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Comment les conventions sociales se développent-elles dans les jeux entre enfants de 3 à 7 ans ? L’objectif de cette recherche est de mieux comprendre la co-construction de significations à travers l’étude des détournements d’usages d’objets. Très peu d’études s’intéressent au développement des usages d’objets chez l’enfant après 3 ans au sein de situations sociales et communicatives. La présente thèse vise donc à combler ce vide et suppose que les compétences symboliques enfantines examinées via les usages d’objets se développent entre 3 et 7 ans.Trois études ont été réalisées avec des dyades d’enfants de 3, 4, 5 et 7 ans. Les mêmes objets sont présentés dans chaque étude. La première étude est un jeu libre, sans contrainte. La deuxième invite les enfants à faire de l’humour avec les objets. La troisième est la plus contraignante du point de vue des détournements d’usages d’objets. Les enfants doivent prétendre préparer un repas n’ayant que des objets inadéquats pour le faire. Dans le jeu libre, les principaux résultats montrent que les enfants de 3 ans sont déjà très compétents pour détourner les objets. En revanche, la création d’usages détournés humoristiques est moins élaborée à 3 et 4 ans qu’à 7 ans. Enfin, dans le jeu du repas, les enfants de 3, 4 et 5 ans développent des significations moins complexes que les enfants de 7 ans. Ainsi, plus le jeu est contraint, plus les enfants de 3, 4 et 5 ans ont des difficultés à détourner et s’accorder sur de nouvelles fonctions pour les objets. Ces résultats apportent un regard nouveau sur les relations entre conventions sociales, jeu entre pairs, usages d’objets et théorie de l’esprit dans le champ de la psychologie du développement. / How do social conventions develop in children’s play between the ages of 3 and 7 years? The aim of the present research was to improve current understanding of the co-construction of meanings by investigating symbolic uses of objects. Very few studies have focused on the use of objects in social and communicative situations among children beyond the age of 3 years. The purpose of the current thesis was thus to fill this gap, based on the assumption that children's symbolic skills, examined here via the use of objects, develop between the ages of 3 and 7. Three studies were conducted with dyads of 3-, 4-, 5- and 7-year-old children. The same objects were used in each study. The first study consisted of free, unrestricted play. In the second one, the children were invited to play in a humoristic way with objects. The third one was the most constraining in terms of symbolic uses of objects, as the children had to pretend that they were preparing a meal, but were not given the appropriate objects. Results for the unrestricted play study, showed that the 3-year-olds were already very skilled at using objects in a symbolic way. However, the creation of humoristic symbolic uses was less elaborated in the 3- and 4-year-olds than in the 7-year-olds. Finally, for the pretend meal, the 3-, 4- and 5-year-olds developed less complex meanings than the 7-year-olds. Thus, the greater the level of constraint, the greater the difficulty for the 3-, 4- and 5-year-olds in using objects in a symbolic way, and the greater the difficulty in agreeing on new functions for such objects. These results shed new light on the relationship between social conventions, children’s play, object uses and theory of mind in the field of developmental psychology.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:19:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 452748 bytes, checksum: 5be561903ae63f5e798499db26817698 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The general methodology consisted of analysing the process of gender identities through the use of symbolic (role playing) games. The questions which guided this research were: What kind of patterns are girls and boys of Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Infantil (LDI) and Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Humano (LDH) producing and reproducing in their games? Do roles played in the games indicate changes that have occurred into family relationships or gender relationships of current society? Is there a sexual power hierarchy in the social relationships settled between boys and girls in their games? As a working strategy, we have adopted the Theory of Piaget and the use of Psychodrama. We have focused on the role of social interactions in the games and knowledge acquisition in the children s development. We have also looked in depth the family as an institution and in a historical context for the social structure that it has provided. Systematic observations of games developed by children aged between 4 and 6 were made, especially in the area of dramatic games played by students of LDI and LDH in UFV. To analyse the information, we focused on ideas used by girls and boys in the pshychodramatic roles that they played, and how the established patterns of family life affect the games out come. The results pointed to a series of ongoing changes in the standards of sexual division of work, also in the gender relationships, in the marriage and in the family. We observed that the mother s role is the one that girls played the most, although they have played other roles that highlight situations experienced by women, which has been defined by some researchers as the identity fragmentation. The principal roles of boys were those of sons and animals, and their presence in the dramatic area was smaller compared to the girls . The research contributed to show how the game is an important source of data for use in the analysis of gender relationships in childhood, in the age group studied, considering that at that age children have already passed from an operation based on action to a representative operation. In addition, it was found that throughout the development period, the children continue to build their gender identities, as well as the physical, the logicalmathematical and the social knowledge. / O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em analisar, através do jogo simbólico, o processo de constituição das identidades de gênero. As questões que nortearam a pesquisa foram: Que tipos de modelos meninos e meninas do Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Infantil