This study examines the finale of Beethoven's choral symphony and focuses on its inspirations and aims to invoke critical theories involving genre, namely genre's "horizon of expectation", and lead to an enriched perspective that points toward a number of compelling aspects of the Choral Finale overlooked by previous commentators.

Ce mémoire en recherche-création comporte deux volets. Le premier volet, théorique, se penche sur les gestes de fictionnalisation intérieurs au cinéma documentaire, et notamment au cœur des symphonies urbaines L’homme à la caméra (1929) de Dziga Vertov et Amsterdam Global Village (1996) de Johan van der Keuken. Le deuxième volet, pratique, consiste en une symphonie de la ville de Montréal, YT Remix, qui se présente comme une forme particulière d’ekphrasis de l’image du monde créée par Yves Thériault dans ses romans. Les plus fréquentes définitions du documentaire indiquent le caractère non fictionnel de ce genre cinématographique, l’absence des comédiens professionnels et la présentation des événements réels. Ce sont, en essence, les principes énoncés par John Grierson en 1932, dans First Principles of Documentary. En pratique, on constate que la majorité des grandes œuvres documentaires font preuve de la précarité des limites entre la documentation du réel et sa fictionnalisation. Comme le fait remarquer Jean-Luc Godard, « Tous les grands films de fiction tendent au documentaire, comme tous les grands documentaires tendent à la fiction » (1985, p. 14). C’est le recours à la fictionnalité révélatrice de la vérité qui est évoqué à la fin du (faux) documentaire F for Fake (1975). En citant Picasso, Orson Welles conclut : « L'art est un mensonge qui nous fait comprendre la vérité ». Johan van der Keuken, le cinéaste qui nous a influencés le plus dans le choix de notre stratégie de création et à qui nous consacrons un chapitre de notre mémoire de maîtrise, a abordé lui aussi la question de la pureté des genres cinématographiques. Dans un entretien pour les Cahiers du cinéma de 1978, en évoquant l’opposition entre documentaire et fiction comme l’un des grands pièges auxquels il se heurtait au moment de l’inscription de ses films aux festivals, le réalisateur hollandais a affirmé que « tout film consciemment travaillé au niveau de la forme est un film de fiction » (Daney et Fargier 1978, p. 19). Ainsi, l’une des questions directrices de notre recherche-création est celle de la justesse d’une définition, assez réductionniste, qui exclut toutes les traces de la fictionnalité dans le documentaire. / This master’s study in research-creation is twofold. The first part, theoretical, refers to internal forms of fictionalization in documentary cinema, including the city symphonies Man with a Movie Camera (1929) by Dziga Vertov and Amsterdam Global Village (1996) by Johan van der Keuken. The second part, practical, is a Montreal city symphony, YT Remix, conceived as a special form of ekphrasis of the image of the world created by Yves Thériault in his novels. The most common documentary definitions indicate the non-fictional character of this cinematic genre, the absence of professional actors and the presentation of real events. These are, in essence, the principles enunciated by John Grierson in 1932, in First Principles of Documentary. In practice, we find that most major documentary works demonstrate the precarious boundaries between fiction and documentation of the real. As noted by Jean-Luc Godard, "All great fiction films tend towards the documentary just as all great documentaries tend toward fiction" (1985, p. 14). The possibility of fiction to reveal the truth is evoked at the end of the (fake) documentary F for Fake (1975). Quoting Picasso, Orson Welles concludes: "Art is a lie that makes us realize the truth." Johan van der Keuken, the filmmaker who has influenced us the most in the choice of our creation strategy (and to whom we devote a chapter in our master's thesis), has also addressed the question of the purity of cinematic genres. In an interview for the Cahiers du cinéma (1978), he considered the opposition between documentary and fiction as one of the biggest challenges he faced during film festivals registrations. In the same interview, the Dutch director stated that "every movie with a consciously elaborated form is, in fact, fiction" (Daney and Fargier 1978, p. 19). Thus, one of the leading questions in conducting our research-creation is about the accuracy of definition, rather reductionist, which excludes all fiction traces in documentaries.

