Orientador: Luis Gustavo Modelli de Andrade / Resumo: Introdução: Os inibidores do alvo de rapamicina em mamíferos (mTORI) podem conferir vantagens cardioprotetoras. Em modelos animais, o mTORI pode prevenir a aterogênese pela regulação da homeostase do colesterol e pela redução da resposta inflamatória. Além disso, a administração de mTORI pode levar à redução da massa ventricular esquerda. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar a espessura médio intimal da carotída (cIMT) e a massa ventricular esquerda indexada (LVMi) entre o grupo de tacrolimus associado a micofenolato (grupo micofenolato) e tacrolimo associado a sirolimo (grupo sirolimo) em baixas doses. A cIMT é considerada um marcador substituto da aterosclerose. Métodos: Nós avaliamos a cIMT e a LVMi no início e aos 6 e 12 meses após o transplante renal. Foram randomizados prospectivamente todos os receptores de transplante renal com mais de 60 anos para um dos dois grupos: tacrolimus / sirolimus (n = 21) ou tacrolimus / micofenolato (n = 23). A cIMT foi avaliada por ultrassonografia na parede da artéria carótida comum e o LVMi pelo ecocardiograma. Resultados: Os níveis de colesterol total e de lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) foram maiores no grupo do sirolimus aos 6 e 12 meses. O cIMT diminuiu com o tempo aos 6 e 12 meses no grupo do sirolimus (p = 0,012); esta diminuição continuou a ser significativa em um modelo ajustado para idade, sexo, presença de diabetes, uso de estatina e tabagismo. Houve redução ao longo do tempo na massa ventricular esquerda indexada, mas não ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Background: Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORI) may confer cardioprotective advantages. In animal models, the mTORI may prevent atherogenesis by the regulation of homeostasis of cholesterol and by a reduced inflammatory response. In addition, the administration of mTORI may lead to reduction of left ventricular mass. The aim of this study is to compare the carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and left ventricular mass index (LVMi) between de novo tacrolimus/mycophenolate and tacrolimus/sirolimus at low doses. The cIMT is considered a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis. Methods: We evaluated cIMT and LVMi at baseline and at 6 and 12 months after kidney transplantation. We prospectively randomly assigned kidney transplant recipients older than 60 years of age to one of two groups: tacrolimus/sirolimus (n=21) or tacrolimus/mycophenolate (n=23). The cIMT was evaluated by using ultrasound in the common carotid artery wall in both sides ant the LVMi by echocardiogram. Results: The total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were higher in the sirolimus group at 6 and 12 months. The cIMT decreased over time at 6 and 12 months in the sirolimus group (p = 0.012); this decrease continued to be significant in a model adjusted for age, sex, presence of diabetes, statin use and smoking. There was a reduction over time in LVMi, but there were no differences between groups suggesting absence of sirolimus class effect. Conclusions: The use of sirolimus plus tacrolimu... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

La voie de signalisation mTORC1 hypothalamique (mammalian target of rapamycincomplexe 1) intègre les signaux hormonaux et nutritionnels. La disponibilité des nutrimentsmodule les espèces réactives derivées de l’oxygène (ROS) qui régulent l’activité des neuronesà propiomélanocortine (POMC). La modulation de la prise alimentaire induite par les ROSpourrait impliquer mTORC1.Des souris C57Bl6J et wild-type (WT) ou invalidées pour S6K1 (S6K1-KO), principaleprotéine cible de mTORC1, ou invalidées pour raptor, protéine clé de mTORC1,sélectivement au niveau des neurones anorexigènes POMC (POMC-raptor-KO) ont ététraitées par injections intracérébroventriculaires (ICV) d’H2O2 ou d’honokiol (piégeur deROS), uniques ou combinées avec un inhibiteur de mTOR (rapamycine) ou un activateur demTOR (leptine).L’H2O2 ICV induit une augmentation de l’activité hypothalamique mTORC1, de l’activationneuronale du noyau arqué, de l’expression des ROS dans les neurones POMC, associée à unediminution de la prise alimentaire et du poids. Cet effet anorexigène est diminué chez lessouris S6K1-KO, chez les C57Bl6J après administration de rapamycine, et chez les POMCraptor-KO.L’honokiol ICV bloque l’effet anorexigène de la leptine, suggérant que cet effet soitdépendant des ROS. La leptine ICV entraine une augmentation des ROS dans les neuronesPOMC des souris C57Bl6J et POMC-raptor-WT, mais pas chez les POMC-raptor-KO.Nos résultats montrent que la régulation de la prise alimentaire induite par les ROS nécessiteune voie mTORC1 fonctionnelle et que l’effet anorexigène de la leptine nécessite uneaugmentation de ROS, mTORC1 dépendante, au niveau des neurones POMC. / The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway is an importanthypothalamic integrator of nutrients and hormones. Nutrient availability also affects thereactive oxygen species (ROS) in propiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons and regulatesneuronal activity. We hypothesize that modulation of mTORC1 activity mediates ROS effectson food intake.To this purpose, C57Bl6J mice or WT mice and their KO littermates either deficient for themTORC1 downstream target S6K1 or for the mTORC1 component raptor specifically inPOMC neurons (POMC-raptor-KO) were treated with an intracerebroventricular (ICV)injection of the ROS producer H2O2 or the ROS scavenger honokiol, alone or in combinationwith the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin or the mTOR activator leptin.ICV H2O2 induced phosphorylation of S6K1 within the hypothalamus, increased expressionof c-fos, a marker of neuronal activity, in the arcuate nucleus and increased ROS in POMCneurons. These effects were associated with a significant decrease in food intake. Theanorexigenic effect of ICV H2O2 was not seen in S6K1-KO mice, in C57Bl6J mice cotreatedwith rapamycin (an mTOR inhibitor) and in POMC-raptor-KO mice.Similarly, ICV honokiol administration combined with a leptin injection blunted theanorexigenic effect of leptin, suggesting that leptin requires ROS formation to reduce FI. ICVadministration of leptin increased ROS in POMC neurons in C57Bl6J and POMC-raptor-WTmice, but not in POMC-raptor-KO mice.Our results demonstrate that ROS modulators require a functional mTORC1 pathway toregulate food intake and that leptin needs an mTORC1-dependent increase in ROS levels inPOMC neurons to decrease food intake.