e do Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Humano estão produzindo e reproduzindo nos jogos? Os papéis representados nos jogos apontam as mudanças que estão sendo construídas nas relações familiares e nas relações de gênero na sociedade atual? Existe uma hierarquia sexual de poder nas relações sociais estabelecidas entre meninos e meninas nos seus jogos? Adotamos a teoria piagetiana e a teoria do psicodrama como referencial teórico, enfocando o processo de construção do conhecimento, o papel da interação social e do jogo no desenvolvimento da criança. Além dessa fundamentação, enfocamos a instituição família e os papéis sociais ao longo da história e a contribuição dos estudos de gênero para a compreensão dos papéis sociais. Foram realizadas observações sistemáticas dos jogos desenvolvidos pelas crianças, na área de brinquedo dramático do LDI e LDH da UFV, com crianças na faixa etária entre 4 e 6 anos de idade. Na análise dos dados, enfocamos os brinquedos usados por meninos e meninas, os papéis psicodramáticos representados pelas crianças e os modelos de famílias representados na área do brinquedo dramático. Os resultados apontaram para as mudanças que estão ocorrendo nos padrões de divisão sexual do trabalho, nas relações de gênero, no casamento e na família. Observamos que o papel de mãe foi o mais representado pelas meninas, embora elas tenham representado outros papéis, retratando a multiplicidade de papéis vivenciada pelas mulheres, o que alguns pesquisadores têm definido como a fragmentação da identidade. Os papéis de filho e a imitação de animais foram mais representados pelos meninos e a presença dos meninos na área do brinquedo dramático foi menor em relação à presença das meninas. A pesquisa contribuiu para mostrar como o jogo constitui fonte importante para análise das relações de gênero na infância, principalmente na faixa etária estudada, pois nesta idade a criança já passou de um funcionamento embasado na ação para um funcionamento representacional. Além disso, ao longo do desenvolvimento as crianças vão construindo as identidades de gênero, assim como constroem o conhecimento físico, lógico-matemático e social.

This thesis explores the transformative potential of the co-authorship dynamic between game developers and players in The Squared Circle, an abstract video game designed to facilitate personality development. Drawing inspiration from existentialist philosophy, psychotherapy, and game design, the study examines the intricate interplay between gameplay mechanics, narrative depth, and psychological exploration. Employing a research-through-design methodology, the researcher analyzes The Squared Circle’s elements through psychological, philosophical, and ludological literature. The game's initial focus on engaging gameplay mechanics evolved to incorporate textual significance and symbolic play, inspired by Carl Jung's theory of Individuation. Through playtesting, observations, and interviews, the study investigates the psychological and philosophical effects of the game. Players engage in symbolic representation and journaling, delving into their unconscious aspects and exploring personal experiences within the game world. The co-authorship dynamic fosters introspection expands self-understanding, and invites transformative experiences. The findings highlight the significance of journaling and symbolic play as tools for personal growth and self-expression within the game. Players navigate the symbolic landscape, uncover hidden meanings, and co-create their own narrative, leading to increased self-awareness and psychological integration. This research contributes to understanding games as a medium for personal transformation and psychological exploration. The study underscores the importance of co-authorship, journaling, and symbolic representation in designing games that facilitate introspection, meaningful experiences, and the development of the player's personality.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2017-03-31T10:49:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Onira de Ávila Pinheiro Tancrede - 2017.pdf: 2223450 bytes, checksum: 6162943af1119e7772ba956ef12d19dc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-03T12:09:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Onira de Ávila Pinheiro Tancrede - 2017.pdf: 2223450 bytes, checksum: 6162943af1119e7772ba956ef12d19dc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-03T12:09:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Onira de Ávila Pinheiro Tancrede - 2017.pdf: 2223450 bytes, checksum: 6162943af1119e7772ba956ef12d19dc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-08 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The aim of this study is to relate the methodological aspects of theater games, such as developed by Viola Spolin (1906-1994), and symbolic play (jeu symbolique) as presented by Jean Piaget (1896-1980). This research analyzes the symbolic function and the symbolic games ([1945]) at the thought of Piaget and the improvisational games of Viola Spolin ([1963]). From this perspective, establish dialogues in their entertainment and educational way and shows how the knowledge of these symbolic characteristics and the intuitive knowledge can influence the driving proposals for theater education in public schools with children. This dissertation departs from the meaning established by the relationship between meaning/significant with the intuitive intelligence, which are elements presents in the theatrical play. / O objetivo deste estudo é relacionar os aspectos metodológicos dos jogos teatrais, tais como elaborados por Viola Spolin (1906-1994), e o jogo simbólico (jeu symbolique), como apresentado por Jean Piaget (1896-1980). Esta pesquisa analisa a função simbólica e os jogos simbólicos ([1945]) no pensamento de Piaget e os jogos improvisacionais de Viola Spolin ([1963]). Nessa perspectiva, estabelece diálogos em seus sentidos lúdicos e pedagógicos e apresenta como o conhecimento dessas características simbólicas e do conhecimento intuitivo podem influir na condução de propostas para o ensino do teatro com crianças na escola pública. Este trabalho parte das significações estabelecidas pela relação entre significado/significante e do estabelecimento da inteligência intuitiva, elementos presentes no jogo teatral.

