This thesis deals with the recent adoption of the Sudanese curriculum at ‘refugee schools’ in Cairo, Egypt. It is based on material collected through qualitative research methods during two field studies. The aim of this paper is to describe how and why the Sudanese curriculum was introduced in Egypt, to outline refugees’ opinions about the curriculum and its adoption,and to analyze the role it plays in view of the overall context of this urban environment. In the theoretical framework, this thesis presents concepts regarding the phenomenon of ‘waiting’. The paper gives an overview of the specifics that refugees are confronted with in urban settings, and highlights the importance of education. Moreover, the thesis presents background information about refugees living in Egypt and their access to rights, and pointsout the obstacles they face regarding public education. The results of this study show that the new curriculum is valued by students, teachers, and parents, as it offers the opportunity to acquire official school documents that are required to enter university. A number of aspects that refugees criticize about the Sudanese curriculum, such as its contents, are also brought up. This thesis concludes that the Sudanese curriculum plays a significant role for refugees in Egypt, as it gives students perspectives for the future and thus has a positive effect on their experience of waiting.

xvi, 360 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / This dissertation is a comparative, ethnographic study of Southern Sudanese and Bosnian refugees and social service organizations in Fargo, North Dakota. I examine how refugee resettlement staff, welfare workers, and volunteers attempted to transform refugee clients into "worthy" citizens through neoliberal policies aimed at making them economically self-sufficient and independent from the state. Refugees' engagement with resettlement and welfare agencies and volunteers depended on their positioning in social hierarchies in their home countries and in the United States. Refugees had widely variable political, educational, cultural, and employment histories, but many had survived war and/or forced migration and had contact with many of the same institutions and employers. Bosnians in Fargo were either white, ethnic Muslims (Bosniaks), or Roma (Gypsies), who had a darker skin color and were stigmatized by Bosniaks. By interrogating intersections of race, class, gender, and culture, I explain why social service providers and the wider public deemed Bosnian Roma as some of the least "worthy" citizens in Fargo and black, Christian Southern Sudanese as some of the worthiest citizens. In so doing, I highlight the important roles of religion, hard work, education, and civic duty as characteristics of "good" citizens in Fargo. The dissertation is based on a year of ethnographic research in Fargo (2007-08). It also builds on previous research with Roma in Bosnia (1998-2000) and employment with a resettlement agency in South Dakota (2001-2002). I relate this analysis to anthropological theories of the state with a particular focus on refugee resettlement in the context of the neoliberal welfare state. Following Harrell- Bond's argument that refugees are often portrayed as mere "recipients of aid," I argue for a more nuanced understanding of refugees as active citizens in Fargo. I view refugee resettlement organizations, welfare agencies, and volunteers as powerful actors in shaping refugees' lives, but I also take into account the ways in which refugees in turn shaped these actors. I show how refugee resettlement called into question hegemonic forms of citizenship in the relatively culturally and racially homogenous city of Fargo. / Committee in charge: Carol Silverman, Chairperson, Anthropology; Sandra Morgen, Member, Anthropology; Lynn Stephen, Member, Anthropology; Susan Hardwick, Outside Member, Geography

