Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學. / Manuscript. / Includes bibliographical references(leaves 314-326). / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue. / Chapter 一 --- 緒論 / Chapter 二 --- 官辦時期 / Chapter ´¡　 --- 漢陽鐵廠創辦的目的和經過 / Chapter 1 --- 張之洞創辦漢陽鐵廠的目的 / Chapter 2 --- 鐵廠創辦的經過 / Chapter ´Ł　 --- 燃料問題 / Chapter ´Ø　 --- 機器問題 / Chapter ´Ð　 --- 廠址問題 / Chapter 三 --- 官督商辦時期 / Chapter ´¡　 --- 鐵廠改歸官督商辦的經過 / Chapter ´Ł　 --- 燃料問題的解決´Ð萍鄉煤礦的開採 / Chapter ´Ø　 --- 與日本簽訂預借生鐵礦石價值合同的經過和影響 / Chapter ´Ð --- 機器設備的改良和擴充 / Chapter ´Þ --- 新廠址的建議 / Chapter 四 --- 商辦時期 / Chapter ´¡　 --- 清末 / Chapter 1 --- 漢治萍煤鐵廠研的合併 / Chapter 2 --- 股本的籌集 / Chapter 3 --- 經營概況 / Chapter ´Ł　 --- 民初 / Chapter 1 --- 中中合辦的問題 / Chapter 2 --- 省有問題 / Chapter 3 --- 國有問題 / Chapter 4 --- 官商合辦的問題 / Chapter ´Ø　 --- 歐戰時期 / Chapter 1 --- 歐戰對漢治萍公司的影響 / Chapter 2 --- 廿一條與漢治萍公司 / Chapter ´Ð　 --- 歐戰以後 / Chapter 1 --- 漢治萍公司的波落 / Chapter 2 --- 波落後的漢治萍公司 / Chapter 五 --- 漢治萍公司失敗的原因 / Chapter ´¡　 --- 計畫不周 / Chapter ´Ł　 --- 經營不善 / Chapter ´Ø　 --- 用人不當 / Chapter ´Ð --- 環境不良 / Chapter ´Þ --- 成本高昂 / Chapter 六 --- 總結

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:11:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula P T Caetano 2.pdf: 4372875 bytes, checksum: b5eda892daea23dd9f2cf33a7a4045c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The simulation results obtained using three models which minimize the distribution system reliability indexes and investment through sectionalizing switches allocation and/ or installation of tie lines are presented in this work. This is a problem with conflicting goals that were simultaneously minimized through a multi-objective Genetic Algorithm (Non- Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II - NSGA II), seeking trade-off solutions between investment costs and network reliability. As constraints, the continuity indexes (DEC and FEC) and the power flow of the system were considered. The three models presented have two objective functions, being the first one the investment cost (CINV) of allocated equipment. The second function is one of three reliability indexes: Cost of Energy not Supplied (CENS), DEC and FEC. In the first model (CINV and CENS), results with higher quantities of sectionalizing switches allocation were found, so it was the model which presented higher investment costs. In the second model (CINV and DEC) results presenting lower values for the DEC were found, comparing with the first model, and lower investment cost, but the total cost were similar to those of the first model, since it has an increased CENS. The third model (CINV and FEC) was the model which allocated less sectionalizing switches and presented lower investment costs, since the allocation of these devices do not influence the minimization of FEC, only the allocation of tie lines change the system configuration influencing the FEC. All results obtained through the models met the expectations of finding a set of diverse solution considering the constraints. / Neste trabalho foram apresentados e analisados os resultados obtidos de três modelos matemáticos que minimizam indicadores de confiabilidade do sistema de distribuição e custo de investimento através da alocação de chaves seccionadoras e/ou instalação de ramais de interconexão. Trata-se de um problema com objetivos conflitantes que foram minimizados simultaneamente através de um algoritmo genético multiobjetivo (Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II NSGA II), buscando soluções com bons compromissos (trade-off) entre o custo de investimento e a confiabilidade da rede. Foram considerados como restrições os indicadores de continuidade (DEC e FEC) e o fluxo de potência do sistema. Os três modelos apresentados possuem duas funções objetivos, uma das funções representa o custo de investimento (CINV) dos equipamentos alocados e a outra função é um indicador de confiabilidade, sendo que foram adotados o custo de energia não suprida (CENS) e os indicadores DEC e FEC respectivamente ao primeiro, segundo e terceiro modelo. No primeiro modelo (CENS e CINV) foram encontrados resultados com maior quantidade de alocação de chaves, deste modo foi o modelo que apresentou maiores custos de investimentos. No segundo modelo (DEC e CINV) foram encontrados resultados com menores valores para o DEC em relação ao primeiro modelo e com menor custo de investimento, porém com custo total aproximados dos valores do primeiro modelo, visto que tiveram um aumento do CENS. O terceiro modelo (FEC e CINV) foi o modelo que menos alocou chaves seccionadoras e apresentou menores custos de investimento, uma vez que a alocação destes dispositivos não influencia na minimização do FEC, somente a alocação dos ramais de interconexão que alteram a configuração do sistema influenciando no FEC. Todos os resultados obtidos nos modelos atenderam às expectativas de encontrar um conjunto de solução diversificado respeitando as restrições impostas.