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Ce mémoire porte sur la Symphonie en ré de César Franck, une œuvre écrite entre 1887 et 1888 et créée en 1889. Plus précisément, nous nous intéressons à l’organisation du matériau unificateur de cette œuvre tout en observant les problèmes que pose l’approche cyclique développée par Vincent d’Indy. Nous faisons ainsi valoir les apports et avantages à adopter plutôt la transformation thématique, une méthodologie fortement associée à l’œuvre de Franz Liszt. Théorisée en 1909 au sein du Cours de composition musicale, la forme cyclique exerce une emprise dominante dans la littérature musicologique s’intéressant à l’analyse de l’œuvre de César Franck. Nous mettons en lumière des biais idéologiques et nationalistes du discours de Vincent d’Indy visant à promouvoir la supériorité légitime des compositeurs français sur les Allemands en développant une conception de l’excellence fondée sur des métaphores chrétiennes (la trinité, la cathédrale gothique). Cette argumentation a pour effet néfaste de gommer des données historiographiques importantes telles que les échanges culturels s’établissant de part et d’autre du Rhin ou encore les contacts significatifs qu’ont entretenus César Franck et Franz Liszt. Cette recherche permet ainsi de nuancer la théorie de d’Indy et d’enrichir la perspective analytique de la Symphonie de César Franck en la remettant dans son contexte sociohistorique. L’étude de la transformation thématique a l’avantage de prendre en compte la dimension expressive des thèmes de la Symphonie en plus de la notion d’unité inhérente à l’œuvre et aide à approfondir les affinités musicales qui rapprochent Franck et Liszt. / This thesis focuses on César Franck's Symphony in D, a work written between 1887 and 1888, and premiered in 1889. More precisely, we are interested in the organization of the unifying material of this work while observing the problems posed by the cyclical approach developed by Vincent d'Indy. We thus highlight the contributions and advantages of adopting thematic transformation instead, a methodology strongly associated with the work of Franz Liszt. Theorized in 1909 as part of the “Cours de composition musicale”, the cyclical form exerts a hegemonic hold in the musicological literature interested in the analysis of the work of César Franck. We highlight the ideological and nationalist biases of Vincent d’Indy’s speech, aimed at promoting the legitimate superiority of French composers over the Germans by developing a conception of excellence based on Christian metaphors (the Trinity, the Gothic cathedral). This argument has the detrimental effect of erasing important historiographical data such as the cultural crosscurrent taking place on both sides of the Rhine or the significant contacts that César Franck and Franz Liszt maintained. This research thus makes it possible to qualify d’Indy’s theory and enrich the analytical perspective of César Franck’s Symphony by placing it in its socio-historical contexts. The study of the thematic transformation has the advantage to consider the expressive dimension of the themes of the Symphony while focusing on the unity of the piece, and helps deepen the musical affinities that bring Franck and Liszt close together.

När symfoniorkestrar lägger program för nästa säsongs konsertserier finns det många saker att tänka på. De konstnärliga ledarna har sina idéer, musikerna har sina idéer, det finns krav från politiken, sponsorer: många saker påverkar hur man bestämmer det som kommer att spelas på konserthuset, och som publiken kommer att höra och se. I den här intervjustudien kommer jag att gå in på vad som ligger bakom två orkestrars konstnärliga ledningars beslut kring konsertprogram. I den här studien har jag använd mig av metoden grundad teori: teorin grundas direkt ur data. Jag kom fram till att orkestrarnas programläggning påverkas av ett samspel av politiska och ekonomiska faktorer, varav den viktigaste är ekonomin. / When the management of a symphony orchestra makes the planning of the coming season, they have plenty of factors to take into consideration. The artistic leaders have certain ideals and ideas, there is the demands from the government and sponsors: there are many factors that influence the decision making, what the audience will hear and see. In this interview study I will investigate the decision making of two orchestras artistic managements: Which are the ideas behind their decisions? The method and theory I used is grounded theory. The planning of the concert season is influenced by a combination of political and economical factors, of which economical factors play a major role.