Submitted by Elesbão Santiago Neto (neto10uepb@cche.uepb.edu.br) on 2018-04-18T17:28:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Conrado Ottoboni Baggio.pdf: 50981190 bytes, checksum: 92a3c3bead079201c2223326ad36774b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-18T17:28:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Conrado Ottoboni Baggio.pdf: 50981190 bytes, checksum: 92a3c3bead079201c2223326ad36774b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-16 / CAPES / This master thesis presents the relations between the People´s Republic of China (PRC) and the African states through the case of the Republic of Sudan. Aiming at identifying the reasons and methods behind the current Chinese interactions with the African continent a bibliographical and documental research is made highlighting the practical examples of this relation. In the first chapter a historical panorama of the Sino-African relations since the 1950´s until the decade of the 2010´s is presented, establishing a connection between the changes occurred inside and with the PRC and the African continent, and the existing dynamics among the two actors. In the second chapter the political and economical trajectory of the region where the Sudanese state – and later South Sudan - is located is presented showing the country´s colonial past, the challenges in building a nation from such distinct people and cultures and its vulnerability before the great powers. The third chapter focus on the involvement of the PRC with Sudan, providing a closer and singular perspective about how the Asian power handled other developing countries in the past and how it´s doing so lately. The conclusion affirms that the intense participation of the PRC in peace missions in Sudan and South Sudan and the demonstrations of concern regarding Human Rights are derivative from both the need imposed by the growing contact with the internal instabilities of these countries and also the desire to present itself as a responsible state inside the international system, considering that the PRC performance towards Sudan exemplifies the country´s a broader involvement with African states. / Esta dissertação apresenta as relações entre a República Popular da China (RPC) e os Estados da África, a partir do caso da República do Sudão. Com o objetivo de identificar as razões e o método por trás das atuais interações chinesas com o continente africano é feita uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, ressaltando os exemplos práticos dessa relação. No primeiro capítulo é apresentado um panorama histórico das relações sino-africanas desde os anos 1950 até a década de 2010, estabelecendo uma conexão entre as mudanças ocorridas na RPC, no continente africano e na dinâmica existente entre esses dois atores. No segundo capítulo será apresentada a trajetória política e econômica da região onde se localiza o Estado sudanês - e posteriormente o Sudão do Sul – mostrando o passado colonial do país, os desafios de se construir uma nação a partir de povos e culturas distintas e sua vulnerabilidade diante das grandes potências. O terceiro capítulo foca no envolvimento da RPC com o Sudão fornecendo uma perspectiva mais próxima e singular de como a potência asiática lidou com outros países em desenvolvimento no passado e como ela vem fazendo isso atualmente. A conclusão afirma que a intensa participação da RPC em missões de paz no Sudão e no Sudão do Sul e as demonstrações de preocupação com o respeito aos direitos humanos são derivados tanto das necessidades impostas pelo aumento do contato com as instabilidades internas desses países, como pelo desejo de se mostrar como um Estado responsável dentro do sistema internacional, sendo a atuação da RPC em relação ao Sudão representativa de um envolvimento geral do país com os demais Estados africanos.

La présente étude vise à étudier les difficultés liées à l’emploi de certains marqueurs argumentatifs: mais, et, d’ailleurs, par ailleurs, pourtant et d’autre part, par les apprenants soudanais universitaires de FLE. Elle aborde plus précisément la problématique de l’utilisation des connecteurs argumentatifs par ces apprenants pendant leur production d’un texte argumentatif. Les données sont collectées à travers des productions écrites des apprenants en quatrième année du Département de français de la Faculté des langues de l’Université du Soudan de Science et de Technologie. L’analyse de leur écrit a pour objectif de connaître l’origine de ces difficultés en vue de proposer des solutions pour les surmonter. Le résultat obtenu a démontré que les apprenants rencontrent de sérieuses difficultés dans l’usage des connecteurs à l'écrit. Ces difficultés sont observables au niveau de la phrase composée mais aussi à celui de l'ensemble du texte dont elles affectent la cohésion et la cohérence. Pour remédier à ces problèmes, le chercheur a proposé, pour chaque connecteur étudié, un certain nombre de séquences didactiques susceptibles d'entraîner les étudiants à la maîtrise de leur emploi. La thèse donne des résultats de la mise en œuvre de ces séquences auprès des apprenants et montre qu'elles constituent une solution efficace en vue de l’acquisition de cette dimension essentielle de la technique argumentative à l'écrit. / This current study attempts to identify the difficulties related to the usage of certain argumentative markers: mais, et, d’ailleurs, par ailleurs, pourtant and d’autre part”, by the Sudanese students of French as a foreign language. It examines more precisely the problem regarding the usage of argumentative connectors by these students when producing anargumentative text. Data were collected through writing production of the 4th year students at the French language department, college of languages – Sudan university of Sciences and Technology. Analyzing their written production aimed to know the origin of these difficulties so as to provide remedy to them. The study results showed that learners have serious problems when using connectors in their production. This is noticeable not only at the complex sentence level but at the text as well, affecting its coherence and cohesion. Inorder to solve this problem, the researcher proposed for each connecter a number of didactic sequences susceptible to enable the students to master their usage. This thesis presents results regarding the application of the sequences on the students. It also demonstrates that these proposed sequences constitute an effective solution for the acquisition of this essential dimension of the argumentative writing technique.

