Em meados do século XIX, o Império do Brasil buscou acompanhar avanços tecnológicos na construção e operação de navios de guerra, trazidos pela propulsão a vapor e pelos avanços na artilharia, que em breve culminaram no desenvolvimento do encouraçado na Europa e de seu primeiro emprego operacional, na Guerra Civil dos Estados Unidos (1861-1865). Combinadas essas necessidades militares e tecnológicas com uma política mais ativa do Império nas questões dos estados platinos, ao início da Guerra da Tríplice Aliança (1864-1870) deu-se um primeiro surto de construção naval militar, para atender às demandas de guerra, que incluíam a construção de encouraçados para operações fluviais, empregando os meios tecnológicos e conhecimentos acumulados desde as iniciativas da década anterior. Cerca de dez anos após o final da guerra, iniciou-se outro surto de construção naval militar, embora sem uma urgência bélica estabelecida, e sim uma perceptível defasagem tecnológica em relação aos navios que se construíam em países de industrialização avançada. Os últimos navios construídos desse segundo surto foram incorporados após a Proclamação da República (1889). O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender as razões que desencadearam esses dois surtos de construção naval militar e que os levaram ao fim, analisando a questão sob o ponto de vista de três fatores interligados: as relações internacionais, as necessidades militares e as necessidades de absorver tecnologia / In the mid-nineteenth century, the Empire of Brazil sought to follow technological advancements in the construction and operation of warships, brought about by steam propulsion and advances in artillery, which soon culminated in the development of the ironclads in Europe and its first operational deployment in the U.S. Civil War (1861-1865). These military and technological needs were combined with a more active policy of the Empire in affairs with the states of the River Plate Basin, and, with the beginning of the War of the Triple Alliance (1864-1870), began a first outbreak of military shipbuilding to meet the war demands, which included the construction of ironclads for riverine operations, employing the technology and knowledge accumulated since the initiatives of the previous decade. About ten years after the end of the war, another outbreak of military shipbuilding began, though without a war urgency established, but a noticeable technological gap in relation to warships built in advanced industrialized countries. The last ships built in this second outbreak wee commissioned after the Proclamation of the Republic (1889). The objective of this work is to understand the reasons that led these two outbreaks of military shipbuilding and finished both, analyzing this problem from the point of view of three interrelated factors: international relations, military needs and the needs of absorbing technology

