No cenário atual na construção civil, assim como no resto das indústrias, a questão da sustentabilidade está muito presente. A escassez de recursos naturais e as mudanças climáticas exigem novas formas de organização empresariais e políticas. Agir com sustentabilidade traz uma série de benefícios que vão desde a preservação dos recursos naturais (benefícios gerais) até melhoria do marketing das empresas (benefícios específicos). Dentro deste cenário, assuntos como construção sustentável, construção verde, desenvolvimento sustentável, responsabilidade social e certificações ambientais estão sendo muito discutidos. O foco desta pesquisa é o alinhamento das questões de sustentabilidade pelo setor de compras, que se constitui de importante elo entre a estratégia da organização e seus fornecedores (necessários à materialização do produto edifício), no âmbito das empresas construtoras de edifícios. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo tratar da implantação do processo de compras sustentáveis e suas implicações práticas, tal como a inclusão de requisitos de sustentabilidade em processos chave. Em um primeiro momento, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica a respeito dos temas de compras, cadeia de suprimentos, gestão da cadeia de suprimentos, sustentabilidade, construção sustentável e responsabilidade social. Também foi realizado um estudo para avaliar o nível de percepção e de ação das empresas construtoras de edifícios acerca dos temas de sustentabilidade geral e compras sustentáveis. A contextualização colaborou à proposição de modificações em processos chave do setor de compras e à elaboração de documentação padrão incluindo critérios de sustentabilidade na seleção e cadastro de fornecedores. Ao analisar a cadeia de suprimentos sob a ótica da sustentabilidade, o foco deve ser na gestão das operações relacionadas ao meio ambiente, considerando a otimização dos fatores ambientais dentro das cadeias de suprimentos durante a produção, consumo, atendimento ao cliente e descarte dos resíduos. / In the present scenario in civil construction, as in many other industries, the issue of sustainability is timely. The scarcity of natural resources and climate change have called for new forms of business and political organization. Acting sustainably brings a number of benefits ranging from the preservation of natural resources (general benefits) to improving marketing firms (specific benefits). Within this scenario, issues such as sustainable construction, green building, sustainable development, social responsibility and environmental certifications are being widely discussed. The focus of this research is the alignment of sustainability issues concerning the procurement sector, which constitutes an important link between the organization\'s strategy and its suppliers (necessary for the materialization of the building product), as part of construction companies building. This research aims to address the implementation of sustainable procurement process and its practical implications, such as the inclusion of sustainability requirements in key processes. At first, a literature review concerning the topic of procurement, supply chain, supply chain management, sustainability, sustainable building and social responsibility was carried out. Also, a study was conducted in order to assess the level of perception and action of building construction companies of the general sustainability issues and sustainable procurement. The contextualization collaborated to propose changes in key processes of procurement and the preparation of standard documentation sector including sustainability criteria in the selection and supplier registration. By analyzing the supply chain from the perspective of sustainability, the focus should be on management of operations related to the environment, considering the optimization of environmental factors within the supply chain during production, consumption, customer service and disposal of waste.

No cenário atual na construção civil, assim como no resto das indústrias, a questão da sustentabilidade está muito presente. A escassez de recursos naturais e as mudanças climáticas exigem novas formas de organização empresariais e políticas. Agir com sustentabilidade traz uma série de benefícios que vão desde a preservação dos recursos naturais (benefícios gerais) até melhoria do marketing das empresas (benefícios específicos). Dentro deste cenário, assuntos como construção sustentável, construção verde, desenvolvimento sustentável, responsabilidade social e certificações ambientais estão sendo muito discutidos. O foco desta pesquisa é o alinhamento das questões de sustentabilidade pelo setor de compras, que se constitui de importante elo entre a estratégia da organização e seus fornecedores (necessários à materialização do produto edifício), no âmbito das empresas construtoras de edifícios. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo tratar da implantação do processo de compras sustentáveis e suas implicações práticas, tal como a inclusão de requisitos de sustentabilidade em processos chave. Em um primeiro momento, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica a respeito dos temas de compras, cadeia de suprimentos, gestão da cadeia de suprimentos, sustentabilidade, construção sustentável e responsabilidade social. Também foi realizado um estudo para avaliar o nível de percepção e de ação das empresas construtoras de edifícios acerca dos temas de sustentabilidade geral e compras sustentáveis. A contextualização colaborou à proposição de modificações em processos chave do setor de compras e à elaboração de documentação padrão incluindo critérios de sustentabilidade na seleção e cadastro de fornecedores. Ao analisar a cadeia de suprimentos sob a ótica da sustentabilidade, o foco deve ser na gestão das operações relacionadas ao meio ambiente, considerando a otimização dos fatores ambientais dentro das cadeias de suprimentos durante a produção, consumo, atendimento ao cliente e descarte dos resíduos. / In the present scenario in civil construction, as in many other industries, the issue of sustainability is timely. The scarcity of natural resources and climate change have called for new forms of business and political organization. Acting sustainably brings a number of benefits ranging from the preservation of natural resources (general benefits) to improving marketing firms (specific benefits). Within this scenario, issues such as sustainable construction, green building, sustainable development, social responsibility and environmental certifications are being widely discussed. The focus of this research is the alignment of sustainability issues concerning the procurement sector, which constitutes an important link between the organization\'s strategy and its suppliers (necessary for the materialization of the building product), as part of construction companies building. This research aims to address the implementation of sustainable procurement process and its practical implications, such as the inclusion of sustainability requirements in key processes. At first, a literature review concerning the topic of procurement, supply chain, supply chain management, sustainability, sustainable building and social responsibility was carried out. Also, a study was conducted in order to assess the level of perception and action of building construction companies of the general sustainability issues and sustainable procurement. The contextualization collaborated to propose changes in key processes of procurement and the preparation of standard documentation sector including sustainability criteria in the selection and supplier registration. By analyzing the supply chain from the perspective of sustainability, the focus should be on management of operations related to the environment, considering the optimization of environmental factors within the supply chain during production, consumption, customer service and disposal of waste.

Bakgrund: Uppförandekoder har blivit ett välkänt CSR-verktyg i Sverige sen slutet av 1990-talet, och det vanligaste sättet att säkerställa efterlevnaden är genom kontroller. Dock har det visat sig att kontrollerna ofta lyfter fram problem utan att tillhandahålla lösningar och att företag tenderar att agera reaktivt, särskilt inköpsavdelningen. Det pågår därför en diskussion om huruvida företag istället borde fokusera på grundproblemen och gå från krav och kontroller mot fördjupade engagemang, incitament och ett socialt ansvarsfullt agerande från inköpsavdelningen. Syfte: Detta examensarbetes syfte är att analysera hur de valda fallföretagen arbetar med efterlevnaden av uppförandekoder för leverantörer, förklara vilka faktorer som direkt och indirekt påverkar efterlevnaden samt sammanställa ett antal riktlinjer för hur företag i Sverige kan arbeta med uppförandekoder i framtiden. Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ forskningsansats med utgångspunkt i det realistiska perspektivet. Det är en komparativ flerfallsstudie där vi genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra fallföretag insamlat empirisk data som vi analyserat och jämfört med hjälp av vår teoretiskt framtagna analysmodell. Slutsats: Strategin med fokus på långa samarbeten, utbildning och utveckling samt incitament som rekommenderas för att få ett lyckat utfall av uppförandekoden återfinns i mycket liten skala hos fallföretagen. Företagen använder sig fortfarande främst av krav och kontroller, men små tendenser mot den rekommenderade strategin börjar visa sig. / Background: Since the end of the 1990’s, code of conducts has become a well-known tool for managing CSR in Swedish companies, and the most common way to ensure compliance is through monitoring. Although, studies have shown that monitoring is mostly raising the issues without providing any sustainable solutions. Companies tend to be reactive, especially the purchasing department. For that reason, there is an ongoing discussion suggesting that companies should focus on the root causes instead, leave the monitoring behind and use greater commitment, incentives and socially responsible actions from the purchasing department. Aim: The purpose of this thesis is to analyze how our chosen companies are working with the compliance of their code of conduct for suppliers, explain which elements that directly and indirectly affect the compliance and compile a guideline for how companies in Sweden can work with their code of conducts in the future. Methodology: This study has a qualitative research approach and a realistic perspective. It is a comparative multiple case study where we through semi-structured interviews with four companies have collected empirical data which we analyzed and compared using our theoretical analysis model. Conclusion: The strategy that focus on durable collaborations, education, training and incentives that is recommended in order to achieve a successful outcome of the code of conduct is found in a very small scale among the case companies. Companies are still mostly using requisites and controls, but there is a small tendency towards the recommended strategy.