Low achievement, low attendance, and high dropout levels characterize immigrant student populations in cosmopolitan Canadian schools. This thesis identifies the lack of understanding in the community in urban multicultural Alberta as the prime cause of the struggle encountered by new immigrant students in school. The thesis incorporates the experiences of six new immigrant students to promote an authentic curriculum of learning and teaching to meet the needs of these learners. It posits that an authentic curriculum is unlikely without input from learners. The method used Hans-Georg Gadamer’s approach to hermeneutics and phenomenology, with the researcher asking the six African participants to share their stories in the African storytelling fashion in which no one dominates the discussion. The conversations were analyzed and interpreted to provide insight into the life-worlds of the participants. Ted Aoki’s multilayered curriculum of curriculum-as-planned, curriculum-as-lived experience and the “zone of between” are seen as a beneficial practice inclusive of all students. / viii, 139 leaves ; 28 cm

Pour la première fois, l’étude de la flore fongique endophytique de cinq plantes médicinales soudanaises : Calotropis procera (Ait.), Catharanthus roseus (L.), Euphorbia prostrata (Ait.), Trigonella foenum-graecum (L.), and Vernonia amygdalina (Del.) a été réalisée. Un total de 23 souches de champignons endophytes ont été isolées à partir des plantes après la stérilisation de surface puis les différentes analyses biologiques ont été effectuées. Les extraits bruts d’acétate d’éthyle de 21 endophytes ainsi que de leurs plantes hôtes ont été évalués pour leur teneur en phénols totaux et leur activité antioxydante en utilisant respectivement la méthode colorimértrique Folin-Ciocalteu et le piégeage des radicaux libres par la méthode 1,1,-diphényl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) in vitro. Une évaluation générale de la cytotoxicité de 16 endophytes sélectionnés ainsi que de leurs plantes hôtes a été réalisée selon le test MTT sur trois types de cellules cancéreuses : carcinome du sein humain (MCF7), adénocarcinome du côlon (HT29 et HCT116). Ces extraits ont été aussi testés, selon la méthode de dilution en bouillon, sur deux souches bactériennes représentatives, Escherichia coli et la souche résistante à la méthicilline de Staphylococcus aureus. La teneur en phénols totaux (89,9 ±7,1 mg Equivalent d’Acide Gallique EAG/g) ainsi que l’activité antioxydante (IC50: 18±0,1 µg/mL) les plus élevées ont été observées pour l’endophyte, Aspergillus terreus 2 isolé à partir des graines de T. foenum-graecum. Byssochlamys spectabilis a montré l’activité cytotoxique la plus importante (1,51 ± 0,2 µg/mL), suivi par Cladosporium cladosporioides 2 (10,5 ± 1,5 µg/mL), puis par Alternaria sp. (13,5 ± 1,8 µg/mL). Seules six souches ont montré une activité contre S. aureus avec des valeurs de MIC qui se situent entre 0,125 et 2 mg/mL dont: Alternaria alternata (0,125 mg/mL), Alternaria sp. (0,250 mg/mL), Byssochlamys spectabilis (0,5 mg/mL). 10 composés purs (0,3 à 40 mg) ont été isolés à partir des extraits bruts d’acétate d’éthyle de Curvularia papendorfii. Le nouveau composé pur (AFB) 3,7,11,15-Tetrahydroxy-18-hydroxymethyl-14,16,20,22,24-pentamethyl-hexacosa-4E,8E,12E,16,18-pentaenoic acid (acide Khartomique) a montré une activité antibactérienne modérée contre S. aureus avec une CIM de 62,5 µg/mL et une faible activité cytotoxique sur les cellules MCF7 avec une IC50 > 100 µM. Le composé pur AF1 a montré une activité cytotoxique modérée sur les cellules HT29 avec une IC50 de 29,78 µM et une très faible activité antibactérienne contre S. aureus. Ces deux composés ne présentent pas d’activité antioxydante. / This study investigated, for the first time, the endophytic fungi flora of five Sudanese medicinal plants: Calotropis procera (Ait.), Catharanthus roseus (L.), Euphorbia prostrata (Ait.), Trigonella foenum-graecum (L.) and Vernonia amygdalina (Del.). A total of 23 endophytic fungal strains were isolated from the plants after surface disinfection and different biological tests were performed. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate crude extracts of 21 endophytes and their host plants were estimated using respectively the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method and 1,1,-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging in vitro method. General evaluation of the cytotoxicity of 16 selected endophytes and their host plants was performed by the MTT assay using cancer cells type: Human breast carcinoma (MCF7) and Colon adenocarcinoma (HT29 and HCT116). Preliminary antibacterial screening was done for the 16 endophytes. These extracts were also tested against two representative bacterial strains, Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, by broth dilution tests. The endophyte, Aspergillus terreus 1 from T. foenum-graecum seeds had the highest TPC in term of Gallic Acid Equivalent (89.9 ± 7.1 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity (IC50: 18±0.1µg/mL). Byssochlamys spectabilis showed strong cytotoxicity (1.51 ± 0.2 µg/mL) followed by Cladosporium cladosporioides 2 (10.5 ± 1.5 µg/mL), then Alternaria sp. (13.5 ± 1.8 µg/mL). Only six strains showed activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus with MIC values ranging between 0.125-2 mg/mL, Alternaria alternata (0.125 mg/mL) Alternaria sp. (0.250 mg/mL) and Byssochlamys spectabilis values (0.5 mg/mL). Ten pure compounds (0.3 to 40 mg) were isolated from ethyl acetate crude extract of Curvularia papendorfii .The new pure compound (AFB) 3,7,11,15-Tetrahydroxy-18-hydroxymethyl-14,16,20,22,24-pentamethyl-hexacosa-4E,8E,12E,16,18-pentaenoic acid (Khartoumic acid) revealed moderate antibacterial activity against S. aureus with MIC value 62.5 µg/mL and weak cytotoxicity with a IC50 > 100 µM against MCF7 cells. The pure compound AF1 showed moderate cytotoxic activity with IC50 value of 29.78 µM against HT29 and weak antibacterial activity with MIC 250 µg/mL against S. aureus. Both compounds displayed no antioxidant activity.

