This study explores the effectiveness of a technology-focused preservice education program by interviewing practicing teachers who have graduated from the program. The views of the teachers are examined with reference to Darling-Hammond‟s (2006) theoretical framework for teacher education, and Mishra and Koehler‟s (2006) TPCK model. The findings indicate that the teachers who participated in this study value the aspects of their preservice program that they can use in their teaching practice. There is also evidence that a preservice program which is infused with technology enables preservice teachers to adopt new pedagogies using technology into their own teaching practice. The intent of this study is to identify areas where the preservice program may be strengthened and to promote further research into technology integration in preservice education. / UOIT

The purpose of this study was to examine factors supporting college mathematics success. First, effect of a brief high school orientation to mathematical technologies used for college placement testing was examined. Secondly, the voice of participants in this orientation was heard. Finally, bootstrapped orientation data were presented to teachers and instructors of introductory statistics courses as a scaffold to their technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK) as these teachers and instructors strive to actively engage students to achieve college mathematics success. Many entering college students are placed into developmental mathematics classes based on scores from college placement assessments that allow extremely limited use of calculating technology and have various time constraints. Students in a rural central Texas 3A high school that were enrolled in Algebra II course were given pre- and post- tests in Arithmetic and Algebra. Each 20-minute test contained 15 mathematical content questions and one qualitative question. The post-test was given approximately a week after the pre-test. During the week, students were provided time to explore review material using only pencil and paper for the arithmetic review, and a four-function calculator on the algebra review questions. Effects of the orientation were analyzed using mean scores, confidence intervals, effect size, and GLM for whole-group and sub-groups. A paired samples t-test was calculated. These effects were discussed. A case study involving participants of the orientation was conducted. Twelve participants were interviewed after each had entered college. Five themes emerged from these interviews: (1) Knowledge of College Mathematics, (2) Technology and Mathematics, (3) Mathematics Tests/Assessments, (4) Teaching and Learning Mathematics, and (5) Mathematical Experiences, Hopes and Dreams. Each theme is discussed. Using Microsoft Excel, bootstrapping is presented to instructors of first year introductory statistics courses in support of student success as instructors’ technological pedagogical content knowledge is developed. A course project demonstrating and developing application of computational technology by bootstrapping confidence intervals at the 95 % level using Microsoft Excel is presented. Data from the orientation were further analyzed in the bootstrapping project. Confidence intervals were empirically calculated from bootstrapped resamples of the mean. The number of resamples used was 250 at each of three levels: Over-sampling, at-sampling, and under-sampling. Graphs of bootstrapped confidence intervals, using the Rule of Eye 4, showed statistically significant differences between pre-test and post-test scores for all pairs of data sets.

Technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) is the knowledge required for effective technology integration in teaching. In this study, New Zealand high school science teachers’ TPACK was assessed through an online survey. The data and its analysis revealed that New Zealand’s high school science teachers in general had a high perception of their understanding of TPACK and its related constructs. Science teachers had high mean scores on all the constructs on a five- point Likert scale except technological knowledge. There is thus an indication that science teachers in New Zealand perceived themselves as being able to teach with technology effectively. Correlation analysis revealed that all six constructs correlated significantly with TPACK (also referred to as TPCK). Multiple and stepwise regression analyses revealed that Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK) and Technological Content Knowledge (TCK) made statistically significant unique contributions to Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK). Pre-registered teachers indicated that their levels of TCK and Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) were lower than more experienced teachers. This implied that recently graduated teachers found it difficult to appropriate the affordances of technology to affect the content they taught. Also, these recently graduated teachers lacked the experience to represent content in a format that made it comprehensible to their learners. The contextual factors that influenced teachers’ use of technology as well as teachers’ TPACK levels were investigated through multiple embedded case studies of six teachers who were regular users of technology in their teaching. The case studies revealed that science teachers used technology to support inquiry learning in a wide range of ways in lower levels of high school but mostly to clarify concepts and theories when it came to the senior level of high school. Teachers demonstrated different levels of expertise and engagement in the use of technology for transferring different types of knowledge from one teaching and learning context to another and for addressing differences amongst learners. This signalled that science teachers’ TPACK apparent developmental levels shifted depending on the context of the assessment requirements of the students. This is a major finding in this study because although previous researchers have assumed that context influences teachers’ TPACK characteristics and development, this study provides evidence of how specific aspects of context influences teachers’ TPACK. This evidence shows examples of how the development of an individual’s TPACK can be considered as dynamic where the interacting constructs and characteristics shift and change based on the context. The recommendations from this study propose that teacher education programmes should ensure that there is a focus on teaching preservice teachers how to appropriate the affordances of technology to teach specific content instead of teaching one technology skills based course. The evidence from this study indicates that teachers in New Zealand schools use collegial approaches in the use of technology. Therefore professional learning programmes should target groups of teachers in the same school or cluster of schools rather than targeting individual teachers. This will enable teachers to share ideas and provide leadership for their colleagues in terms of how to use technology. Again, technology related professional development programmes should move away from enriching teachers’ technological skills to emphasising how teachers can appropriate the affordances of technology in their classroom practices to meet their instructional goals as well as students’ learning outcomes. There is a consequent obligation for teacher educators, educationists and stakeholders to enable teachers to understand how best to harness the increased knowledge retrieval capacity that Information and Communication Technology affords, its information sharing abilities as well as the capacity to engage young people to act as experimenters, designers and creators of knowledge.

Syftet med fallstudien var att ta reda på hur en lärare arbetar med att integrera IKT-verktyg i matematikundervisningen och hur lärarens kunskaper synliggörs vid skapandet av IKT-integrerad undervisning. Metoderna som användes för att besvara forskningsfrågorna var av kvalitativ karaktär och bestod av lektionsobservationer och semistrukturerade intervjuer med en lärare på mellanstadiet. Resultatet visade att läraren använde sig av IKT-verktyg för att göra ett annars svårbegripligt ämnesinnehåll mer tydligt för eleverna. Lärarens olika kunskaper samspelade vid skapandet av IKT-integrerad undervisning i enlighet med ramverket ICT-TPCK. En slutsats som drogs av vår fallstudie var att lärare behöver få utbildning i hur IKT-verktyg kan användas på ett pedagogiskt sätt för att lyfta ämnesinnehållet för eleverna. / The purpose of the case study was to investigate how a teacher integrates ICT-tools in mathematics education and which of the teacher’s knowledges are visible during the creation of ICT-integrated education. The methods used to answer the research questions were of qualitative character and contained lesson observations and semi-structured interviews with a middle school teacher. The results showed that the teacher used ICT-tools to make subject content that is hard for pupils to understand, clearer and more comprehensible. The teacher’s different competencies interplayed whilst creating ICT-integrated education in accordance with the framework ICT-TPCK. A conclusion drawn from the case study was that teachers need education in the pedagogical use of ICT-tools to enhance the subject content to the pupils.