The study researches how small Swedish businesses are currently working with sustainable development and the obstacles and opportunities experienced regarding environmental work. Furthermore, it determines whether the work with sustainable development within procuring processes can be standardized in a simple and effective way. The data collected through a questionnaire and interview survey shows that the majority of surveyed businesses work with environmental issues in a rather unfocused way, but show an interest of development within the area. An improvement proposal containing four operating points, is designed as a tool to get started with standardized environmental work. The proposal encourages businesses to mutually design a framework for environmental work that sets common goals and develops guidelines to be followed. / Studien undersöker hur mindre svenska verksamheter i dagsläget arbetar med hållbar utveckling samt vilka hinder och möjligheter dessa verksamheter ser med miljöarbete. Vidare undersöks huruvida arbetet med hållbar utveckling kan standardiseras på ett enkelt och effektivt sätt inom inköpsdelen. Datat har samlats in via en enkät- och intervjuundersökning och visar att majoriteten av undersökta verksamheter arbetar med miljöfrågor på ett tämligen ofokuserat sätt men visar ett intresse för utveckling inom området. Ett förbättringsförslag i form av fyra arbetspunkter utformas som hjälpmedel för att komma igång med standardiserat miljöarbete. Förslaget innebär att verksamheter tillsammans ritar upp en ram för miljöarbete dvs sätter upp gemensamma mål och utformar riktlinjer som skall följas.

Titel: Sustainability in purchasing - a study on the shoe industry Authors: Malin Åqvist and Sofie Skarlöv Tutor: Leif Rytting Examiner: Kaisa Lund Subject: Bachelor thesis 15 credits. Business administration III - Marketing. Retail and Service management, Linnaeus University, Spring of 2019. Purpose and research question The purpose of the report is to investigate which elements can be interesting and important in the purchasing function regarding sustainability issues and what characterizes these. Furthermore, the intention is to clarify how sustainability can be communicated from a market perspective. The focus is a case study on the shoe industry, as a starting point for possible transfer to other consumer sectors. -What elements of sustainability are relevant to a purchase and what distinguishes them?-What is the characteristics of the different stakeholders who have an impact on the work with sustainability? -What can the future and development mean for the connection between purchasing and sustainability?-What affects how companies communicate their sustainability work? Method The empirical data is collected through eight interviews based on an interview guide. The respondents work within the shoe industry and or with connection to the purchasing function and sustainability. Conclusion The result indicates that there is a combination of different factors that are central to achieve a sustainable purchasing. To clearly communicate sustainable choices externally will therefore be an essential part of an exchange of knowledge between businesses and its customers. / Titel: Hållbarhet inom inköp - en studie på skobranschen Författare: Malin Åqvist och Sofie Skarlöv Handledare: Leif Rytting Examinator: Kaisa Lund Kurs: Kandidatuppsats 15 hp. Företagsekonomi III - Marknadsföring. Detaljhandel och Service management programmet, Linnéuniversitetet, VT 2019. Syfte och forskningsfrågor Syftet med rapporten är att undersöka vilka inslag som kan vara intressanta och viktiga i inköpsfunktionen gällande hållbarhetsfrågor och vad som präglar dessa. Vidare är avsikten att tydliggöra hur hållbarhet kan kommuniceras ur ett marknadsperspektiv. I centrum står en fallstudie på skobranchen, som utgångspunkt för möjlig överföring till andra konsument-sektorer. - Vilka inslag av hållbarhet är relevanta för ett inköp och vad utmärker dessa?- Vad är karaktäristiskt för olika intressenter som har en inverkan på arbetet med hållbarhet?- Vad kan framtid och utveckling innebära för kopplingen mellan inköp och hållbarhet? - Vad påverkar hur företag kommunicerar sitt hållbarhetsarbete? Metod Den empiriska datan är insamlad genom åtta stycken intervjuer baserat på en intervjuguide. Respondenterna arbetar inom skobranschen och eller med koppling till inköpsfunktionen och hållbarhet. Slutsatser Resultatet tyder på att det är en sammansättning av olika faktorer som blir centrala för att uppnå ett hållbart inköp. Att tydligt kommunicera sina hållbara val utåt blir således en väsentlig del i ett kunskapsutbyte mellan verksamheter och dess kunder.