O conhecimento da base genética dos caracteres é muito importante para orientar os melhoristas quanto às estratégias a serem utilizadas visando uma maior eficiência dos programas de seleção. Para os caracteres quantitativos, o estudo da base genética dos mesmos é geralmente feito através de estimativas de componentes de variância. A maioria dos delineamentos genéticos disponíveis permite estimar a variância genética aditiva e a variância genética dominante. Poucos delineamentos permitem detectar a ocorrência de epistasia e, consequentemente o componente epistático da variância genética. O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar a ocorrência da epistasia em soja utilizando o Delineamento Trialélico Modificado (\"Modified triple test cross). O material genético utilizado compreendeu uma amostra de 30 linhas puras derivadas do cruzamento entre os genitores PI-123439 e PI-239235. As 30 linhas puras foram cruzadas com dois testadores contrastantes para a produção de grãos, denominados L1 e L2, gerando, portanto, 60 cruzamentos. Os cruzamentos foram autofecundados, a fim de multiplicar as sementes para a realização dos experimentos, obtendo-se, portanto, a geração F2 dos 60 cruzamentos. No ano agrícola de 2003/2004 os tratamentos foram avaliados em um experimento em blocos ao acaso com 15 repetições, contendo 90 tratamentos, isto é, os 60 cruzamentos, e as 30 linhagens. No ano agrícola de 2004/2005 foi feita uma nova avaliação experimental, de maneira semelhante ao ano anterior, utilizando como tratamentos os \"bulks\" de cada tratamento da geração anterior (geração F3). Em todos os casos as parcelas experimentais foram constituídas de uma linha de dois metros, com espaçamento entre linhas de 0,50 metros, contendo 35 plantas no estande ideal. Foram avaliados os seguintes caracteres: produção de grãos (PG), altura da planta no florescimento (AF), altura da planta na maturação (AM), dias para o florescimento (DF) e dias para a maturação (DM). Os dados experimentais foram submetidos às análises de variância e em seguida a uma análise genética, segundo o Delineamento Trialélico Modificado, que foi adaptado para as gerações F2 e F3. Os resultados indicaram a ocorrência de epistasia para PG, DF e DM, mas não para AF. Quanto ao caráter AM, não foi possível tirar conclusões, sendo necessário mais estudos. Estes resultados indicam que as estimativas de variâncias genéticas aditivas e dominantes para caracteres como PG, DF e DM em soja podem ser viesadas, quando não se considera a epistasia no modelo. / The understanding of the nature of genetic traits is very important in guiding plant breeders in designing strategies aiming to increase efficiency of selection programmes. The study of the genetic basis of quantitative traits is generally done through estimates of variance. The majority of genetic tests currently available permit the estimate of both additive and dominant genetic variance. Few tests detect the occurrence of epistasis and consequently the epistatic component of genetic variance. The objective of this work was to detect the occurrence of epistatis in soybean by using the \"Modified triple test cross\". The genetic material utilized consisted of a sample of 30 pure lines derived from a cross between the genitors PI-123439 and PI239235. The 30 pure lines were crossed with two contrasting test individuals to produce seed, which was denominated L1 and L2, generated from a total of 60 crosses. The progeny were self-crossed to multiply the seeds in order to carry out the experiments, producing an F2 generation of the 60 crosses. In the agricultural year 2003-2004 the measurements were carried out in an experiment of random plots with 15 repetitions, totalling 90 sets. In the agricultural year 2004-2005 further experiments were carried out, and measurements were taken using plants from the bulked F3 seed. In all cases the experimental plots consisted of a line of two metres, with a space between lines of 0.5 metres, totalling an average of 35 plants. The following traits were evaluated: grain yield, inflorescence height, plant height at maturation, age at flowering and maturation. The experimental data was subjected to analyses of genetic variance, followed by genetic analysis and the \"Modified triple test cross\" that was adapted for the F2 and F3 generations. The results indicate the occurrence of epistasis for grain yield, age at flowering and maturation, but not for plant height at flowering. It was not possible to determine if the trait for plant height at maturation showed epistasis, further experiments need to be carried out. These results suggest that the estimates of genetic additive and dominant variance for the grain yield, age at flowering and maturation traits in soybean may be incorrect when epistasis is not considered in the model.

O câncer de mama triplo negativo (TNBC) é um dos tumores mais agressivos, muitas vezes resistentes à terapia sistêmica e com evolução para doença metastática. O entendimento de sua biologia e a concepção de novos tratamentos são essenciais para melhorar o seu prognóstico. Atualmente, as opções de tratamento são reduzidas e a quimioterapia ainda é o tratamento padrão. A expressão de SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) é supostamente alterada em várias doenças malignas. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre o valor prognóstico do SPARC em pacientes com TNBC. Usando uma pequena coorte de descoberta de TNBC muito bem caracterizada em relação à expressão do SPARC e comportamento clínico, conseguimos identificar vários genes como diferencialmente expressos na comparação entre amostras de TNBC / SPARC negativo vs. TNBC / SPARC positivo. Cinco desses genes diferencialmente expressos, SOHLH2, DNAJC12, LIM-1, CEACAM-5 e CTAG1A foram escolhidos para serem validados por imuno-histoquímica (IHC) em tissue microarrays (TMAs) contendo uma coorte independente de TNBC. Para acessar o valor prognóstico desses potenciais novos biomarcadores, avaliamos a associação entre a expressão de IHC e os resultados das pacientes pela análise de Kaplan-Meier para a coorte de validação. Foi observado que a coloração negativa da expressão de SOHLH2 e coloração positiva de DNAJC12 e LIM1 mostrou uma tendência a ser correlacionada com um pior prognóstico tanto para a sobrevida livre de doença quanto para sobrevida global. Nossos resultados fornecem novas informações sobre alterações transcriptômicas associadas ao comportamento clínico de TNBC que podem servir como ferramenta potencial para a identificação e caracterização de novos biomarcadores candidatos como fatores prognósticos e preditivos para pacientes com TNBC no futuro / Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive, therapy-resistant, and metastatic tumors. Understanding of its biology and designing new treatments are essential to improve its prognosis. Currently, treatment options are reduced, and chemotherapy is still the standard treatment. SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) expression is reportedly altered in various malignancies. However, little is known regarding the prognostic value of SPARC in TNBC patients. Using a small discovered cohort of TNBC very well characterized regarding SPARC expression status and clinical behavior, we were able to identify several genes as differentially expressed in the comparison between TNBC/SPARC negative vs. TNBC/SPARC positive samples. Five of these differentially expressed genes, SOHLH2, DNAJC12, LIM, CEACAM-5 and CTAG1A were chosen to be validated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on tissue microarrays (TMAs) containing an independent cohort of TNBC. To access the prognostic value of these potential new biomarkers, we evaluated the association between the IHC expression and patient\'s outcomes by Kaplan-Meier analysis for the validation cohort. We found that negative staining of SOHLH2 expression and positive staining of DNAJC12 and LIM1 showed a trend to be correlated with a poor prognosis for both disease-free survival and overall survival. Our findings provide new information on transcriptome changes associated the clinical behavior of TNBC that may serve as a potential tool for the identification and characterization of new candidate biomarkers as prognostic and predictive factors for patients with TNBC in the future

