non-chrétiens. Scott considère que la domination et la sujetion forment une partie complexe des relations humaines. Les sujets qui paraissent subordonnés possèdent en fait un pouvoir occulte, le dominant ayant besoin de leur soutien pour maintenir sa position. Bien que sa conception patriarcale de la société fasse que les caractères feminins ne manifestent pas d’agression envers les hommes, il montre que la résistance passive est très efficace. En imitant le sujet dominant, le sujet subordonné menace le pouvoir et l’identité de ce dernier. Le pouvoir ne s’exprime pas seulement dans la politique. Rebecca dans Ivanhoe revèle l’importance que revêtent le caractère et la moralité. Bien qu’elle soit au bas de la hiérarchie structurante de la société anglaise, elle domine le roman. La conception que Scott se fait du temps est fondamentale à celle de la nation et de la culture. Au moyen du chronotope, les cultures historiques prennent des formes physiques. Les cultures qui sont subordonnées politiquement basent leur action au présent sur le “temps pédagogique”. Au contraire, le dominant rejette son passé et ne vit qu’au présent et au futur. Les relations entre le pouvoir dominant et le subordonné s’expriment aussi par la vitesse: le temps passe vite pour les puissants, mais lentement pour les faibles. En définitive, tous les éléments de la conception scottienne de la nation sont liés au temps, qu’il s’agisse de l’histoire, de perception par les caractères, ou de la vitesse.

Bilingual children's language can display traits that mimic language disorder symptoms, and a good understanding of bilingual language development is essential in order to avoid misdiagnosis. This study explores the production of subordinate clauses in 46 typically developing Swedish-German speaking children aged 4–6 years. Transcripts of a picture-based narrative test in Swedish and German have been used to manually analyse the (1) number of subordinate clauses per age group, language and individual (2) presence and shape of the subordinator (3) distribution of subordinate clause types and (4) proportion of targetlike/non-targetlike word order in subordinate clauses. It is shown that the production of subordinate clauses is dynamic also in older bilingual pre-schoolers, and both similarities and differences compared to monolingual children are present. Clausal subordination increases across the age range at a group level, but with sizeable individual differences. Development in the two languages does not follow a homogeneous pattern, as e.g. demonstrated by the choice of clause types. Subordinators are largely targetlike and omissions are rare, but code switching occurs to some extent. The bilinguals’ word order exhibits signs of cross-linguistic influence, with a noticeable percentage of incorrect verb placement in German. Given this rather complex picture, a stronger focus on subordinate clauses in formal language assessments applied in Sweden would be desirable. / Flerspråkiga barns språk kan uppvisa drag som liknar språkstörningssymtom, och det är viktigt att ha god kunskap om flerspråkig utveckling för att undvika feldiagnoser. I denna studie undersöks produktionen av bisatser hos 46 typiskt utvecklade svensk-tyskspråkiga barn i åldern 4–6 år på ett explorativt sätt. Transkriptioner från ett bildberättelsetest på svenska och tyska har analyserats manuellt med avseende på (1) antal bisatser per åldersgrupp, språk och individ (2) förekomst och form av bisatsinledare (3) fördelning av bisatstyper och (4) andelen bisatser med målspråklig/icke-målspråklig ordföljd. Resultaten visar att de flerspråkiga barnens bisatsproduktion är dynamisk även i sen förskoleålder och att den har både likheter och skillnader jämfört med enspråkiga barn. Bisatsernas frekvens ökar på gruppnivå över det undersökta åldersspannet, men med stora individuella skillnader. Utvecklingen följer inte ett homogent förlopp i de båda språken, vilket t.ex. syns på preferensen av bisatstyper. Barnens användning av bisatsinledare är övervägande målspråklig och inledaren utelämnas nästan aldrig, men kodväxling förekommer. Ordföljden uppvisar tecken på tvärspråkligt inflytande, med en märkbar förekomst av verbplaceringsfel i tyskan. Med tanke på denna ganska komplexa bild är det önskvärt att bisatserna ges en mer framträdande roll i språktest för användning i Sverige.