abstract: This study investigates how well prominent behavioral theories from social psychology explain green purchasing behavior (GPB). I assess three prominent theories in terms of their suitability for GPB research, their attractiveness to GPB empiricists, and the strength of their empirical evidence when applied to GPB. First, a qualitative assessment of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Norm Activation Theory (NAT), and Value-Belief-Norm Theory (VBN) is conducted to evaluate a) how well the phenomenon and concepts in each theory match the characteristics of pro-environmental behavior and b) how well the assumptions made in each theory match common assumptions made in purchasing theory. Second, a quantitative assessment of these three theories is conducted in which r2 values and methodological parameters (e.g., sample size) are collected from a sample of 21 empirical studies on GPB to evaluate the accuracy and generalize-ability of empirical evidence. In the qualitative assessment, the results show each theory has its advantages and disadvantages. The results also provide a theoretically-grounded roadmap for modifying each theory to be more suitable for GPB research. In the quantitative assessment, the TPB outperforms the other two theories in every aspect taken into consideration. It proves to 1) create the most accurate models 2) be supported by the most generalize-able empirical evidence and 3) be the most attractive theory to empiricists. Although the TPB establishes itself as the best foundational theory for an empiricist to start from, it's clear that a more comprehensive model is needed to achieve consistent results and improve our understanding of GPB. NAT and the Theory of Interpersonal Behavior (TIB) offer pathways to extend the TPB. The TIB seems particularly apt for this endeavor, while VBN does not appear to have much to offer. Overall, the TPB has already proven to hold a relatively high predictive value. But with the state of ecosystem services continuing to decline on a global scale, it's important for models of GPB to become more accurate and reliable. Better models have the capacity to help marketing professionals, product developers, and policy makers develop strategies for encouraging consumers to buy green products. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Sustainability 2012

Much has been researched on CSR and its meaning. This also applies to the purchasing function and its work. However, not much research has been done on the practical application of CSR and its problems and opportunities. The purpose of this report is to analyze how these issues and opportunities appear in relation to actors as well as stakeholders, such as suppliers and customers. The report is based on previous theories, among which journal articles have been used and on the other hand has been based on own researches, which the authors have done in six Swedish firms. The purpose of the report is of interest, since CSR is a fuzzy terminology, not least in the purchasing function. Describing the problems and possibilities that exist when the purchasing function practically applies CSR in interaction with suppliers can be a step closer and contribute to more sustainability. A closer step towards sustainability and a greener future is something in more demand than ever. The report treats the theory of sustainability in the purchasing function. Thus, its building blocks appear economic, social and environmental aspects as well as the responsibilities that the concepts give rise to. The report's results indicate that there are different types of problems and opportunities. They are distinguished in such a way that they occur more or less to a large extent among the responding firms. A conclusion shows that firms and their purchasing function must work together and with close relationships with their suppliers as well as customers in order to promote sustainability. An isolated actor can’t work sustainably on its own and depends on its supply chain. Another conclusion indicates that there are problems with both supplier and customer. Mainly, comprehensive requirements are the problem that occurs most, which in turn creates problems with the purchasing function's interaction with the supplier. The problem with the supplier is primarily in the form of non-compliance, or availability of requested products and services. The report also shows how the six responding firms differ, but they also match the basis of the theoretical framework. / Mycket har forskats på CSR och dess innebörd. Detta gäller även inköpsfunktionen och dess arbete. Dock har inte lika mycket forskats på inköpsfunktionens praktiska tillämpning av CSR och dess problematik och möjligheter. Denna rapports syfte är att undersöka hur denna problematik och möjligheter ser ut i samband med aktörer samt intressenter som leverantör och kund. Rapporten baseras på dels tidigare teorier där bland annat vetenskapliga artiklar använts och dels har baseringen varit på egen undersökning som författarna har gjort på 6 stycken producerande företag i Sverige. Rapportens syfte är av intresse då CSR kan upplevas som diffus, inte minst vid inköpsfunktionen. Att redogöra den problematik samt vilka möjligheter som finns då inköpsfunktionen praktiskt tillämpar CSR i interaktion med leverantör, kan vara ett steg och bidrag till mer hållbarhet. Ett närmare steg mot hållbarhet och en grönare framtid är något som efterfrågas mer än någonsin. Rapporten behandlar teori kring hållbarhet vid inköpsfunktionen. Således framkommer dess byggstenar, dvs. ekonomiska-, sociala-och miljömässiga aspekter samt de ansvar som begreppen ger upphov till. Rapportens resultat visar på att det finns olika typer av problematik och möjligheter. De olika typerna särskiljer sig på så vis att de förekommer mer eller mindre i omfattande grad bland de responderande företagen. En slutsats visar på att producerande företag och dess inköpsfunktion måste arbeta tillsammans och med nära relationer med sina leverantörer och kunder för att kunna främja hållbarhet. En isolerande aktör kan inte själv verka hållbart utan är beroende av sin försörjningskedja. En annan slutsats visar på att det finns problematik med både leverantör och kund. Främst är omfattande krav det problem som förekommer allra mest och som i sin tur skapar problematik på inköpsfunktionens interaktion med leverantör. Problematiken med leverantör förekommer främst i form av att krav inte kan tillmötesgås eller att det inte finns någon tillgänglighet på efterfrågade produkter och tjänster. Rapporten visar också på hur de sex responderande företag, både skiljer sig åt men också stämmer överens med det underlag som finns i den teoretiska referensramen.