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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Tatiana.pdf: 3167847 bytes, checksum: 39b8b6462347fef6134d38b462a84531 (MD5) / CAPES / Com o propósito de ampliar o horizonte de análise da relação universidade-empresa-governo para além dos pressupostos teóricos da Hélice Tríplice, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar como ocorre a governança colaborativa nesta relação. De modo a suportar os diferentes focos de análise, o referencial teórico foi composto das abordagens do New Public Management, da Universidade Empreendedora e da Tríplice Hélice no âmbito macrossociológico. Foram exploradas também as abordagens da governança pública e da governança colaborativa, com ênfase no modelo de Ansell e Gash (2008), para subsidiar a análise no nível microssociológico da relação. A metodologia adotada foi o estudo de caso, tendo como unidade de análise a experiência da parceria para a concepção e execução do Programa de Cooperação Educacional, para a transferência de conhecimento em tecnologia naval, que envolveu o governo do Estado do Espírito Santo, uma subsidiária de Estaleiro, um Instituto Federal de Ensino e um Instituto Politécnico Internacional. Os dados relativos ao caso foram obtidos pela pesquisa documental e entrevistas. Uma vez coletados, os dados foram organizados e examinados pela técnica de análise de conteúdo, cuja categorização dos dados se deu a priori e a posteriori. Como resultado das análises realizadas foi possível atestar que a governança colaborativa ocorre de maneira satisfatória, mas fragmentada por estar concentrada na alta gestão. Isso ocorreu em função do baixo reconhecimento da interdependência e do grau de confiança oscilar devido às falhas de comunicação apontadas e da não inclusão participativa dos professores acarretarem, de certa forma, o distanciamento do compromisso com o processo. Por outro lado, percebeu-se que os resultados intermediários alcançados ao longo da parceria conferiram uma maior aproximação entre os gestores do Instituto Federal de Ensino e da Subsidiária do Estaleiro, dessa forma os laços estabelecidos fortaleceram a relação de confiança e o entendimento de que os problemas identificados nesse programa estão servindo de lições para outras colaborações. / With the purpose of expanding the horizon analysis of the university-industry-government relationship on top of the theoretical assumptions of the Triple Helix, this study aimed at analyzing how collaborative governance occurs within such relationship. So as to support the different analysis focuses, its theoretical background consisted of the New Public Management (NPM) approaches, the Entrepreneurial University and the Triple Helix in its macro sociological scope. The public and collaborative governance approaches have also been explored, with an emphasis on Ansell and Gash’s model (2008), in order to subsidize the analysis in the micro sociological level of that relationship. The adopted methodology has been the case study, having as its analysis unit the experience of partnership to the conception and execution of the Educational Cooperation Program, towards the transfer of knowledge in marine technology, which involved the state government of Espírito Santo, a shipyard subsidiary, a Federal Institute of Education and an International Polytechnic Institute. The data related to this case were obtained through desk research and interviews. Once these data were collected, they were then organized and examined under the content analysis technique, whose data categorization was given a priori and a posteriori. As a result of the carried out analyses it has been possible to certify that collaborative governance occurs in a satisfactory way, however fragmented since it focused in the upper management. That occurred due to low recognition of its interdependence and to an oscillation on its confidence degree due to communication breakdowns that were pointed out and to the non-inclusion of teachers’ participation, thus causing their distancing from commitment to the process in a certain way. On the other hand, one has realized that the intermediate results reached throughout this partnership have conceded a greater approach between managers of the Federal Institute of Education and those of the shipyard subsidiary, therefore these durable links have strengthened their trust relationship and the understanding that problems identified in such program have been serving as lessons for further collaborations.