Les paraplégies spastiques héréditaires (PSH) font partie d’un groupe plus large de pathologies neurodégénératives associant une spasticité. J’ai exploré la variabilité clinique et moléculaire de ces pathologies à l’aide d’une cohorte de familles soudanaises. Nous avons recruté 41 familles soudanaises [337 individus/106 atteints de PSH]. J’ai extrait l’ADN génomique et constitué une banque. Le criblage de gènes candidats a été réalisé dans 4 familles en fonction du phénotype des patients. La technologie de séquençage de nouvelle génération (SNG) appliquée à 74 gènes de PSH a ensuite été appliquée aux 37 cas restants. Enfin, le séquençage de l’exome a permis de rechercher les gènes en cause dans les cas négatifs. Dans certains cas, des études fonctionnelles ont été utilisées afin de valider l’effet biologique des mutations. J’ai pu identifier la cause génétique dans 17 familles. Dans 12 familles, la mutation concernait un gène de PSH connu. Dans 3 familles, un nouveau gène a été identifié. 5 gènes candidats restent à départager dans 2 familles. Il est à noter que parfois, de multiple mutations ou maladies génétiques ségrégaient dans nos familles, dans la même branche ou dans des branches séparées. La complexité de ces familles fortement consanguines a rendu l’analyse des données du SNG difficile. Une autre particularité a été l’hétérogénéité clinique associée à des mutations du même gène entre patients de la même famille ou en comparaison avec la littérature. Ce travail est la première étude à grande échelle de patients soudanais avec PSH et rapporte de nouveaux gènes en cause, prérequis pour mieux comprendre dans le futur les mécanismes sous-jacents. / Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP), a heterogeneous group of spastic neurodegenerative disorders which impose diagnostic challenges. I explored the clinical varieties and genetic pathways of spastic neurodegeneration in a familial Sudanese cohort. We recruited 41 Sudanese families [337 individuals/106 HSP patients]. I have established a genomic DNA bank and when necessary, skin biopsies and fibroblasts were also obtained. A phenotype-based candidate gene approach was followed in 4 families. A targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) for 74 HSP-related genes was the main screening strategy in all-remaining 37 families. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was done in search for novel mutations in new genes in families with negative screening results. Occasionally, functional studies were conducted when feasible and relevant. I identified the genetic cause in 17/41 families. In 12 families, the mutated genes were known HSP genes. In 3 families, novel genes were identified mutated. 5 candidate genes segregated with disease in 2 other families with more experiments needed to conclude. Analysis of the NGS screening panel and of WES data imposed certain challenges as multiple genetic disorders were sometimes found running in parallel in the same/different branches of highly inbred families. We could expand the phenotypic heterogeneity of these disorders due to clinical differences observed between Sudanese patients and patients of other origins even when caused by mutations by the same gene/variant. This is the first genetic screening in a large set of HSP families in Sudan. It describes new causative genes, paving the way for further deciphering of the underlying mechanisms.