In the social studies classroom, using technology, students may gain access to expansive knowledge, broaden their exposure to diverse people and perspectives, and engage in critical thinking activities necessary for citizenship education (Berson, 1996; Berson & Balyta, 2004; Berson & Berson, 2003; Bolick, McGlinn, & Siko, 2005; NCSS, 1994, 2006; Risinger, 1996; Whitworth & Berson, 2003). 21st Century Skills are valuable for students as they examine vast amounts of content relating to historical events, figures, societies, technological growth and examine the relationship of the content to today's global interactions. Research indicates that there remains a call for documentation of exemplary uses beyond that of research and basic presentation tools (Berson & Balyta, 2004; Bolick, McGlinn, & Siko, 2005; Kopkowski, 2006; NCSS, 2006; NEA, 2004; Technology Counts, 2006; U.S. Department of Education, 2004, 2005; Whitworth & Berson, 2003). The continued need for research in the field should address the intersection of content, current effective technology practice, and pedagogy of innovative uses of technology in the classroom while offering a model or steps for use (Berson, 1996; Berson & Balyta, 2004; Berson, Lee, & Stuckart, 2001; Bolick, McGlinn, & Siko, 2005; Braun, 2002; Bull et al., 2007; CUFA Opening Session, 2005; Diem, 2000; Doolittle & Hicks, 2003; McGlinn, 2007; Mishra & Koehler, 2006; NCSS, 2006; Shulman, 1986; Whitworth & Berson, 2003). This study examined the types of technology being used in secondary World History classes and how they are being integrated. The study utilized a mixed-method approach using a survey instrument, Perceptions of Computers and Technology, designed to measure the types of software and integration of technology use in classrooms. Written responses and follow-up of randomly selected cases served to provide complementary data to elaborate and clarify results from the quantitative portions of the analysis (Hogarty, Lang, & Kromrey, 2003; Johnson & Onwuegbuzie, 2004; Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2003).

Läroplanen för ämnet bild redogör för att elever i årskurs 4–6 ska utveckla förmågan att skapabilder samt filmer med digitala tekniker och verktyg. Enligt Skolverket upplever hälften avlärare i grundskolor upplever dock ett kompetensutvecklingsbehov gällande IKT sompedagogiskt verktyg. I förhållande till detta är det intressant att undersöka hur lärare resonerarkring att använda IKT i bildundervisningen.Studiens syfte är att synliggöra lärares attityder till och användning av IKT- verktyg ibildundervisningen. Användningen belyses genom det teoretiska ramverket TechnologicalPedagogical Content Knowledge, vilket synliggör lärares kunskaper kring en adekvatundervisning med teknik, pedagogik och ämnesinnehåll.Metodredskapet i studien utgörs av kvalitativa intervjuer med bildlärare inom årskurs 4–6.Genom ramverket belyses respondenternas erfarenheter och uppfattningar kring att användaIKT-verktyg i undervisningen. Materialet bearbetas och analyseras utifrån ramverketskategorier, vilket visar hur de samspelar och påverkar varandra, då samtliga aspekter behövsvid hög grad av TPCK.Tillgången till IKT- redskap uppfattas som god på samtliga av lärarnas arbetsplatser. Deuppfattar dock den egna digitala kompetensen som låg gällande hur IKT kan användas sompedagogiskt verktyg, framförallt när elever ska arbeta med digital bild- och filmframställning.Lärarnas Technological Knowledge, påverkar därmed deras uppfyllelse av ramverkets andraaspekter. Med tanke på att digital bild- och filmframställning framställs som enämneskunskap i läroplanen, samt att den utförs med hjälp av IKT-verktyg, kan digitalakunskaper ses som en dold ämneskunskap. Då lärare idag kan ses som digitala immigranter,är det viktigt att sträva mot integration i de digitala infödingarnas värld.

This report describes the design, development, implementation, and evaluation of a web-based unit that was designed to enable blended learning in a course for pre-service teachers learning about technology integration. The unit aims to teach students about the TPCK (Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge) framework and how to incorporate it in their teaching designs to make their instruction more effective. The report describes the process of design and development using the rapid prototyping technique. The evaluation section describes the results of the implementation of the design. Finally, the conclusion provides a critique of the project's strengths and weaknesses.

This essay examines the possibilities for the use of ICT for learning in the subject of history. By interviewing history teachers in upper secondary school about their experiences and thoughts regarding the subjects of learning, history and ICT, as well as the relations there between, based on Mishra and Koehlers TPACK model, I come to the conclusion that ICT may enhance learning in history. I also conclude that ICT may create new learning environments in history, where knowledge may or may not grow. The more unique ways of using ICT in history, compared to other school subjects, appears to be the possibility of using a variety of new sources, for example digitized primary sources from archives, that perhaps will motivate students, and make it possible to work from a con- structivistic point of view in history. Other unique possibilities are to satisfy the need of concretizing and visualizing the history being taught, by using a broad range of different media when presenting it.