Although youth tourism is an increasingly relevant subject little research have been done regarding the segment’s own perception of their impacts. A consumer perspective was assumed to examine in what ways youth tourism impact places. This study adopts a deductive approach reviewing existing literature regarding youth tourism, impact and place. A case study concerning how youth travellers perceive and evaluate their own impacts was conducted using mixed-methods. Data sources include a survey and in-depth interviews concerning sociocultural, economic, and environmental items. The study concludes that what impacts youth tourism has on places are subject to the place’s current state and ability to host youth travellers. The number of youth travellers and their behaviour determines the local and global sociocultural, economic and environmental impacts that youth tourism has on places. This paper is considered a pre-study that contributes to the development of theory regarding youth tourism.

Abstract: Given the global sustainability challenge; effective organizational Social Responsibility (SR) guidelines must set best-practices that acknowledge environmental constraints and strive for a sustainable society. SR has historically underrepresented environmental issues and needs to shift from a reactive focus on societal stakeholder demands, to a proactive whole-systems planning framework. There is a risk that unless SR guidelines consider both social and environmental issues together, they may generate negative outcomes to organizational viability. This research finds key Sustainable Development concepts that should be integrated within SR guidelines and uncovers an overall goal of SR as assisting organizations in moving towards a sustainable society. A Sustainable Society is defined in the research according to a set of scientific principles, based on environmental constraints and fundamental social needs. This clear goal enables the organization to ‘backcast’ from this success point in order to take effective strategic steps. The authors recommend the incorporation of critical concepts from Strategic Sustainable Development, a proven organizational sustainability planning framework, into SR guidelines to increase their effectiveness in strategic SR decision-making. The ISO 26000 SR Guideline is used as a case study.

Abstract This dissertation consists of four articles on irrationality measures. In the first paper we derive explicit irrationality measures by using the simple continued fraction expansions in a completely new way. In the second and third articles we use Padé approximations to construct irrationality measures. In the second paper we obtain an explicit irrationality measure for the values of q-exponential series, for which the earlier corresponding results are not as explicit. Furthermore, we construct a restricted irrationality measure for the values of q-exponential series, which is an improvement on the earlier results in the restricted case. In the third article we derive the best possible asymptotic restricted irrationality exponent for the values of Jacobi's triple product. In the last paper we consider Cantor series. We generalize the earlier results by deriving Sondow's irrationality measure for some Cantor series. / Tiivistelmä Tämä väitöskirja koostuu neljästä artikkelista, jotka kaikki käsittelevät irrationaalisuusmittoja. Ensimmäisessä artikkelissa irrationaalisuusmittoja johdetaan uudella tavalla irrationaalilukujen yksinkertaisista ketjumurtolukuesityksistä. Toisessa ja kolmannessa artikkelissa irrationaalisuusmitat konstruoidaan Padé-approksimaatioiden avulla. Toisessa artikkelissa saadaan eksplisiittinen irrationaalisuusmitta q-eksponenttisarjan arvoille, joiden vastaavat aikaisemmat irrationaalisuusmitat eivät ole näin eksplisiittisiä. Lisäksi samassa artikkelissa konstruoidaan q-eksponenttisarjan arvoille rajoitettu eksplisiittinen irrationaalisuusmitta, mikä parantaa aikaisempia tuloksia rajoitetussa tapauksessa. Kolmannessa artikkelissa johdetaan paras mahdollinen asymptoottinen irrationaalisuuseksponentti Jacobin kolmitulon arvoille. Viimeisessä artikkelissa käsitellään Cantorin sarjoja. Siinä yleistetään aikaisempia tuloksia johtamalla Sondowin irrationaalisuusmitta tietylle joukolle Cantorin sarjoja.