The Scandinavian Joint Expedition to Sudanese Nubia (SJE) was one of the substantial contributions of crucial salvage archaeology within the International Nubian Campaign which was pursued in conjunction with the building of the High Dam at Aswan in the early 1960’s. A large quantity of archaeological data was collected by the SJE in a continuous area of northernmost Sudan and published during the subsequent decades. The present study aimed at transferring the geographical aspects of that data into a digital format thus enabling spatial enquires on the archaeological information to be performed in a computerised manner within a geographical information system (GIS). The landscape of the concession area, which is now completely submerged by the water masses of Lake Nasser, was digitally reconstructed in order to approximate the physical environment which the human societies of ancient Nubia inhabited. Information on the nearly 500 indexed archaeological sites of the SJE was classified and imported into the GIS. The potential of the system thereby established, validated against modern remote sensing data and aerial photography, was then demonstrated by a number of spatial analyses at an inter-site level. The resuls of those analyses contribute to discussions on various topics already raised within the SJE publication or elsewhere and includes issues on Nile palaeochannel reconstructions, seasonal habitation patterns and dedicatory orientation of elite tombs. The system hereby developed is intended to be used in further studies of the relevant and information-rich research fields of ancient Nubia for applications similar to those demonstrated in the present project or for educational and research purposes hitherto unpredicted. / Den Samnordiska Expeditionen till Sudanska Nubien (SJE) var en av de omfattande insatser av avgörande räddningsarkeologi inom den Internationella Nubienkampanjen som bedrevs i samband med byggandet av Höga Dammen i Aswan i början av 1960-talet. En stor mängd arkeologisk data samlades in av SJE i ett kontinuerligt område i nordligaste Sudan och publicerades under de efterföljande årtiondena. Denna studie ämnade överföra de geografiska aspekterna av den datan till ett digitalt format och därmed möjliggöra att rumsliga förfrågningar på den arkeologiska information kan utföras på ett datoriserat tillvägagångssätt i ett geografiskt informationssystem (GIS). Landskapet i koncessions-området, vilket nu är helt översvämmat av Nassersjöns vattenmassor, återskapades digitalt med syfte att approximera den fysiska omgivningen vilken de mänskliga samhällena i det forna Nubien bebodde. Information om de nära 500 indexerade fyndplatserna tillhörande SJE klassificerades och importerades in i detta GIS. Potentialen av det system som därmed skapats, validerat mot modern fjärranalysdata och flygfotografi, demonstrerades genom ett antal rumsliga analyser på en mellan-fyndplats-nivå. Resultaten av dessa analyser bidrar till diskussioner om diverse ämnen som redan tagits upp inom SJE-publikationen eller annorstädes och inkluderar frågor kring Nilens äldre dragningar, säsongsmässiga bosättningsmönster och avsiktlig orientering av elitgravar. Systemet som härvid har utvecklats är ämnat att användas i vidare studier av de relevanta och informationsrika forskningsområden som rör det forna Nubien för tillämpningar liknande de som demonstrerats i detta projekt eller för undervisnings- och forsknings-syften som hittills ej förutsetts.

No description available.

South Sudan currently has the third largest refugee crisis around the globe, with over 3.7 million people being displaced from their homes due to ethnic and political civil war. Over 2 million of these refugees have been displaced from their home country, seeking asylum in refugee settlements that neighbor South Sudan. One of the most important needs within these settlements is adequate housing. Through polling and census data, it has been found that more than half of the refugees are living in dilapidated housing conditions, without any resources to make repairs. The average amount of time spent within these settlements is over a decade and is increasingly getting worse as more refugees enter these settlements. Due to the exponential technological advancements in 3D printing technology, using this form of construction could potentially address a situation within a refugee settlement. 3D printing technology could provide benefits due to its ability to produce housing units at a high rate, its ability to use clay aggregate soil as construction material, mimicking adobe brick housing found in Africa, and the ability to lower the need for labor within these settlements. This thesis will explore the idea of employing this technology within a refugee settlement, to test if it can appropriately balance the implementation of a high tech 21st century technology with the historic and cultural vernacular architecture found regionally throughout Africa. / Master of Architecture / The country of South Sudan currently is experiencing the third largest refugee crisis around the globe. Over 2.5 million refugees have fled their home country of South Sudan and are entering refugee settlements from neighboring countries. Due to the exponential increasing rate of refugees within these settlements, issues such as overcrowding and inadequate housing are afflicting the lives of everyone here. Typical houses in South Sudan consist of mud and adobe brick material known as "tukul huts". While these huts have remained the leading housing type for the past 2,000 years, these houses where not intended for addressing the common refugee crisis we are experience today. These huts require the period of months to construct and extensive physical labor. Given that the refugees are entering these settlements at an exponential rate, it is ineffective to approach housing construction in a traditional manner due to the time and effort it requires to keep up with the high demand. A possible way to address this concern, is by looking at other construction practices that could potentially supplement the traditional forms of erecting houses. Construction technology has advanced to the point where 3D printers can create life size structures that provide housing to individuals. This thesis will explore the idea of employing 3D printers into a South Sudanese refugee settlement, to see if it can adequately produce houses that provide shelter for the incoming refugees.