This theses is dedicated to the use of the verbal paradigms hablara and hablase in contemporary Spanish. We demonstrate that due to historical reasons the usage of paradigm hablara is much wider than that of hablase, which can be used only in the subjunctive meaning. According to the valid linguistic norm, the paradigm hablara (and not hablase) can be used instead of the Past Perfect (although it is not recommended). The same is evidenced with the conditional tense of the modal verbs querer, deber and poder as well as with the main clause of the unreal conditional clauses in the present tense. This means that these two verb paradigms can be arbitralily substituted only when used in the subjunctive function. On the basis of our own frecuency analysis of twenty most used Spanish verbs in the language corpus CREA, we prove that the frecuency of the hablase on average 18% in Spain and 10% in Latin America. Our analysis of this corpus material does not confirm the statement of some linguists that the frecuency of -se form is generally slightly higher in negative sentences. However, our analysis of a parallel corpus InterCorp seems to indicate that it is higher (by 7%) after the conditional conjunction ‚si'.

This work is dedicated to the psychology of work and organization in the elementary school environment and is focused on the relationships of the management of a school with its teachers. The motivation of teachers, the interpersonal relationships, trust and level of awareness become the central themes. At first, the theoretical part zooms in both, people and school management, and then continues to discuss the above mentioned themes. It deals with the theory of motivation and an analysis of concrete motives of teachers, their working group, mutual relationships at workplace and trust, as well as with behavior supporting the creation of trust, communication and consultancy as tools for reinforcing the level of subordinates' awareness. The objective of the emphirical part is to identify possible relationships between personality characteristics of a manager and the perception the teachers have about the working environment and the processes at their school.

Cette thèse propose une étude des différentes stratégies mises en place pour former des propositions subordonnées dans les langues australiennes et papoues. Ces deux groupes de langues, rarement présents dans les études typologiques sur le sujet, présentent certaines constructions morphosyntaxiques peu fréquentes dans les langues du monde. Cette étude se base sur une dizaine de langues : quatre langues australiennes (le nyangumarta, le martuthunira, le wambaya et le kayardild) et six langues papoues (le maybrat, le yimas, le manambu, le mian, l'amele et le hua). Après une brève présentation grammaticale de ces langues, la thèse analyse six types de stratégies de subordination pour en déterminer les fonctions et les types d'emploi : la subordination sans marque, avec une conjonction, avec le marquage casuel, avec une forme verbale spécifique, avec un système de "switch-reference" et par la relativisation. Un dernier chapitre s'intéresse au cas particulier de la complémentation des verbes de perception. Cette thèse a pour but d'illustrer le fonctionnement de ces langues dans le domaine de la subordination, mais également, dans une dimension typologique, de montrer comment ces langues peuvent aider à repenser les théories linguistiques générales. / This thesis propose a study of different strategies to construct subordinate clauses in Australian and Papuan languages. These two language groups, rarely found in typological studies on the subject, show some unusual morphosyntactic constructions. This study is based on ten languages: four Australian languages (Nyangumarta, Martuthunira, Wambaya and Kayardild), and six Papuan languages (Maybrat, Yimas, Manambu, Mian, Amele and Hua). Following a brief grammatical overview of these languages, the thesis examine six types of subordinate clause strategies to identify their functions and uses: subordinate clauses without segmental marking, with a conjunction, with case marking, with a specific verbal form, with a switch-reference system and with the relativization strategy. The last chapter is focused on the specific situation of complementation strategies with perception verbs. This thesis aims to illustrate how subordinate clauses function in those languages, but it also aims to show how these languages may help to re-examine general linguistic theories.