Une restriction alimentaire améliore la qualité du vieillissement et augmente la durée de vie chez de nombreuses espèces, y compris certains primates. Cependant, cette intervention s'accompagne souvent d'une baisse significative des capacités reproductives. Il est donc légitime de se demander si des signaux provenant du système reproductif contribuent aux effets positifs de la restriction alimentaire sur la longévité. Durant ma thèse, j'ai montré que l'expression de DAF-9/CYP27A1 et la production de l'hormone stéroïdienne D7- acide dafachronique (DA) sont augmentées chez C. elegans lorsque les vers sont soumis à une restriction alimentaire. De plus, la signalisation à l'acide dafachronique via le récepteur hormonal nucléaire NHR-8/NHR et la kinase let-363/mTOR est essentielle à l'augmentation de la durée de vie par restriction alimentaire. La signalisation stéroïde affecte également la plasticité de la lignée germinale en condition de jeûne. De plus, nous montrons que cette plasticité est nécessaire à l'augmentation de la longévité dans ce context de restriction. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse démontrent que la signalisation des hormones stéroïdes est activée par le manque de nutriments et est requise pour l'augmentation de la longévité par la voie mTOR. En effet, chez un animal sauvage, le niveau d’expression de let-363/mTOR diminue en condition de jeûne. Ceci n’est pas observé lorsque les hormones stéroïdes sont absentes. De plus, le nombre de cellules de la lignée germinale au sein de la zone proliférative n'est plus affecté par le jeûne chez des animaux pour lesquels la synthèse d'hormones stéroïdes est inhibée. Une réduction artificielle du nombre de cellules germinales suffit à rétablir une réponse normale à la restriction alimentaire. Ceci suggère donc qu'il existe un lien étroit entre la lignée germinale et la longévité induite par une restriction alimentaire, et que ce lien repose en partie sur la signalisation des hormones stéroïdes. La kinase let-363/mTOR joue également un rôle central dans l'intégration de signaux nutritionnels et reproductifs. Nos données suggèrent également l'existence d'un signal entre lignée germinale et soma produit en condition de restriction alimentaire. L'augmentation de la durée de vie par restriction alimentaire implique donc une réponse systémique coordonnée qui implique l'appareil reproducteur. / Dietary restriction (DR) increases healthspan and longevity in many species, including primates, but it is often accompanied by impaired reproductive function. Whether signals associated with the reproductive system contribute to or are required for DR effects on lifespan has not been established. In my doctoral thesis presented here, we show that expression of DAF-9/CYP27A1 and production of the steroid hormone ∆7-dafachronic acid (DA) are increased in C. elegans subjected to DR. DA signaling through the non-canonical nuclear hormone receptor NHR-8/NHR and the nutrient-responsive kinase let-363/mTOR is essential for DR-mediated longevity. Steroid signaling also affects germline plasticity in response to nutrient deprivation and this is required to achieve lifespan extension. Results presented in my thesis demonstrate that steroid signaling is activated by nutrient scarcity and is required for DR effects on lifespan extension through TOR signaling. In the absence of proper steroid signaling, let-363/mTOR levels remain high during starvation and the number of germ cells within the proliferative zone of the germ line is no longer affected by nutrient availability. Interestingly, genetic reduction of germ cells alleviates the requirement for steroid signaling for DR-mediated lifespan extension. Genetically lowering the germ cell count mimics the response of the germ line to DR. These data demonstrate that steroid signaling links germline physiology to lifespan when nutrients are limited, and establish a central role for let-363/mTOR in integrating signals derived from nutrients and steroid hormones. We speculate that this induces a signal that is usually emitted when nutrients are scarce and the germ line becomes less active. Taken together, this thesis work suggests that, diet-induced lifespan extension is part of a coordinated response that involves reproductive phenotypes.