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[ES] Los públicos de las orquestas sinfónicas son la parte fundamental que da sentido y que permite la continuidad de estas entidades culturales. Esta investigación pretende analizar a los públicos interesados en las propuestas culturales que interpretan las orquestas sinfónicas, así como a las propias entidades respecto a la gestión y comunicación que desarrollan sus responsables mediante acciones que propician la conexión entre entidad y público. El análisis que se presenta se enfoca desde tres aspectos fundamentales de estudio: las características, gustos y preferencias de los públicos de las orquestas sinfónicas, el personal responsable de la gestión de las entidades y las iniciativas que diseñan en relación con la programación y la comunicación. De este modo, se pretende responder a la pregunta de si los responsables de gestionar las orquestas sinfónicas conocen a sus públicos y llevan a cabo la gestión de la entidad teniendo en cuenta ese conocimiento. Si bien los públicos de las orquestas sinfónicas es un concepto muy amplio y puede hacer referencia a multitud de posibilidades, en este estudio se hace referencia únicamente a los públicos de la cultura como principales interesados en disfrutar de propuestas de diversa índole cultural y los abonados de las propias entidades como asistentes habituales a las propuestas que se programan cada temporada. El estudio se concentra en dos grandes bloques, en el primero de éstos se lleva a cabo un análisis descriptivo de la orquesta sinfónica, el público musical, la situación de la música clásica en España y la comunicación cultural. Y en el segundo bloque se realiza un trabajo empírico que busca recabar información acerca de los públicos de la cultura y abonados de las orquestas sinfónicas, la programación de estas entidades culturales respecto a una temporada musical, los equipos de gestión y personal que las forman, el punto de vista de expertos en los públicos de la cultura y comunicación cultural y la comunicación que realizan estas organizaciones. / [CA] Els públics de les orquestres simfòniques són la part fonamental que dona sentit i que permet la continuïtat d'aquestes entitats culturals. Aquesta investigació pretén analitzar als públics interessats en les propostes culturals que interpreten les orquestres simfòniques, així com a les pròpies entitats respecte a la gestió i comunicació que desenvolupen els seus responsables mitjançant accions que propicien la connexió entre entitat i públic. L'anàlisi que es presenta s'enfoca des de tres aspectes fonamentals d'estudi: les característiques, gustos i preferències dels públics de les orquestres simfòniques, el personal responsable de la gestió de les entitats i les iniciatives que dissenyen en relació amb la programació i la comunicació. D'aquesta manera, es pretén respondre a la pregunta de si els responsables de gestionar les orquestres simfòniques coneixen als seus públics i duen a terme la gestió de l'entitat tenint en compte aqueix coneixement. Si bé els públics de les orquestres simfòniques és un concepte molt ampli i pot fer referència a multitud de possibilitats, en aquest estudi es fa referència únicament als públics de la cultura com a principals interessats a gaudir de propostes de diversa índole cultural i els abonats de les pròpies entitats com a assistents habituals a les propostes que es programen cada temporada. L'estudi es concentra en dos grans blocs, en el primer d'aquests es duu a terme una anàlisi descriptiva de l'orquestra simfònica, el públic musical, la situació de la música clàssica a Espanya i la comunicació cultural. I en el segon bloc es fa un treball empíric que busca recaptar informació sobre els públics de la cultura i abonats de les orquestres simfòniques, la programació d'aquestes entitats culturals respecte a una temporada musical, els equips de gestió i personal que les formen, el punt de vista d'experts en els públics de la cultura i comunicació cultural i la comunicació que realitzen aquestes organitzacions. / [EN] The audiences of symphony orchestras are the fundamental part that gives meaning and allows the continuity of these cultural entities. This research aims to analyze the audiences interested in the cultural proposals performed by symphony orchestras, as well as the entities themselves with respect to the management and communication developed by their leaders through actions that promote the connection between the entity and the audience. The analysis presented here is approached from three fundamental aspects of study: the characteristics, tastes and preferences of the audiences of symphony orchestras, the personnel responsible for the management of the entities and the initiatives they design in relation to programming and communication. In this way, the aim is to answer the question of whether those responsible