This thesis is dedicated to the coloring of cubic graphs. It summarizes the knowledge we have about so called Steiner coloring, which is an edge-coloring such that the colors incident with one vertex form a triple of some partial Steiner system. The main objects of interest are the projective and affine systems. Afterwards the sufficient condition for universality of the system is stated and it is observed, that all other transitive Steiner triple systems satisfy it. This thesis also contains methods of construction of the coloring for the Fano plane, for the affine system Z3 3 and for the universal system created as a product of the Fano plane and the trivial system (F7 S⊠ 3). Finally an algorithm usable for the rest of the systems and graphs with bounded treewidth is presented.

This dissertation comprised of three essays provides justification for the need to pursue research on multinationality and performance with a more fine-grained approach. Essay one is a conceptual response to an article written by Jean-Francois Hennart in 2011 which questions the need and approach toward future research in this domain. I argue that internalization theory does not render multinationality and performance research meaningless and identify key areas where methodological enhancements can be made to strengthen our research findings with regard to Hennart’s call for more content validity. Essay two responds to the need for more-fine grained research on the consequences of multinationality by introducing non-traditional measures of performance such as social and environmental performance and adopting a more theoretically relevant construct of regionalization to capture international diversification levels of the firm. Using data from the world’s largest 600 firms (based on sales) derived from Bloomberg and the Directory of Corporate Affiliates; I employ general estimating equation analysis to account for the auto-correlated nature of the panel data alongside multivariate regression techniques. Results indicate that regionalization has a positive relationship with economic performance while it has a negative relationship with environmental and social performance outcomes, often referred to as the “Triple Bottom-Line” performance. Essay three builds upon the work in the previous essays by linking the aforementioned performance variables and sample to corporate reputation which has been shown to be a beneficial strategic asset. Using Structural Equation Modeling I explore economic, environmental and social signals as mediators on relationship between regionalization and firm reputation. Results indicate that these variables partially mediate a positive relationship between regionalization and firm reputation. While regionalization positively affects the reputation building signal of economic performance, it aids in reputation building by reducing environmental and social disclosure effects which interestingly impact reputation negatively. In conclusion, the dissertation submits opportunities for future research and contributes to research by demonstrating that regionalization affects performance, but the effect varies in accordance with the performance criterion and context. In some cases, regional diversification may produce competing or conflicting outcomes among the potential strategic objectives of the firm.

The balanced scorecard (BSC) is an accepted methodology for putting strategy into action. The BSC provides a comprehensive performance measurement for an organization with respect to both financial and non-financial perspectives, including the triple bottom line of planet, people, and profit. Through various implementations to companies, organizations, and sectors, balanced scorecards have been used widely both for strategic purposes, as well as for more tactical focus for auditing current performance. BSC implementation is particularly adequate when integrated with the operational processes of the organization. The integration between the strategic plan and the financial and operational plans proceed via the business process model that covers the operational processes associated with the objectives of the organization in the strategy map. In this way, BSC is a tool for real-time monitoring of performance as well as providing the crucial linkage to the organization’s strategy that enables the proper implementation of the organization’s strategy. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) has been widely applied for measuring the efficiency of a specific decision-making unit (DMU) against a projected point on an efficiency frontier. DEA is therefore particularly suitable for measuring the organizational efficiency based on the BSC indicators, which are defined as Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). In the commercial fisheries sector, sustainable strategy of fisheries organizations can be gained by running the current operations more effectively, and by integrating processes enabling adaptation to change. The efficiency frontier of the DEA model can be used to calculate the efficiency of fisheries operations. The proposed research is undertaken as part of the Canadian Fisheries Research Network (CFRN) to investigate the application of BSC and DEA for defining commercial fisheries performance evaluation variables with respect to the objectives of environmental sustainability, economic viability, and social and cultural stability in compliance with, and in the absence of, performance monitoring alleged in the Fisheries and Oceans, Canada Integrated Fisheries Management Plans (IFMP). The combination of BSC-DEA methodologies is developed in this research as a required performance monitoring system suitable for IFMPs for analyzing the relative efficiency of commercial fisheries case studies across Canada towards incorporating best sustainable practices in the industry.