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Denna uppsats innehåller fyra huvuddelar. Den första delen ämnar att presentera delar av det svenska och irländska skolsystemet med förklaringar av nivåer, ålder och nuvarande läroplan och kursplaner.Den andra delen visar resultat av en undersökning gjord av de styrande organen inom utbildningsområdet in varje land. Ansvarsområden för departement, organisationer och verk presenteras tillsammans med motioner och reforminitiativ.Den tredje delen ger en presentation och en diskussion av relevant litteratur som relaterar till skolpolitiken i Sverige och på Irland. Nyckelorden i denna del är: skolutveckling, skolförbättring och lärarledarskap.I den fjärde delen av uppsatsen presenterar jag resultatet av en studie med lärare i Sverige och Irland. Tio lärare, fem från vart land, som jobbar på grundskola och gymnasium, har svarat på frågor angående deras jobb och deras lands skolpolitik. Deras svar har sedan jämförts med andra och tredje delen av uppsatsen samt med varandras nationaliteter. Slutligen ger en femte del en summering, sammanfattning och reflektion av arbetet i sin helhet. / This essay consists of four main parts. The first part aims to present some of the Swedish and Irish school systems giving explanations for different schools, levels, years and current school curricula and syllabuses. The second part shows the result of a research of the governing organs within the education system in each country. Responsibilities of departments, associations and councils are presented together with school policies and attempts for reform.The third part gives a presentation and a discussion on the relevant literature relating to the main school policies in Sweden and Ireland. The key words for this part are school development, school improvement and teacher leadership.In the fourth part of this essay I present the result of a conducted study with school teachers in Sweden and Ireland. Ten teachers, five from each country, working in primary and secondary schools, have answered questions concerning their job and their country’s school policy. Their answers have been compared and contrasted in relation to part two and three in the essay, and also in relation to their nationalities.Finally a fifth part will summarise, conclude and reflect the essay as a whole.

Nessa pesquisa foi analisado o oferecimento do conteúdo de Governança Corporativa nos cursos de Ciências Contábeis no Brasil no âmbito das modificações propostas pelo ajustamento do MEC ao relatório da Unesco sobre a educação. Essa adequação levou em consideração a aderência ao currículo da Unctad para descrever os tópicos lecionados no país, e assim analisá-los. A observação desse tema ocorreu por meio de um questionário com respostas na escala de Likert, em uma amostra de 46 professores que ministram disciplinas correlatas a esse conteúdo, com nível de significância de 95%, erro de 2% e Alfa de Cronbach de 0,9. Os dados obtidos evidenciam que 2,79% das IES possuem uma disciplina específica, e em geral esse conteúdo está sendo ofertado em instituições particulares, cujos responsáveis são contadores que possuem o título de mestre, mas que em sua maioria não possuem publicação científica no tema. O grupamento de conteúdo relativo à Empresa possui a abordagem próxima ao currículo mundial, sendo que a profundidade diminui em relação ao conflito de agência e aos mecanismos de governança. A análise fatorial possuiu poder de explicação de 83,8% e foi capaz de explanar o conteúdo lecionado na graduação por meio dos conflitos de agência envolvidos na delegação de poder pelo proprietário-acionista, os seus custos, os dois objetivos aos quais as empresas podem escolher, por meio de um mecanismo ligado ao monitoramento e o outro à aquisição do controle. Os resultados desse estudo demonstram que o conteúdo de Governança Corporativa ensinado por essa amostra pesquisada não está aderente ao currículo proposto internacionalmente. / In this study we examined the offer of the content of Corporate Governance in Accounting courses in Brazil under the proposed changes by adjusting the MEC to the UNESCO report on education. This adjustment took into account the adherence to the curriculum of UNCTAD to describe the topics taught in the country, and so analyze them. The observation of this issue was through a questionnaire with responses to the scale in a sample of 46 teachers who teach subjects related to that content, with a significance level of 95%, 2% error and Cronbach\'s alpha of 0, 9. The data show that 2.79% of IES have a specific discipline, and often that content is being offered at private institutions, whose teachers are accountants who possess a master\'s degree, but most of them have no scientific publication on the topic. The grouping of content on the Company has the approach to the curriculum next world, and the depth decreases relative to the agency conflict and governance mechanisms. Factor analysis possessed explanatory power of 83.8% and was able to explain the content taught in undergraduate courses through the agency conflicts involved in the delegation of power by the owner-shareholder, its costs, the two goals to which companies can choose, through a mechanism linked to other monitoring and the acquisition of control. The results of this study demonstrate that the contents of the Corporate Governance taught by this sample surveyed aren`t adhering to the proposed curriculum internationally.

