The idea of utilizing multiple antennas (MIMO) has emerged as one of the significant breakthroughs in modern wireless communications. MIMO techniques can improve the spectral efficiency of wireless systems and provide significant throughput gains. As such, MIMO will be increasingly deployed in future wireless systems. On the other hand, in order to meet the increasing demand for high data rate multimedia wireless services, future wireless systems are evolving towards universal frequency reuse, where neighboring cells may utilize the same radio spectrum. As such, the performance of future wireless systems will be mainly limited by inter-cell interference (ICI). It has been shown that the throughput gains promised by conventional MIMO techniques degrade severely in multi-cell systems. This definitely attributes to the existence of the ICI. A lot of related work has been performed on the ICI mitigation or cancellation strategies, in multi-cell MIMO systems. Most of them assume that the channel and even data information is available at the collaborating base stations (BSs). Different from the previous work, we are looking into certain low-complexity codebook-based multi-cell multi-user MIMO strategies. For most of our work, we derive the statistics of the selected user's signal-to-interference-and-noise-ratio (SINR), which enable us to calculate the achieved sum-rate accurately and e ciently. With the derived sum-rate expressions, we evaluate and compare the sum-rate performance for several proposed low-complexity ICI-mitigation systems with various system parameters for single-user per-cell scheduling case. Furthermore, in order to fully exploit spatial multiplexing gain, we are considering multi-user per-cell scheduling case. Based on the assumption that all CSI including intra-cell and inter-cell channels are available at each BS, we rstly look into the centralized optimization approach. Typically, since the sum-rate maximization problem is mostly non-convex, it is generally di cult to obtain the globally optimum solution. Through certain approximation and relaxations, we successfully investigate an iterative optimization algorithm which exploits the second-order cone programming (SOCP) approach. From the simulation results, we will observe that the iterative option can provide near-optimum sum capacity, although only locally optimized. Afterwards, inspired by the successful application of Per-User Unitary Rate Control (PU2RC) scheme, we manage to extend it into dual-cell environment, with limited coordination between two cells. / Graduate

Der Elfmeterschuss steht stellvertretend für eine ganze Kategorie sozialer Interaktionen - den Nullsummenspielen. Diese sind insofern von besonderem Interesse, als sich hier Akteure mit exakt gegenläufigen Interessen gegenüber stehen, die weder kommunizieren wollen noch können, dennoch interagieren und dabei eine stabile und vorhersagbare Form von sozialer Ordnung entstehen lassen. Und dies obschon beide Akteure gerade kein Interesse an der Entstehung oder Aufrechterhaltung einer solchen Ordnung haben. Die Fragestellung des Artikels: Verhalten sich Bundesligaspieler (Schützen und Torhüter) beim Elfmeterschuss gemäß den Vorhersagen der Spieltheorie? Die Analyse wird folgendermaßen gegliedert. Im nächsten Abschnitt werden erst die fußballerischen Grundlagen des Problems gelegt. Dann wird das Entscheidungsproblem spieltheoretisch analysiert und daraus ein entsprechendes LÄosungskonzept in Hypothesenform deduziert. Darauf folgt eine Darstellung des Stands der Forschung. Die empirische Überprüfung der Hypothesen mittels eines Datensatzes aus der ersten Bundesliga erfolgt in Abschnitt 4. Im letzen Abschnitt werden die Ergebnisse diskutiert und dabei insbesondere die Fragen in den Vordergrund gerückt, welche theoretischen Implikationen sich aus der Analyse für den RC-Ansatz im allgemeinen und die Spieltheorie im speziellen ergeben und was daraus aus methodischer Sicht zur Überprüfung von spieltheoretischen Hypothesen geschlossen werden kann.

Femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (fsTRPES) experiments have been used to study the photoelectron energy spectra of simple molecules since the 1980’s. Analysis of these spectra provides information about the ultrafast internal conversion dynamics of the parent ions. However, ultraviolet pulses must be used for these pump-probe experiments in order to ionize the molecules. Since current solid state lasers, such as the Ti:sapphire laser, typically produce pulses centered at 800nm, it is necessary to generate UV pulses with nonlinear frequency mixing techniques. I therefore constructed an optical setup to generate the 3rd and 4th harmonics, at 266.7nm and 200nm, respectively, of a Ti:sapphire (Ti:sa) chirped-pulse amplified (CPA) laser system that produces 35fs pulses centered at 800nm. Thin Beta-Barium Borate (β-BaB2O4 or BBO) crystals were chosen to achieve a compromise between short pulse durations and reasonable conversion efficiencies, since ultrashort pulses are quite susceptible to broadening from group velocity dispersion (GVD). Output energies of around 11μJ and 230nJ were measured for the 266.7nm and 200nm pulses, respectively. The transform limits of the 3rd and 4th harmonic pulse lengths were calculated from their measured spectral widths. We found that the 266.7nm bandwidth was large enough to support sub-30fs pulses, and due to cutting at the lower-wavelength end of the 200nm spectrum, we calculated an upper limit of 38fs. The pulses were compressed with pairs of CaF2 prisms to compensate for dispersion introduced by transmissive optics. Two-photon absorption (TPA) intensity autocorrelations revealed fully compressed pulse lengths of 36 ± 2 fs and 42 ± 4 fs for the 3rd and 4th harmonics, respectively.

China-Taiwan relations have been for decades a hot issue in East Asia as well as worldwide. The thesis researches on the China’s foreign policy toward Latin America and the Caribbean region in terms of competition with Taiwan for diplomatic recognition from the perspective of zero-sum and non zero-sum game. This study’s objective is to examine the impact of recently improved cross-Strait relations on the intensity of diplomatic competition for recognition in Latin America and the Caribbean between both sides of the Strait. Two following questions are going to be answered: Is a complete victory in diplomatic competition in Latin America and the Caribbean region a short-term goal for the PRC? How can China’s refusal of its diplomatic recognition by Paraguay be interpreted? First, literature review and theoretical framework is provided. Second, China’s and Taiwan’s policy towards Latin America and the Caribbean is researched. Third, cross- Strait rapproachement is depicted. Fourth, relations between the PRC and Taiwan after year 2005 are presented. Fifth, three case studies of Costa Rica, Panama, Paraguay are discussed. In the study I am going to look for evidence to prove that the rapprochement and the new cross-Strait diplomacy are good signs of non-zero sum game between Taiwan and China with a significant impact on diplomatic competition in Latin America and the Caribbean region. To fulfil the aim of this master thesis I am using secondary data. The scope of the paper in terms of the time period is from the establishment of the PRC but the bigger part of the paper is focused on the recent events.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-10-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:26:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 malaguetta_pc_me_rcla.pdf: 1127990 bytes, checksum: e330d213aef7a495926e73f9eb54acdb (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O presente projeto trata a topologia de superfícies fechadas através de ideias topológicas intuitivas. Mostramos que toda superfície fechada e orientável é topologicamente uma Esfera ou um Toro, ou ainda uma soma conexa de dois ou mais Toros; e também que toda superfície fechada e não-orientável é topologicamente um Plano Projetivo ou uma soma conexa de dois ou mais Planos Projetivos. Desta forma, obtemos uma classificação topológica para as superfícies fechadas orientáveis e não-orientáveis / This project deals with the topology of closed surfaces using intuitive topological ideas. We show that every closed surface orientable is topologically a Sphere or a Torus, or a connected sum of two or more Tori, and also that every closed surface and non-orientable is topologically a Projective Plane or a connected sum of two or more Projective Planes. Therefore, we obtain a topological classification for closed surfaces, orientable and non-orientable

Orientador: Elíris Cristina Rizziolli / Banca: João Carlos V. Sampaio / Banca: João Peres Vieira / Resumo: O presente projeto trata a topologia de superfícies fechadas através de ideias topológicas intuitivas. Mostramos que toda superfície fechada e orientável é topologicamente uma Esfera ou um Toro, ou ainda uma soma conexa de dois ou mais Toros; e também que toda superfície fechada e não-orientável é topologicamente um Plano Projetivo ou uma soma conexa de dois ou mais Planos Projetivos. Desta forma, obtemos uma classificação topológica para as superfícies fechadas orientáveis e não-orientáveis / Abstract: This project deals with the topology of closed surfaces using intuitive topological ideas. We show that every closed surface orientable is topologically a Sphere or a Torus, or a connected sum of two or more Tori, and also that every closed surface and non-orientable is topologically a Projective Plane or a connected sum of two or more Projective Planes. Therefore, we obtain a topological classification for closed surfaces, orientable and non-orientable / Mestre