This study aimed to realize the relationship between the teacher educators¡¦ educational technology role modeling impact and the development of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK) of preschool teachers in Taiwan. Quantitative Data was collected from a sample of 335 in-service preschool teachers who teach in either public schools or private schools in southern Taiwan. Follow-up interviews were also conducted with five survey respondents. The instrument was translated and adapted from Schmidt et al. (2009) TPCK survey instrument. The five modeling technology uses by teacher educators were identified from the related literature. Data analysis methods included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and MANOVA. In addition, a multiple regression was conducted with the preschool teachers¡¦ self-assessed TPCK as the dependent variable, and the five modeling technology uses by the teacher educators the potential predictors. Findings from the study summarized as follows: (a)The development of preschool teachers¡¦ pedagogical knowledge(PK), content knowledge(CK) and pedagogical content knowledge(PCK) are the best among the seven knowledge sub domains in TPCK.(b)The number of years of teaching experience is significantly positively correlated with preschool teachers¡¦ pedagogical knowledge (PK), content knowledge ( CK)and pedagogical content knowledge(PCK). Besides, preschool teachers with over ten years of teaching experience have better self-assessed pedagogical knowledge(PK), content knowledge(CK)and pedagogical content knowledge(PCK) are better than those teachers with less than ten years of teaching experience.(c)A significant positive correlation was found between pedagogical knowledge(PK),and pedagogical content knowledge(PCK) and age; however, a significant negative correlation existed with technology knowledge(TK) and age. Older preschool teachers¡¦ self-assessed pedagogical knowledge(PK) is better than younger teachers while the young preschool teachers have a better self-assessed technology knowledge(TK).(d)The frequency of using information technology is significantly positively correlated with pedagogical knowledge(PK), technology knowledge(TK), content knowledge(CK), technological content knowledge(TCK) and technological pedagogical knowledge(TPK).Preschool teachers with a frequency of using information technology above 20 hours a week have better self-assessed technology knowledge(TK) and technological content knowledge(TCK) than those with a frequency under 5 hours a week.(e)There are no significant differences between responding preschool teachers¡¦ different college teacher education program types and the development of their self-assessed TPCK. (f) A significant positive correlation was found between teacher educators¡¦ educational technology role modeling and the respondents¡¦ self-assessed TPCK. (g) Digital teaching strategy is the most significant predictor to development of core element- technological pedagogical content knowledge(TPCK). Recommendations were also provided based on the findings from this study. It¡¦s recommended that the teacher education programs should incorporate technology components in their teacher preparation programs for preschool teachers and integrate technology across the curriculum instead of a stand-alone technology course. Besides, the design of mentoring program into the professional development should be incorporated to include both the older and younger generations for reciprocal mentoring to promote preschool teachers¡¦ development of technological pedagogical content knowledge.

This qualitative case study investigates whether technological, pedagogical and content knowledge (TPCK) is balanced and integrated in Chinese language classrooms. Three expert Chinese teachers in technology-enhanced classrooms, as well as their students, were observed and studied. Four and a half months of data were collected in the form of classroom observations, interviews, reflective journals, and document analysis. Four basic findings were derived from the study. First, the TPCK framework reflected an observable instructional process for communication between teachers and students. However, teachers did not knowingly integrate technology, pedagogy and content in technology-enhanced classrooms. Second, content was the focal point during the course preparation process, and teachers did not consciously attempt to negotiate a balance between technology, pedagogy, and content. Third, students preferred human interaction with teachers and individualized learning with teachers' assistance in technology-enhanced learning environments. Fourth, educational context and culture did influence the way that teachers taught, selected content, and employed technology.