Nessa pesquisa foi analisado o oferecimento do conteúdo de Governança Corporativa nos cursos de Ciências Contábeis no Brasil no âmbito das modificações propostas pelo ajustamento do MEC ao relatório da Unesco sobre a educação. Essa adequação levou em consideração a aderência ao currículo da Unctad para descrever os tópicos lecionados no país, e assim analisá-los. A observação desse tema ocorreu por meio de um questionário com respostas na escala de Likert, em uma amostra de 46 professores que ministram disciplinas correlatas a esse conteúdo, com nível de significância de 95%, erro de 2% e Alfa de Cronbach de 0,9. Os dados obtidos evidenciam que 2,79% das IES possuem uma disciplina específica, e em geral esse conteúdo está sendo ofertado em instituições particulares, cujos responsáveis são contadores que possuem o título de mestre, mas que em sua maioria não possuem publicação científica no tema. O grupamento de conteúdo relativo à Empresa possui a abordagem próxima ao currículo mundial, sendo que a profundidade diminui em relação ao conflito de agência e aos mecanismos de governança. A análise fatorial possuiu poder de explicação de 83,8% e foi capaz de explanar o conteúdo lecionado na graduação por meio dos conflitos de agência envolvidos na delegação de poder pelo proprietário-acionista, os seus custos, os dois objetivos aos quais as empresas podem escolher, por meio de um mecanismo ligado ao monitoramento e o outro à aquisição do controle. Os resultados desse estudo demonstram que o conteúdo de Governança Corporativa ensinado por essa amostra pesquisada não está aderente ao currículo proposto internacionalmente. / In this study we examined the offer of the content of Corporate Governance in Accounting courses in Brazil under the proposed changes by adjusting the MEC to the UNESCO report on education. This adjustment took into account the adherence to the curriculum of UNCTAD to describe the topics taught in the country, and so analyze them. The observation of this issue was through a questionnaire with responses to the scale in a sample of 46 teachers who teach subjects related to that content, with a significance level of 95%, 2% error and Cronbach\'s alpha of 0, 9. The data show that 2.79% of IES have a specific discipline, and often that content is being offered at private institutions, whose teachers are accountants who possess a master\'s degree, but most of them have no scientific publication on the topic. The grouping of content on the Company has the approach to the curriculum next world, and the depth decreases relative to the agency conflict and governance mechanisms. Factor analysis possessed explanatory power of 83.8% and was able to explain the content taught in undergraduate courses through the agency conflicts involved in the delegation of power by the owner-shareholder, its costs, the two goals to which companies can choose, through a mechanism linked to other monitoring and the acquisition of control. The results of this study demonstrate that the contents of the Corporate Governance taught by this sample surveyed aren`t adhering to the proposed curriculum internationally.