O ecótipo André da Rocha de Paspalum notatum destaca-se por apresentar um elevado potencial produtivo em relação a muitos ecótipos da espécie, por esta razão, objetivou-se com este trabalho quantificar os processos morfogênicos que resultam no maior acúmulo de biomassa, bem como, quantificar a distribuição da biomassa em plantas desenvolvidas isoladamente em diferentes doses de nitrogênio. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação na Faculdade de Agronomia da UFRGS e utilizaram-se vasos de Leonard com solução nutritiva completa, com exceção do N, o qual foi adicionado como NH4NO3 para atingir as doses de 37,5, 75, 150 e 300mg N/vaso. Utilizou-se sete repetições de uma planta por vaso em delineamento completamente casualizado. A taxa de surgimento de folhas respondeu positivamente ao incremento na disponibilidade de N. A taxa de expansão foliar, o número médio de folhas verdes por perfilho, a taxa de perfilhamento, a taxa de expansão do rizoma e seu tamanho final foram igualmente afetados positivamente com a adição de N, enquanto o comprimento médio final da folha e a duração de vida da folha não foram afetados. Após 110 dias de crescimento, as plantas foram separadas nos componentes raízes, rizomas, e parte aérea. Os componentes que mais responderam ao aumento do N foram a produção da parte subterrânea (raízes + rizomas), que aumentou 68%, e a produção de perfilhos, que aumentou em dez vezes. A biomassa de folhas completamente expandidas na haste principal foi maior somente na dose mais alta, enquanto a massa de folhas em expansão não foi afetada. Este ecótipo apresenta alta capacidade de resposta ao nitrogênio, manifestada através de suas principais características morfogênicas. Em situações limitantes deste elemento, ocorre a priorização da alocação de assimilados para o sistema radicular, em detrimento da parte aérea. / The ecotype André da Rocha of Paspalum notatum is noteworthy for presenting a high yield potential compared to many ecotypes of the species, that is why, the aim of this study was to quantify the morphogenetic processes that result in greater accumulation of biomass, as well as to quantify the distribution of biomass in plants developed in isolation at different levels of nitrogen. The experiment wasas conducted in a greenhouse at the Faculty of Agronomy of UFRGS and used Leonard jars with complete nutrient solution, except for the N, which was added as NH4NO3 to reach the doses of 37.5, 75, 150 and 300 mg N/pot. We used seven repetitions of one plant per pot in completely randomized design. The leaf expansion rate, the number of green leaves per tiller, the tillering rate, rhizome extension rate and its final size was also positively affected by the addition of N, while the average final leaf length and leaf life span were not affected. After 110 days of plant growth, these were separate in the components roots, rhizomes and shoots. The compartments more responsive to N were the underground portions (roots + rhizomes), which increased 68% and the tillers production that increased tenfold. The biomass of fully expanded leaves on the main stem was greater only at the highest dose, while the mass of expanding leaves was not affected. This ecotype has a high capacity to nitrogen response, manifested through its main morphogenetic characteristics. In presence of limited nitrogen supply, there is a priority of allocation of assimilates to the root system, rather the aerial part, particularly for tillers formation.