Concrete deep beams with small shear span-to-depth (a/d) ratios are common elements in structures. However, there are few experimental results on the behaviour of FRP reinforced concrete deep beams and no specific modelling techniques exist in design codes for such members. The objectives of this study were to examine the shear behaviour of FRP reinforced concrete deep beams containing no web reinforcement and to develop a modelling technique. Test results of 12 large-scale specimens are reported where the primary variables included the a/d ratio, reinforcement ratio, member height, and concrete strength. The results showed that an arch mechanism was able to form in FRP reinforced concrete beams having a/d 2.1. A strut and tie modelling procedure adapted from CSA A23.3-04 was capable of accurately predicting the capacity of FRP reinforced concrete deep beams containing no web reinforcement while sectional shear models gave poor, but conservative, predictions. / Structural Engineering

Die Saalebrücke bei Alsleben ist ein Bauwerk mit bewegter Geschichte, die in diesem Buch detailliert rekonstruiert wird. Dabei wird – neben historisch interessanten Fakten – die Sicht vor allem auf die bautechnischen Details gelegt. So wird am Anfang die Entstehung von der ersten Idee bis zur Vergabe beleuchtet, wobei dies einen guten Einblick in die damalige Zeit gibt, in dem die Unterschiede, insbesondere aber auch die eine oder andere Gemeinsamkeit zur heuteigen Zeit aufgezeigt werden. Anschließend wird die zu diesem Zeitpunkt erstmalig verwendete Konstruktionsweise für eine Bogenbrücke mit vorgespanntem Zugband erklärt, die das Bauwerk, nicht nur wegen seines hauptverantwortlichen Planers – Franz Dischinger –, sondern vor allem konstruktiv zu einem besonders Erhaltenswerten macht. Der Bedarf einer Erhaltungsmaßnahme entstand das erste Mal nach dem 2. Weltkrieg, als ein Bogen der Vorlandbrücke des Bauwerkes gesprengt wurde. In der Dokumentation des Wiederaufbaus wird vor allem die Schwierigkeit eines solchen Unterfangens kurz nach Kriegsende deutlich. Aufgrund der lückenhaften Dokumentation und der mangelhaften Bauwerkserhaltung während der DDR-Zeit ist auch das nächste Kapitel in der Geschichte von Erhaltung geprägt. Ausführlich werden die Zustandsermittlung und die darauf folgende grundhafte Instandsetzung des sich in einem desolaten Zustand befindlichen Bauwerks nach der Wiedervereinigung beschrieben. Die sehr detaillierte Dokumentation von der Planung über die Bauausführung bis hin zu den Nacharbeiten infolge von Baumängeln sowie die Kostenaufstellung sind vor allem für fachliche interessierte Leser empfehlenswert.