Abstract The present longitudinal follow-up study had two main goals. Firstly, this study aimed to describe aspects of maternal interactive/communicative behaviour that could be considered constitutive in sensitive responsiveness. Secondly and most importantly, it aimed to find predictive relations between characteristics of mother-infant interaction around the onset of infant intentional communication and subsequent child communicative and linguistic development. The participants were 27 Finnish-speaking mothers and their healthy first-born infants. Analyses of the amount and types of maternal and infant communicative acts as well as maternal responses to infant signals were carried out from videotaped free-play samples at the infants' age of 10 months. In addition, the CARE-Index was used to rate maternal sensitivity and infant co-operativity. At 12 months, children's communicative and linguistic skills were assessed by using the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories and the Communication and Symbolic Behaviour Scales. At 30 months, the Reynell Developmental Language Scales III was used to assess comprehensive and expressive language. The results suggest that maternal activity in eliciting interaction and conversational interchanges is characteristic of sensitive responsiveness around the onset of infant intentionality. However, very distinctive aspects of verbal behaviour that might be constitutive in sensitive responsiveness were not found — probably as a result of considerable individual variation in all aspects of maternal as well as infant interactive/communicative behaviour that were analysed. As predictors of communicative and linguistic skills at 12 months, both maternal and infant characteristics made a significant contribution. In general, the predictive relations found were quite specific. In turn, except for the predictive validity of maternal sensitivity for comprehensive language at 30 months, later language outcomes were predicted only by children's communicative and linguistic skills at 12 months, suggesting that over time, language development becomes increasingly child-driven. Individual differences in early communicative capacities may also to some extent mask the language-facilitating effects of parenting. On the other hand, some potentially facilitating effects of parental behaviour may be elicited by the infant's well-advanced communicative skills. The importance to acknowledge transactional processes in parent-child interaction is highlighted — both in future research and clinical applications.

No description available.