En droit civil, le forfait est défini comme un prix déterminé par avance. Plutôt succincte, cette définition omet le caractère logiquement exceptionnel du recours au forfait. Celui-ci ne va en effet pas de soi, spécialement dans un contrat d'entreprise, où le prix ne constitue pas un élément essentiel à la formation du contrat. En choisissant ce mode de détermination de l'obligation monétaire, les parties anticipent pour se préserver d'un risque, tout en acceptant un autre risque, celui qui découle de cette anticipation. Réduire pour autant le forfait à un prix est inexact et insatisfaisant, ce que des exemples tirés du droit de la vente et du droit du travail illustrent. La définition de la contrepartie offre alors un critère de qualification complémentaire. La diversité des contrats forfaitaires conduit in fine à la reconnaissance d'une qualification générique et d'une catégorie contractuelle transversale. Celte nouvelle catégorie se distingue d'un point de vue structurel (création d'un aléa de prix, ne rendant pas ipso jure le contrat aléatoire) et d'un point de vue fonctionnel (dualité de fonctions: garantie et spéculation). En l'état du droit positif, les contrats à forfait n'offrent pas de régime unifié. Tantôt l'aléa est suivi d'effets, tantôt il est privé de toute portée. L'existence d'une prérogative unilatérale tend en outre à mettre à mal la nature aléatoire du contrat. C'est au regard de ce constat et de la qualification générique retenue qu'un régime peut être proposé, regroupant des règles communes à tout type de contrat forfaitaire. L'accent est notamment mis sur la formation de l'échange et sur l'introduction du forfait dans les contrats de consommation. / In civil law, the lump sum is defined as a price determined in advance. Rather succinct, this definition omits mentioning the exceptional nature - in logical terms - of resorting to such a sum. This, indeed, is not self-evident, especially when you study a work contract, where the price is not an essential element in its formation. By using this method to set the monetary obligation, the parties anticipate in order to protect themselves from a risk, while accepting another one, which follows from that anticipation. Yet, reducing the lump sum to a price is inaccurate and inadequate - what examples from sales law and labor Law illustrate. The definition of the consideration then provides an additional criterion ta a legal definition. The variety of lump-sum contracts ultimately leads to the recognition of a generic legal definition and a cross contractual category. This new category is distinguished from a structural viewpoint (creation of a hazard by the fixed price, that does not ipso jure make the contract aleatory) and from a functional viewpoint (dual function: insurance coverage and speculation).ln the slate of positive law, lump-sum contracts offer no unified system. Sometimes randomness is acted on, sometimes he is deprived of all impact. The existence of a unilateral prerogative also tends to undermine the aleatory nature of the contract. It is in light of this and of the generic classification adopted that a system can be proposed, grouping common rules to all types of lump-sum contract. The formation of the contract and the introduction of the lump-sum in consumer contracts has been particularly emphasized.

Denna kvalitativa studie undersöker möjliga samband mellan strukturerat lärande i kooperativa arbetsformer och SUM-elevers delaktighet. För att SUM-eleverna ska vara reellt inkluderande krävs en upplevelse av delaktighet i alla tre aspekter, fysisk, social och didaktisk. Denna undersökning fokuserar på matematiska resonerande samtal i grupp för att se om SUM-eleverna kan delta på samma villkor som sina klasskamrater inom klassens ram. Forskning har visat att det finns lärmiljöer och undervisningssätt som ger bättre förutsättningar till lärande för alla elever. Skollag och läroplan ger ett dubbelt uppdrag, demokratiuppdraget och kunskapsuppdraget. Modellen Kooperativt Lärande skulle kunna möjliggöra detta samtidigt. Studien bygger på en intervention som gjorts i form av deltagande observation. För att kunna besvara frågeställningarna har en triangulär ansats gjorts. Fältanteckningar, intervjuer och enkäter har använts för att fånga upp elevernas agerande och upplevelser. Studien utgår från ett socialkulturellt synsätt på lärande och har teorier om gruppen betydelse för lärande, positivt ömsesidigt beroende och kooperativ lärande som teoribas. Slutsatsen är att Kooperativt Lärande ger många möjligheter för elever med olika behov och kunskapsnivåer att utvecklas. Arbetsmodellen ger en möjlighet till reell inkludering för SUM-eleverna, men kräver mycket av den undervisande läraren. För att ett ömsesidigt positivt beroende ska uppstå krävs noggrann planering av tid, grupper och uppgifter. Det förutsätter att läraren är väl insatt i arbetssättet och är beredd att se sin roll på ett nytt sätt, samt att förstå budskapet bakom modellen.