This explorative study focuses on young, university attending males (22-27 years) and their understanding and pratice of the classic tail coat. It is based on five qvalitatively interpreted interwievs with a total of six participants, and through open questions regarding individuality and identicalness, limits and possibilities and inclusion and exclusion, a masculininty of a less contemporary hue takes shape. These conversations have revealed the tail coats potential of respresenting a male stereotype that can set a foundational and minimal standard for inclusion. Above this layer these males can then manifest and negotiate their masculine position in a homosocial hierarchy which decides the amount of passage, privilieges and confirmation of self- worth received for the wearer. These negotiation is performed by value bearing symbols (such as medallions, cordons and the like) allowed by the wearer and by the actions that systematically ensure that the lines of the tail coat are watched and unbroken. This is to preserve the priviliege of being allowed to deconstruct the unit of the tail coat, as this would be an absolute indication of achievement of the correct masculinity and the surrounding of the right spectators. The guarding of the tail coats limits lies within the tendencies of wanting to correct each other with feelings of either irritation or sympathy, a practice that seem rather unreflected by these men themselves. This pratice could be interpreted as a form of ”subjectfying” performed between these men, collectively and systematically (as well as unreflected) ensuring the image of masculinity remains unflawed. The tail coat allows the somewhat questioned homosociality to stay vital by forming a third gender sphere which is separated from the rules of the public (male) sphere and the private (female), but can still transcend and interact with these. In a society that porgressively have condemned the homosocial practice of men choosing and protecting other men in aspects regarding both work and domesticity, the third gender sphere becomes a sanctuary which can allow this structure to continue. However, these young men also experiences a duality, an awareness of the problems involved with gender exclusive contexts which could be a symptom of this homosocial sphere cracking in its surface. However, the overall experience of the tail coat and its connected contexts seems to be understood as fun and easy, neutral and uncomplicated, and the tail coat itself as an form of ”pavlovian conditioning” on the pleasantries connected to it.

新聞記者的日常工作可視為一資訊蒐集行為，在資訊蒐集的過程中需要運用許多資源，其中，人脈扮演重要角色，然而目前從社會網絡角度出發，關照記者如何運用網絡中所蘊含的資源以協助記者日常新聞資訊蒐集活動的研究卻不多，因此，本研究企圖了解新聞記者在資訊蒐集場域中的人脈網絡樣貌，存在哪些資源類型及如何採取交換策略。 在研究方法與研究對象的選擇上，本研究從個案著手，以一位報社地方記者作為研究對象，藉由參與觀察法及深度訪談蒐集田野資料三十天。 本研究將蒐集而來的資料以量化及質化方法續作分析，繪製兩種網絡圖像，展現新聞中顯見的消息來源以及在蒐集過程中運用的人脈，結果發現許多在過程中取得資源的對象其實隱沒於新聞稿中。 本研究進一步發現，人脈可以提供不同類型的資源，包括一般資訊、珍稀資訊、知識經驗、中介資源、引薦資源以及權力資源，皆有助於記者的新聞資訊蒐集活動，除此之外，強連帶與弱連帶各有其資源優勢，強連帶較常提供珍稀資訊與引薦資源，而弱連帶則最常提供一般性的資訊以及中介性資源。 總括而言，新聞記者的新聞資訊蒐集活動倚靠人脈，但只有少數的人脈會被展現在新聞報導之中，許多人脈的運作隱藏於幕後，且不同連帶關係的人脈對象在過程中提供不同類型的資源與幫助，新聞記者必須辨識並活用之。而為了和不同連帶關係的人脈取得資源，記者會採取不同的社會交換策略。和強連帶的資源交換策略包括給予資訊資源、版面資源、知識資源、中介性資源、服務性資源以及信任性資源，特別的是，平常便會交換情感性資源以維持雙方關係；而面對弱連帶對象，當一般報酬無法滿足對方時，可藉由人脈中當作橋樑影響弱連帶以達成資訊蒐集目的。 / Information gathering is one of the major tasks in journalistic work. Among the resources that journalists employ to gather news, social ties is an important factor that contributes to journalistic work. However, it is rarely known how social network was used as journalistic resources in daily news-gathering activities. This thesis aims to explore the above issues by employing a field study. This field study is based on a case of newspaper reporter who is assigned to local beat in Central Taiwan. The researcher made participatory observation and intensive interviews in a period of 30 days. Data was collected and kept in field journals. The data gathered were analyzed by both quantitative and qualitative methods. Two social graphs were plotted to show how the news sources distributed in both news reported and daily journals. This paper further found that journalist benefits of social ties are quite diverse; social ties not only facilitates gathering of routine information, but also exclusive news, knowledge, experience, referral resources, power and trust. Strong and weak ties also provide different types of resources. In conclusion, journalists contact many social ties in their daily information gathering tasks. Only very few appear on news reporting, while many were hidden behind the scene. These social ties provide reliable aid in news gathering activities. And a journalist has to identify, activate the connections, and make exchanges to get help according to the types of ties and resources needed.