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Hur ser upphandlare på sitt nya uppdrag att använda sig av hållbarhetskrav i offentliga upphandlingar? Frågan är väldigt komplex trots att lagverket tillåter miljökrav, sociala och etiska krav i upphandlingar. Hela upphandlingsprocessen påverkas också av många aktörers sätt att se på hållbarhetsfrågan och ta ansvar. Förstudier visar att alla organisationer möter olika hinder när de strukturerar om i organisationers uppdrag. I detta arbete är det fokus på Malmö och Upphandlingsenheten där kommunala upphandlare jobbar. Empirisk data är insamlat med en kvalitativ metod genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem anställda. Det visade sig att där finns flera hinder som de måste ta itu med. Först av allt behöver de sammanföra medarbetarnas individuella mål med organisationens mål. Analysen innehåller också goda exempel på när gruppen har kunnat avlägsna hinder. De anställda har också idéer på hur vissa hinder för hållbara upphandlingar skulle kunna avlägsnas. En av möjligheterna som omnämndes var att flera kommuner kan ställa gemensamma krav för att mer kunna påverka leverantörers hållbarhetsutveckling. / What does purchasers think about their new mission to use sustainable demands in public procurements? Even though the law allows environmental and social demands in procurement, the process is very complex. It depends on the co-operation between several different actors within and between organizations. It also depends upon a changed view on the relationship between public procurement and sustainable development. The purchasers must feel responsible for sustainability issues within their expertise. Earlier studies show that all organizations meet different hinders when they change their mission. Focus in this study is on Malmoe and Upphandlingsenheten where the municipality-purchasers work. The empirical data was collected with qualitative methods by semi-structured interviews with five employees. Results show that there are several challenges to implement “green procurement”. First of all the individual goals that the co-workers have must match with the organizational goals. This study shows good examples of how the purchasers have met some of those challenges. The employees also have ideas of how other challenges may be possible to overcome. One possibility could be to co-operate with other municipalities around sustainability to create mutual demands. This could create a greater pressure on suppliers.

The purpose of this essay was to lay the foundations for a model in the form of a question battery that can help buyers compare the sustainability responsibilities of different suppliers, so that the buyer can choose the supplier that contributes most to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The model is designed as a question battery to enable the buyer to ask more comprehensive questions to the various suppliers regarding social, ecological and economic sustainability than they do today.   In order to find questions on an overall ethical level I have investigated how the global institutions intend us to navigate and prioritize between the SDGs, I have also applied the Aristotelian and Kantian ethics and Archie Carrol's model, the CSR pyramid, to broaden the ethical perspective in the questions to the companies.   The result is a question battery with questions about the company's vision and global goals, about the company's values ​​linked to all stakeholders, questions about whether the internal good and the external good are in harmony with society, questions about the company's value chain and business model and a larger stakeholder analysis.   How should a buyer then be able to evaluate a supplier's different answers? This essay aimed to create the first questionnaire with a broad question battery, the next step is to evaluate the different answers. / Syftet med den här uppsatsen var att lägga grunden till en modell i form av ett frågebatteri som kan hjälpa inköpare att jämföra olika leverantörers hållbarhetsansvar, så att inköparen ska kunna välja den leverantör som bidrar mest till de globala målen.  Modellen är utformad som ett frågebatteri för att inköparen ska kunna ställa mer omfattande frågor till de olika leverantörerna angående social, ekologisk och ekonomisk hållbarhet än vad de gör idag.   Mitt tillvägagångssätt har varit att undersöka hur de globala institutionerna tänker sig att vi ska navigera och prioritera mellan de globala målen, genom att övergripande backa tillbaks till de hållbarhetsdokument som togs fram redan på 1980-talet och sedan arbeta mig vidare till de globala mål som kom 2015 och fram till de guider som finns för ett hållbart näringsliv idag. För att hitta frågor på en övergripande etisk nivå har jag tagit hjälp av den aristoteliska och den kantianska etiken samt Archie Carrols modell, CSR pyramiden, för att bredda det etiska perspektivet i frågeställningarna till företagen.  Resultatet blev ett frågebatteri med frågor om företagets vision och de globala målen, om företagets värderingar kopplat till samtliga intressenter, om det internt goda och det externt goda är i samklang med samhället, frågor om företagets värdekedja och affärsmodell samt en större intressentanalys. Hur ska en inköpare kunna värdera en leverantörs olika svar? Den här uppsatsen syftade till att skapa det första frågeformuläret med ett brett frågebatteri, nästa steg är att värdera de olika svaren.