This study was conducted to analyse aspects of mental computation within primary school mathematics curricula and to formulate recommendations to inform future revisions to the Number strand of mathematics syllabuses for primary schools. The analyses were undertaken from past, contemporary, and futures perspectives. Although this study had syllabus development in Queensland as a prime focus, its findings and recommendations have an international applicability. Little has been documented in relation to the nature and role of mental computation in mathematics curricula in Australia (McIntosh, Bana, & Farrell, 1995,p. 2), despite an international resurgence of interest by mathematics educators. This resurgence has arisen from a recognition that computing mentally remains a viable computational alternative in a technological age, and that the development of mental procedures contributes to the formation of powerful mathematical thinking strategies (R. E. Reys, 1992, p. 63). The emphasis needs to be placed upon the mental processes involved, and it is this which distinguishes mental computation from mental arithmetic, as defined in this study. Traditionally, the latter has been concerned with speed and accuracy rather than with the mental strategies used to arrive at the correct answers. In Australia, the place of mental computation in mathematics curricula is only beginning to be seriously considered. Little attention has been given to teaching, as opposed to testing, mental computation. Additionally, such attention has predominantly been confined to those calculations needed to be performed mentally to enable the efficient use of the conventional written algorithms. Teachers are inclined to associate mental computation with isolated facts, most commonly the basic ones, rather than with the interrelationships between numbers and the methods used to calculate. To enhance the use of mental computation and to achieve an improvement in performance levels, children need to be encouraged to value all methods of computation, and to place a priority on mental procedures. This requires that teachers be encouraged to change the way in which they view mental computation. An outcome of this study is to provide the background and recommendations for this to occur. The mathematics education literature of relevance to mental computation was analysed, and its nature and function, together with the approaches to teaching, under each of the Queensland mathematics syllabuses from 1860 to 1997 were documented. Three distinct time-periods were analysed: 1860-1965, 1966-1987, and post-1987. The first of these was characterised by syllabuses which included specific references to calculating mentally. To provide insights into the current status of mental computation in Queensland primary schools, a survey of a representative sample of teachers and administrators was undertaken. The statements in the postal, self-completion opinionnaire were based on data from the literature review. This study, therefore, has significance for Queensland educational history, curriculum development, and pedagogy. The review of mental computation research indicated that the development of flexible mental strategies is influenced by the order in which mental and written techniques are introduced. Therefore, the traditional written-mental sequence needs to be reevaluated. As a contribution to this reevaluation, this study presents a mental-written sequence for introducing each of the four operations. However, findings from the survey of Queensland school personnel revealed that a majority disagreed with the proposition that an emphasis on written algorithms should be delayed to allow increased attention on mental computation. Hence, for this sequence to be successfully introduced, much professional debate and experimentation needs to occur to demonstrate its efficacy to teachers. Of significance to the development of efficient mental techniques is the way in which mental computation is taught. R. E. Reys, B. J. Reys, Nohda, and Emori (1995, p. 305) have suggested that there are two broad approaches to teaching mental computation,,Ya behaviourist approach and a constructivist approach. The former views mental computation as a basic skill and is considered an essential prerequisite to written computation, with proficiency gained through direct teaching. In contrast, the constructivist approach contends that mental computation is a process of higher-order thinking in which the act of generating and applying mental strategies is significant for an individual's mathematical development. Nonetheless, this study has concluded that there may be a place for the direct teaching of selected mental strategies. To support syllabus development, a sequence of mental strategies appropriate for focussed teaching for each of the four operations has been delineated. The implications for teachers with respect to these recommendations are discussed. Their implementation has the potential to severely threaten many teachersf sense of efficacy. To support the changed approach to developing competence with mental computation, aspects requiring further theoretical and empirical investigation are also outlined.