Cette recherche a été inspirée par les travaux de John Bowlby sur l’attachement ainsi que par les écrits psychanalytiques de Sigmund Freud et de Donald Winnicott sur le développement de la relation père-garçon. Trois objectifs ont été formulés dans la présente étude : A) Les jeunes garçons d’âge préscolaire pourraient-ils projeter, à travers quelques sessions de jeu symbolique libre, leurs représentations paternelles? B) S’ils les projettent, quelle est la nature de ces représentations paternelles? C) Existe-t-il une relation entre le type d’attachement (évalué par un instrument standard) et les représentations paternelles projetées dans le jeu symbolique libre? Dix garçons de quatre ans ont été filmés à la maison et dans une garderie pendant, en moyenne, quatre sessions totalisant par enfant, une durée moyenne de deux heures trente minutes de jeu symbolique. Le type d’attachement a été évalué à l’aide de l’Attachment Story Completion Task. Les résultats démontrent que l’ensemble des garçons ont été en mesure de projeter des représentations paternelles basées sur la figure du père. Tous ces garçons ont perçu le père comme une figure de protection et huit enfants sur dix ont exprimé verbalement leur attachement à ce dernier. Un enfant de type évitant (type A) n’a pas évoqué la figure du père dans son jeu. Ce père était rarement à la maison pour s’occuper de son garçon. Enfin, le dernier enfant, de type ambivalent (un enfant particulièrement agressif de type C), a présenté dans son jeu des interactions négatives avec le père et ce, tout au long des sessions de jeu symbolique. Il appert ainsi que le jeu symbolique permet à l’enfant de projeter des représentations de la figure paternelle. Ces représentations sont en lien avec le type d’attachement que l’enfant détient au moment de l’évaluation. / This research was inspired by the work of John Bowlby on infant attachment and the psychoanalytic writings of Freud and Winnicott on the father figure. Three objectives were formulated for this exploratory study; a) Will the young preschool boy spontaneously project his paternal representations in the context of a series of symbolic free play sessions? b) If so, what is the nature of the paternal representations? c) Is there a relationship between the type of attachment as evaluated with a standardized instrument and the paternal representation projected into the free play sessions? Ten four year old boys were filmed in their own homes and in the daycare setting during an average of four sessions each for a total of two and a half hours. The type of attachment was evaluated with the Attachment Story Completion Task. The results showed that all of the boys were capable of projecting paternal representations onto the father figures. All of the children perceived these figures as a source of protection and eight out of ten verbally expressed their attachment to them. One insecure boy (type A) did not invoke the father figure in his play and in real life his father was rarely at home. The remaining insecure boy (a very angry type C) showed consistent negative interaction with the father figure throughout the sessions. It seems that the symbolic play allow the child to project adequatly the representation of the father figure. These representations are linked to the attachment type that the children possessed at the moment of the evaluation.

Cette recherche a été inspirée par les travaux de John Bowlby sur l’attachement ainsi que par les écrits psychanalytiques de Sigmund Freud et de Donald Winnicott sur le développement de la relation père-garçon. Trois objectifs ont été formulés dans la présente étude : A) Les jeunes garçons d’âge préscolaire pourraient-ils projeter, à travers quelques sessions de jeu symbolique libre, leurs représentations paternelles? B) S’ils les projettent, quelle est la nature de ces représentations paternelles? C) Existe-t-il une relation entre le type d’attachement (évalué par un instrument standard) et les représentations paternelles projetées dans le jeu symbolique libre? Dix garçons de quatre ans ont été filmés à la maison et dans une garderie pendant, en moyenne, quatre sessions totalisant par enfant, une durée moyenne de deux heures trente minutes de jeu symbolique. Le type d’attachement a été évalué à l’aide de l’Attachment Story Completion Task. Les résultats démontrent que l’ensemble des garçons ont été en mesure de projeter des représentations paternelles basées sur la figure du père. Tous ces garçons ont perçu le père comme une figure de protection et huit enfants sur dix ont exprimé verbalement leur attachement à ce dernier. Un enfant de type évitant (type A) n’a pas évoqué la figure du père dans son jeu. Ce père était rarement à la maison pour s’occuper de son garçon. Enfin, le dernier enfant, de type ambivalent (un enfant particulièrement agressif de type C), a présenté dans son jeu des interactions négatives avec le père et ce, tout au long des sessions de jeu symbolique. Il appert ainsi que le jeu symbolique permet à l’enfant de projeter des représentations de la figure paternelle. Ces représentations sont en lien avec le type d’attachement que l’enfant détient au moment de l’évaluation. / This research was inspired by the work of John Bowlby on infant attachment and the psychoanalytic writings of Freud and Winnicott on the father figure. Three objectives were formulated for this exploratory study; a) Will the young preschool boy spontaneously project his paternal representations in the context of a series of symbolic free play sessions? b) If so, what is the nature of the paternal representations? c) Is there a relationship between the type of attachment as evaluated with a standardized instrument and the paternal representation projected into the free play sessions? Ten four year old boys were filmed in their own homes and in the daycare setting during an average of four sessions each for a total of two and a half hours. The type of attachment was evaluated with the Attachment Story Completion Task. The results showed that all of the boys were capable of projecting paternal representations onto the father figures. All of the children perceived these figures as a source of protection and eight out of ten verbally expressed their attachment to them. One insecure boy (type A) did not invoke the father figure in his play and in real life his father was rarely at home. The remaining insecure boy (a very angry type C) showed consistent negative interaction with the father figure throughout the sessions. It seems that the symbolic play allow the child to project adequatly the representation of the father figure. These representations are linked to the attachment type that the children possessed at the moment of the evaluation.