Concrete bridges in Texas have developed large cracks in bent caps and pretensioned trapezoidal bridge girders. The bridges show premature concrete deterioration due to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and delayed ettringite formation (DEF). There is concern that deterioration due to ASR/DEF may lead to a loss of structural capacity. However, there are no quantitative guidelines to relate the level of concrete deterioration due to ASR/DEF to structural performance. Using such guidelines, the need for rehabilitation of beams with ASR/DEF cracking can be assessed. The goal of this research was to determine the shear capacity of pretensioned trapezoidal box girder specimens exhibiting varying degrees of ASR and/or DEF cracking and to use the shear testing results to evaluate the severity of the problem that may exist in Texas bridge structures. To achieve this goal, beams that were severely deteriorated due to ASR/DEF over a period of more than ten years were transported to the University of Texas for testing to failure. Both severely deteriorated and uncracked beams were tested in shear. The test results were used to evaluate the shear performance of trapezoidal box beams affected by ASR/DEF. In addition, three different types of forensic analyses were conducted on the beams to understand the nature of the ASR/DEF cracks and severity of the deterioration. After testing, it is found that the shear capacity of the test specimens was not significantly reduced even with heavy ASR/DEF cracking. Assessment using current US design provisions for bridges or buildings (ACI 318-08 and AASHTO LRFD 2008) and the proposed provision from an earlier project (TxDOT Project 5253) yielded conservative estimates of strength. Results from forensic analyses provided a qualitative indication of ASR/DEF damage but did not correlate with the observed levels of ASR/DEF deterioration. / text

Across the State of Texas and many other areas of the world, relatively young concrete structures have developed signs of premature concrete deterioration. Large cracks form on the surface of the concrete due to expansive forces from alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and delayed-ettringite formation (DEF). The goal of this project is to assess the effect of ASR/DEF on the trapezoidal box beam bridges in the US 59 corridor and Katy Central Business District (CBD) HOV lanes in Houston, TX. Five dapped-end beams were rejected during the casting process and have been in storage at a local precast yard for nearly fifteen years. These beams have been subject to accelerated deterioration and represent the potential severity of the ongoing ASR/DEF distress within the dapped end regions of the in-service trapezoidal box beams. The results from five load tests, corresponding strut-and-tie models, and forensic investigation are used to provide insights into the relationship between the severity of the deterioration and the capacity margin. / text

No description available.

Double taxation could arise in a situation where resident- resident conflicts occur. Resident–resident conflicts occur in the situation where both countries regard such a person as a “resident” for tax purposes under their domestic legislation. For that reason, all income that is earned by that person, irrespective of the jurisdiction it is earned in, will be subject to tax in both countries. In order to resolve these conflicts, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development’s (“OECD’s”) Model Tax Convention contains a tie breaker clause which states that a non-individual shall be deemed to be a resident only of the State in which the ‘place of effective management’ is situated. It was found that although there were conflicting views, the expression ‘place of effective management’ was mainly determined with reference to the place where real management actually makes decisions on key business affairs of the company. Based on the following reasons it was concluded that using ‘place of effective management’ as a tie breaker rule was ineffective. • With improved communication technology and increased mobility of top level management, it makes it very difficult to pinpoint a single location where the ‘place of effective management’ is positioned; • Changes to the generic managerial structures seen in the past, makes it increasingly complex to determine where the ‘place of effective management’ is situated; and • There is no universal interpretation of the term ‘place of effective management’ within the international arena. Against the backdrop that each option for determining the ‘place of effective management, analysed in Chapter 4 had its own flaws, it is almost impossible to determine a company’s residency based on a single test. It was therefore, recommended that the tie breaker rule consist of a hierarchy of the following tests. 1. Deemed to be resident of the country in which place of effective management is situated, as defined by SARS’ interpretation. 2. Deemed to be a resident of the country in which its economic nexus is the strongest. 3. Conflict to be resolved by mutual agreement between the two Contracting States. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tax))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.