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese versão impressão 2.pdf: 1509521 bytes, checksum: 38ab36d248053c592798677280af8af3 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia- FAPESB / Esta pesquisa pleiteou compreender percepções sobre os processos de aprendizagem da leitura, escrita e oralidade na EJA, relacionando com os usos sociais da língua, considerando as singularidades dos sujeitos. O desejo de realizar este trabalho nasceu do interesse em compreender sobre o aprendizado na EJA a partir da perspectiva dos sujeitos que a vivenciam. Assim, as tessituras do trabalho se iniciam com a apresentação do perfil dos docentes e discentes pesquisados, no intuito de entendê-los como sujeitos subjetivos e fundamentais para compreender o contexto pesquisado. Apresenta-se também as concepções de língua, contemplando seus aspectos orais e escritos, no intuito de pensar a escola como espaço de aprendizado e de convivência com as diversidades. O trabalho se construiu também com base em leituras de autores da área da educação como Arroyo (2011); Soares (2005) e da sociolinguística como Bagno (2004, 2011), Geraldi (2006) Matos e Silva (2004), e, especialmente, do diálogo com educadores e educandos das classes da EJA. Foi realizada uma pesquisa com abordagem etnográfica, tendo como premissas a escuta sensível dos sujeitos e a intepretação desses dizeres. O trabalho de campo foi realizado numa escola da rede pública de ensino da cidade do Salvador, que funciona como Centro de Educação de Adultos. Tomando como referência a análise de conteúdo para auxiliar nas compreensões dos dizeres dos sujeitos pesquisados, a estrutura desta pesquisa foi se compondo. Ainda, com base nas leituras realizadas e nos diálogos construídos compreende-se que que os sentidos e significados sobre os processos de aprendizado da leitura, escrita e oralidade na EJA precisam de um olhar cuidadoso sobre os dizeres de docentes e discentes, ressignificando concepções e práticas pedagógicas existentes nesses processos. Assim, percebeu-se a importância da construção de currículos dialógicos que considerem os usos sociais da língua; as subjetividades dos sujeitos e os desejos e demandas dos aprendentes. Isso se faz necessário para que a EJA se configure como uma modalidade da educação básica que possibilite a emancipação dos sujeitos pelo viés do aprendizado da língua em suas múltiplas funcionalidades. / ABSTRACT This research aimed to understand perceptions the learning processes in the reading, writing and speaking in relating them to the social usage of the language, taking into consideration the idiossincrasies of the individuals; The will to do this work came from the interest in understand the learning in EJA from the perspective of the individuals who experience it. Thus the structure of this job starts with the presentation of the profile of the teachers and students interviewed, in order to understand them as subject and fundamental individuals to understand the context investigated. This work also presents the concepts of language, embracing its oral and written aspects, in order to see school as a space for learning and living with diversity. This job was also based on reading of works of authors who wrote about Education, such as Arroyo (2011); Soares (2005); and sociolinguistics, such as Marcos Bagno (2004, 2011); Geraldi (2006) and Matos e Silva (2004), and especially, on the dialogues with teachers and pupils of EJA classes. A research with ethnographic approach was done, having as its arguments the sensitive hearing of the individuals and the interpretation of their speech. The in loco research was done at a public school in the city of Salvador which functions as na Adults Education Center. Taking as a reference the analysis of content in order to help understand the interviewees’ speech, the structure of this research was built. Still based on the readings done and the dialogues constructed, one can understand that the senses and meanings about the learning process of reading, writing and speaking in EJA require a more careful look when it comes to the speech of teachers and pupils, ressignifying ideas and pedagocical practices inherent to the process. Thus we could perceive the importance of the construction of dialogical syllabuses that take into account the social usage of the language, the individuals’ idiossincrasies and the wishes and demands of pearners. Such a thing is necessary so that EJA establishes itself as a type of elementary education which enables the emancipation of the individuals through the perspective of the language learning in its multiple functionalities.