O modo de produção capitalista, através de seus mecanismos de expansão, traz como expediente mais latente a acumulação de infindáveis bens e a exacerbação do uso dos recursos naturais, fator desencadeado pelo consumo. As festas populares, uma das categorias e formas de expressão das culturas subalternas calcadas na historicidade, estão submetidas à avalanche das ideologias propagadas pela comunicação midiática. Isto fragiliza sobremaneira os atributos culturais destas manifestações, colocando em risco práticas libertárias que operam à revelia do grande capital e que estão centradas no cotidiano. O estudo das festas populares em questão, a Festa do Divino Espírito Santo e a Festa do Pinhão da Estância Climática de Cunha, visa enaltecer o elo entre identidade cultural e culturas subalternas. Esta relação se revela como prodigioso instrumento de comunicação que, através de meios materiais e simbólicos, transmitem ao longo do tempo um diverso legado fundamentado nas relações entre as comunidades e a natureza. As práticas festivas demonstram, doravante, um potencial pleno para a realização da consciência dos sujeitos receptores. Como objetos cognoscíveis do conhecimento as festas populares são expressas e reveladas no contexto acadêmico com o fito altaneiro de contribuir para as teorias da cultura e da comunicação. / The way of capitalist production, through its mechanisms of expansion, brings as expeditious more latent the accumulation of endless goods and the exacerbation of the use of the natural resources, factor unchained for the consumption. The popular feasts, one of the categories and forms of expression of the subordinate cultures sidewalk in the history, are submitted to the avalanche of the ideologies propagated for the media communication. This frail excessively the cultural attributes of these manifestations, placing at risk practical libertarians who operate to the default of the great capital and they are centered in the daily one. The study of the popular feasts in question, the Feast of the Holy Ghost Saint and the Feast of the Nut of the Climatic Station of Cunha, it aims at to exalt the link between cultural identity and popular feasts. This relation if discloses as prodigious instrument of communication that, through half as symbolic materials and, transmits throughout the time a diverse cultural legacy based on the relations between the social groups and the nature. Practical the festive ones demonstrate, following, a full potential for the usage of the conscience of the receiving citizens. As objects of the knowledge they show in the academic context a look with in the high spirits to contribute for the theories of the culture and the communication.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:25:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nereida Silveria.pdf: 1043135 bytes, checksum: 77740a92d7c758cec23075ec4c0f5ecb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-06 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The study investigated the effect of similarity and dissimilarity in characteristics of different depth levels, perceptual or real, over the superiors and subordinate relationship quality through LMX (Leader-Member Exchange) viewpoint. The characteristics investigated were gender and age at the superficial level and work family conflict at deep level. The study counted with the comparative data of 89 dyads. The results indicate the influence of general similarity perception in the quality of superiors and subordinate relationship. The stronger the similarity perceived, better the dyadic relationship. This effect increases when subordinate declares satisfied with the quality and frequency of the contact with his/her superior. Results demonstrate that similarity perception does not correspond to real similarity or dissimilarity, but this correspondence is enhanced when the contact is satisfactory. / O estudo buscou investigar os efeitos da similaridade e dissimilaridade em características de diferentes níveis de profundidade, reais ou percebidas, na qualidade da relação de superiores(as) e subordinados(as) sob a ótica da LMX (Leader-Member Exchange). As características investigadas foram gênero e idade, no nível superficial e conflito família-trabalho no nível profundo. O estudo contou com os dados comparativos de 89 díades. Os dados indicam a influência da percepção de similaridade geral na qualidade da relação de superiores e subordinados. Quanto maior a similaridade percebida, melhor a relação diádica. Este efeito é ampliado quando o(a) subordinado(a) se declara satisfeito(a) com a qualidade e a freqüência do contato com seu/sua superior(a). Resultados demonstram que a percepção de similaridade não corresponde à similaridade ou dissimilaridade real, mas esta correspondência se amplia quando o contato for satisfatório.