for managing symphony orchestras know their audiences and carry out the management of the entity taking this knowledge into account. Although the audiences of symphony orchestras is a very broad concept and can refer to a multitude of possibilities, in this study reference is made only to cultural audiences as the main ones interested in enjoying proposals of different cultural nature and the subscribers of the entities themselves as regular attendees to the proposals programmed each season. The study is concentrated in two large blocks, in the first of which a descriptive analysis of the symphony orchestra, the musical public, the situation of classical music in Spain and cultural communication is carried out. And in the second block an empirical work is carried out that seeks to gather information about the cultural audiences and subscribers of symphony orchestras, the programming of these cultural entities with respect to a musical season, the management teams and personnel that form them, the point of view of experts in cultural audiences and cultural communication and the communication carried out by these organizations. / Oropesa Mateos, C. (2023). Los públicos de las orquestas sinfónicas españolas: un estudio sobre el vínculo entre entidad y públicos [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/200380

It is now broadly accepted that Vaughan Williams's music betrays a more complex relation to national influences than has traditionally been assumed. It is argued in this thesis that despite the trends towards revisionism that have characterized recent work, Vaughan Williams's interest in and engagement with English folk materials and cultures remains only partially understood. Offering contextual interpretation of materials newly available in the field, my work takes as its point of departure the critical neglect surrounding Vaughan Williams's contradictory compositional debut, in which he denounced the value of folk song in English art music in an article published alongside his song 'Linden Lea', subtitled 'A Dorset Folk Song'. Reconstructing the under-documented years of the composer's early career, it is demonstrated that Vaughan Williams's subsequent 'conversion' and lifelong attachment to folk song emerged as part of a broader concern with the intelligible and participatory quality of song and its performance by the human voice. As such, it is argued that the ways in which this composer theorized an idea of 'song' illuminate a powerful perspective from which to re-consider the propositions of his project for a national music. Locating Vaughan Williams's writings within contemporaneous cultural ideas and practices surrounding 'song', 'voice', and 'Englishness', this work brings such contexts into dialogue with readings of various of the composer's works, composed both before and after the First World War. It is demonstrated in this way that the rehabilitation of Vaughan Williams's music and reputation profitably proceeds by reconstructing a complex dialogue between his writings; between various cultural ideas and practices of English music; between the reception of his works by contemporaneous critics; and crucially, by considering the propositions of his music as explored through analysis. Ultimately, this thesis contends that Vaughan Williams's music often betrays a complex and self-conscious performance of cultural ideas of national identity, negotiating an optimistic or otherwise ambivalent relationship to an English musical tradition that is constructed and referenced through a particular idea of song.

Performance practice is a term familiar to serious musicians. For the performer, this means assimilating and applying all the education and training that has been pursued in a course of study. Performance practice entails many aspects such as development of the craft of performing on the instrument, comprehensive knowledge of pertinent literature, score study and listening to recordings, study of instruments of the period, notation and articulation practices of the time, and issues of tempo and dynamics. The orchestral literature of Eastern Europe, especially Germany and Russia, from the mid-nineteenth century through the mid-twentieth century provides some of the most significant and musically challenging parts for the tuba. The works of Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev, and Dmitri Shostakovich, along with their orchestral contemporaries, represents a significant portion of this literature. This study examines a seminal work in the orchestral genre from each of these three Russian composers. The role of the tuba in each work is discussed. Excerpts of the tuba part are examined in terms of performance issues such as range, rhythm, phrasing, and scoring. Comparisons and contrasts are drawn as to how each composer used the tuba and the effectiveness of the utilization.