This investigation is an attempt to demonstrate the role of history teaching in the interconnectedness of national consciousness and historical consciousness. Because of its central role in South African history since the 1880's, particular attention is paid to the phenomenon of Afrikaans nationalism. The functions of history teaching for the orientation, identity-formation and legitimation needs of a nation-state are examined in depth. The importance of a positive self-image to a nation and conversely of hostile images of those deemed outside the nation, are indicated. History syllabuses reflect the officially sanctioned view of the past, while textbooks reveal much about the author's historical perspective, bias and prejudices. The investigation covers the period 1839 to the present, in all four provinces. A selection of school history syllabuses and textbooks of the period reviewed are examined, according to criteria adapted from the Georg Eckert Institute model. The ana1ysis is both quantitative and qualitative. Between 1839 and 1918 history syllabuses and textbooks in the Cape and Natal reflect the absolute dominance of the Imperial ideal. Yet the growing self-consciousness of the two young states is also evident. The stereotypes and master symbols which survive today have their origins in this period. Before 1879 there was little national consciousness among Afrikaners. This is reflected in the lack of historical consciousness in the curriculum of Republican schools. After the crises of 1879-81, the Republican Governments increasingly recognized the value of history teaching in establishing an identity, legitimizing their existence, and providing national orientation. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted

Vi har under året fått larmrapporter om att Sveriges matematikundervisning är undermålig. Enligt Skolverkets statistik får vi också detta bekräftat. Undersökningen avser att ta reda på hur lärare uttrycker sig kring undervisning, elevens självbild och kunskapsbedömning när det gäller att minimera antalet elever som lämnar grundskolan utan betyg i matematik. I denna kvalitativa studie har vi valt att intervjua sex matematiklärare i grundskolans senare år. Med dessa intervjuer vill vi synliggöra tänkbara orsaker till att svenska elever tappar mark när det gäller matematikkunskaper. Vi har valt att fokusera på hur undervisning och kunskapsbedömning ser ut på skolor med högt respektive lågt antal elever som ej uppnått målen för matematik i grundskolan. Vi har dessutom valt att lägga fokus på hur elevens självbild påverkar förmågan att tillägna sig matematikkunskaper. I vårt resultat visar det sig att våra sex respondenter inte skiljer sig anmärkningsvärt i hur de undervisar och kunskapsbedömer sina elever utifrån högt eller lågt antal elever som ej uppnått målen för grundskolan i matematik. Vad vi däremot kan se är att matematiklärarna är kritiska till hur undervisningen fungerar i de tidigare åldrarna. Respondenterna ger också en tydlig bild av att vår samhällsstruktur har förändrats vilket ger dem elever med skiftande social och kulturell bakgrund. Vi har behandlat dessa iakttagelser i vår diskussionsdel där vi med stöd från olika litteratur och styrdokument ger tänkbara orsaker om hur vi kan åtgärda resultatet utifrån frågor som var ansvaret ligger men också påvisa olika faktorers samspel i den komplexa verklighet vår skola befinner sig. / We have during the year received alarming reports concerning the inferior state of the Swedish mathematics teaching. According to the statistics from the Department of Education we also get this confirmed. The survey intends to find out how teachers express themselves about teaching, the pupil's self-image, and judging of knowledge when it comes to minimizing the number of pupil's who leave elementary school without any grades in mathematics. In this qualitative study we have chosen to interview six teachers of mathematics from the later years of the elementary school. With these interviews we would like to make visible possible causes why Swedish pupils are falling behind when it comes to knowledge in mathematics. We have chosen to focus on how teaching and judging of knowledge look like at schools with a high respectively low number of pupils who haven't reached the goals set up for mathematics in elementary school. We have also chosen to focus on how the self-image of the pupil affects the ability to acquire knowledge in mathematics. Our results show that our six respondents do not in a considerable way differ in the way they teach and judge the knowledge from a point of view where a high or low number of pupils that have not reached the goals set for the elementary school is concerned. What we can see on the other hand is that the teachers of mathematics are critical about the way the teaching works in the earlier years. The respondents also provide a clear picture that the structure of our society has changed which gives them pupils of shifting social and cultural background. We have treated these observations in our discussion section where we with support from different literature and steering documents present thinkable causes about how we can take measures from questions concerning where the responsibility lies but also show the interplay between different factors in the complex reality where our school is.