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A relação entre a compatibilidade de valores e o bem-estar subjetivo tem sido identificada em alguns estudos. No entanto, menor atenção tem sido dada à compreensão da relação direta entre conflito de valores e qualidade de vida no trabalho, principalmente na relação diática entre gestores e subordinados. A teoria da troca entre líder e liderado prevê que o líder diferencia seus subordinados e, consequentemente, estabelece relações de natureza distinta com cada um deles. Para diferenciar os indivíduos da equipe o líder utiliza, dentre diversos critérios possíveis, a compatibilidade de características. Líderes e liderados que compartilham valores estabelecem interações de alta qualidade e essas interações geram resultados positivos para cada um dos membros da díade. Nesse sentido, este estudo questionou como seu problema fundamental: quais são as relações entre a compatibilidade diática dos valores dos gestores e de seus subordinados e o estado pessoal de qualidade de vida no trabalho desses gestores e subordinados? Pesquisar a relação da compatibilidade de valores e o estado pessoal de qualidade de vida no trabalho das pessoas, principalmente no caso da díade entre gestor e subordinado, pode promover uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica do comportamento organizacional. Isso posto, este estudo teve como objetivos (a) investigar a associação entre a compatibilidade dos valores pessoais dos subordinados e os valores sociais dos subordinados com relação aos seus gestores (compatibilidade subjetiva) e o estado pessoal de qualidade de vida no trabalho desses subordinados e (b) pesquisar a associação entre a compatibilidade dos valores pessoais de gestores e dos subordinados (compatibilidade objetiva) e o estado pessoal de qualidade de vida no trabalho desses gestores e subordinados. Para tanto, utilizou-se um questionário eletrônico autoaplicado administrado aos egressos da Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade da Universidade de São Paulo. O questionário foi composto pelos instrumentos PVQ-21 para delimitação dos valores humanos e o BPSO-96 para o estado pessoal de qualidade de vida no trabalho de gestores e subordinados. A amostragem realizada foi não-probabilística obtida por conveniência, limitando a capacidade de generalização do estudo. Ademais, os dados foram analisados pela técnica de regressão polinomial para determinação das associações entre a compatibilidade dos valores na díade gestorsubordinado e as percepções sobre estado pessoal de qualidade de vida no trabalho. A partir dos resultados, é possível considerar que a compatibilidade de valores entre os membros da díade gestor-subordinado, seja pela ótica subjetiva ou objetiva, está associada à qualidade de vida no trabalho de gestores e subordinados, principalmente no conflito das dimensões autotranscendência e autopromoção da teoria de valores de Schwartz (1992). Finalmente, este estudo propõe a utilização conjunta dos índices de compatibilidade algébricos, modulares e quadráticos para a interpretação dos resultados de regressões sobre a compatibilidade de valores e outras variáveis, diferentemente do que a literatura sobre o tema sugere. Pelos resultados do estudo, os coeficientes dos três modelos não se contradisseram, de tal maneira que suas magnitudes e sinais se conservaram nos três casos. Além disso, as variáveis que entraram nos modelos foram semelhantes. Esse fato sinaliza para uma leitura conjunta dos três modelos que deverão produzir interpretações mais informativas que a análise de um modelo isolado. / The relationship between the fit of values and subjective well-being has been identified in past research. However, minor attention has been focused on understanding the direct relationship between conflicting values and quality of work life, especially in the managersubordinate dyad. The theory of leader-member exchange predicts that the leader differentiates his subordinates and thus establishes a distinctive relationship with each of them. To discern between individuals from his team the leader uses, among several possible criteria, the compatibility of features. Leaders and followers who share values establish high quality interactions, generating positive results for each member of the dyad. In this sense, this study questioned as its fundamental problem: what are the relationships between the dyadic compatibility of values of managers and their subordinates and the personal state of quality of work life of managers and subordinates? Studying this relationship, especially in the case of the dyad between manager and subordinate, can promote a better understanding of the dynamics of organizational behavior. That said, this study aimed to (a) investigate the association between the compatibility of subordinates\' personal values and social values (subjective fit) and their personal state of quality of work life, and to (b) investigate the association between the compatibility of the personal values of managers and subordinates (objective fit) and their personal state of quality of work life. For this purpose, a selfadministered electronic survey was sent to the alumni database of the Faculty of Economics, Administration and Accounting from the University of São Paulo. The questionnaire was composed of the instruments PVQ-21 for the definition of human values and BPSO-96 to the measurement of the perception of personal state of quality of work life of managers and subordinates. Sampling was carried out non-probabilistically, obtained by convenience, composing one of the limitations to the generalizability of the results of this study. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using polynomial regression to determine the associations between the compatibility of values in the manager-subordinate dyad and the perceptions of personal state of quality of life at work. From the results, it is possible to consider that the subjective and objective fit of values among members of the managersubordinate dyad is associated with their quality of work life, especially in the conflict dimensions of self-transcendence and self-enhancement from the value theory of Schwartz (1992). Finally, this study proposes the joint use of the algebraic, modular and quadratic indexes of compatibility for the interpretation of the results of regressions on studies of the compatibility of values and other variables, unlike the literature on the subject suggests. In this study, the coefficients of the three models do not contradict. Their magnitudes and signs were conserved in all three cases. In addition, the variables that entered the models were similar. This fact points to a joint reading of the three models so that interpretations of results should produce more informative scenarios than the analysis of an isolated model.