<p>Vi har under året fått larmrapporter om att Sveriges matematikundervisning är undermålig. Enligt Skolverkets statistik får vi också detta bekräftat. Undersökningen avser att ta reda på hur lärare uttrycker sig kring undervisning, elevens självbild och kunskapsbedömning när det gäller att minimera antalet elever som lämnar grundskolan utan betyg i matematik. I denna kvalitativa studie har vi valt att intervjua sex matematiklärare i grundskolans senare år. Med dessa intervjuer vill vi synliggöra tänkbara orsaker till att svenska elever tappar mark när det gäller matematikkunskaper. Vi har valt att fokusera på hur undervisning och kunskapsbedömning ser ut på skolor med högt respektive lågt antal elever som ej uppnått målen för matematik i grundskolan. Vi har dessutom valt att lägga fokus på hur elevens självbild påverkar förmågan att tillägna sig matematikkunskaper. I vårt resultat visar det sig att våra sex respondenter inte skiljer sig anmärkningsvärt i hur de undervisar och kunskapsbedömer sina elever utifrån högt eller lågt antal elever som ej uppnått målen för grundskolan i matematik. Vad vi däremot kan se är att matematiklärarna är kritiska till hur undervisningen fungerar i de tidigare åldrarna. Respondenterna ger också en tydlig bild av att vår samhällsstruktur har förändrats vilket ger dem elever med skiftande social och kulturell bakgrund. Vi har behandlat dessa iakttagelser i vår diskussionsdel där vi med stöd från olika litteratur och styrdokument ger tänkbara orsaker om hur vi kan åtgärda resultatet utifrån frågor som var ansvaret ligger men också påvisa olika faktorers samspel i den komplexa verklighet vår skola befinner sig.</p> / <p>We have during the year received alarming reports concerning the inferior state of the Swedish mathematics teaching. According to the statistics from the Department of Education we also get this confirmed. The survey intends to find out how teachers express themselves about teaching, the pupil's self-image, and judging of knowledge when it comes to minimizing the number of pupil's who leave elementary school without any grades in mathematics. In this qualitative study we have chosen to interview six teachers of mathematics from the later years of the elementary school. With these interviews we would like to make visible possible causes why Swedish pupils are falling behind when it comes to knowledge in mathematics. We have chosen to focus on how teaching and judging of knowledge look like at schools with a high respectively low number of pupils who haven't reached the goals set up for mathematics in elementary school. We have also chosen to focus on how the self-image of the pupil affects the ability to acquire knowledge in mathematics. Our results show that our six respondents do not in a considerable way differ in the way they teach and judge the knowledge from a point of view where a high or low number of pupils that have not reached the goals set for the elementary school is concerned. What we can see on the other hand is that the teachers of mathematics are critical about the way the teaching works in the earlier years. The respondents also provide a clear picture that the structure of our society has changed which gives them pupils of shifting social and cultural background. We have treated these observations in our discussion section where we with support from different literature and steering documents present thinkable causes about how we can take measures from questions concerning where the responsibility lies but also show the interplay between different factors in the complex reality where our school is.</p>

The relationship between religion (Church) and education (State) through religious education (RE) in Zambia has passed through different stages of development. During the missionary period (1883/1890- 1924), RE was, naturally, offered in the form of Religious Instruction (RI) and was thus fully denominational and confessional. Despite some general improvements in the provision of education, the subject remained largely confessional at the end of the colonial period (1925 - 1964). After Independence, the confessional model of the subject was inherited and continued throughout the First Republic (1964 - 72) and part of the Second Republic (1973 - 90). However, as a result of educational reforms started in the mid 1970s, RE became more educational by adopting an approach that was partly confessional and partly phenomenological from the mid 1980s. Despite new educational reforms in 1991/92 and after 1996, progressive development of RE as a curriculum subject seems to have been negatively affected by the state's self-contradictory declaration of Zambia as a Christian Nation in 1991. Thus the subject continued to be partly confessional and partly phenomenological during the Third Republic (1991 to date). While the state or Ministry of Education sees RE as a curriculum subject with educational aims like any other, research results show that many Zambians, especially members of different religious traditions, still see the subject as having confessional aims as well. However, since the country is pluralistic and democratic, RE in Zambia should continue developing in line with the constitutional values of religious and cultural freedom and the liberal national education policy provisions for spiritual and moral education. Thus the subject should go beyond its current unclear state of being largely confessional and partially phenomenological and become more educational; it should take the religious literacy and critical understanding model which takes both religious truth-claims and educational skills and understanding of religion seriously. To ensure this, a specific national policy which broadly outlines the nature and form of RE in schools needs to be put in place as a guide to all interest groups. / Religious Studies & Arabic / (D. Litt. et Phil. Religious Studies))