Carvacrol is a phenol monoterpene found in aromatic plants specially in Lamiaceae family, which has been evaluated in an experimental model of breast cancer. However, any proposed mechanism based on its antitumor effect has not been reported. In our previous study, carvacrol showed a protective effect on 7,12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene- (DMBA-) induced breast cancer in female rats. The main objective in this research was to evaluate by using in silico study the carvacrol on HER2, PI3Kα, mTOR, hERα, PR, and EGFR receptors involved in breast cancer progression by docking analysis, molecular dynamic, and drug-likeness evaluation. A multilevel computational study to evaluate the antitumor potential of carvacrol focusing on the main targets involved in the breast cancer was carried out. The in silico study starts with protein-ligand docking of carvacrol followed by ligand pathway calculations, molecular dynamic simulations, and molecular mechanics energies combined with the Poisson–Boltzmann (MM/PBSA) calculation of the free energy of binding for carvacrol. As result, the in silico study led to the identification of carvacrol with strong binding affinity on mTOR receptor. Additionally, in silico drug-likeness index for carvacrol showed a good predicted therapeutic profile of druggability. Our findings suggest that mTOR signaling pathway could be responsible for its preventive effect in the breast cancer. / Revisión por pares

La plasticité synaptique activité-dépendante forme la base physiologique de l’apprentissage et de la mémoire dépendants de l’hippocampe. Le rôle joué par les différents sous-types d’interneurones dans l’apprentissage et la mémoire hippocampiques reste inconnu, mais repose probablement sur des mécanismes de la plasticité spécifique aux synapses de certains sous-types d’interneurones. Les synapses excitatrices établies sur les interneurones de l’oriens-alveus dans l’aire CA1 exhibent une forme persistante de potentialisation à long terme induite par la stimulation chimique des récepteurs métabotropiques du glutamate de type 1 (mGluR1) [mGluR1-mediated chemical late long-term potentiation (cL-LTPmGluR1)]. Le présent projet de recherche avait pour objectifs d’identifier les sous-types d’interneurones de l’oriens-alveus exprimant la cL-LTPmGluR1 et d’examiner les mécanismes d’induction et d’expression de celle-ci. Nous avons déterminé que la stimulation répétée des mGluR1 induit de la cL-LTPmGluR1 aux synapses excitatrices établies sur le sous-type d’interneurones exprimant le peptide somatostatine (SOM-INs). Des enregistrements électrophysiologiques couplés à des inhibiteurs pharmacologiques et à un knock-out fonctionnel de mammalian target of rapamycin complexe 1 (mTORC1) ont montré que l’induction de la cL-LTPmGluR1 (qui consiste en trois applications de l’agoniste des mGluR1/5, le (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphénylglycine (DHPG) en présence de l’antagoniste des récepteurs métabotropiques du glutamate de type 5 (mGluR5), le 2-méthyl-6-(phényléthynyl)-pyridine (MPEP)) des SOM-INs requiert les voies de signalisation des mGluR1, de extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) et de mTORC1. L’ensemble de nos résultats montre qu’une forme persistante de plasticité synaptique sous-tendue par mTORC1 est induite par la stimulation répétée des mGluR1 dans les interneurones hippocampiques exprimant le peptide somatostatine. La connaissance des mécanismes sous-tendant la cL-LTPmGluR1, couplée à l’utilisation de modèles animal in vivo, rendront maintenant possible le blocage de la cL-LTPmGluR1 dans les SOM-INs et l’examen de son rôle dans l’apprentissage et la mémoire dépendants de l’hippocampe. / Hippocampus-dependent learning and memory are mediated by activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. The role that different subtypes of interneurons play in hippocampal learning and memory remains largely unknown, but likely relies on cell type-specific plasticity mechanisms at interneuron synapses. Excitatory synapses onto CA1 oriens-alveus interneurons show persistent long-term potentiation induced by chemical stimulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) [mGluR1-mediated chemical late long-term potentiation (cL-LTPmGluR1)]. The objectives of this project were to identify the oriens-alveus interneuron subtypes expressing cL-LTPmGluR1 and examine its induction and expression mechanisms. We determined that repeated mGluR1 stimulation induces cL-LTPmGluR1 at excitatory synapses onto the somatostatin-expressing interneuron subtype (SOM-INs). Electrophysiological recordings coupled to pharmacological inhibitors and a functional knock-out of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) showed that SOM-INs cL-LTPmGluR1 induction (which consisted of three applications of the mGluR1/5 agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) in the presence of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP)) requires mGluR1, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and mTORC1 signaling pathways. Collectively, our results show that persistent synaptic plasticity mediated by mTORC1 is induced by repeated mGluR1 stimulation in somatostatin-expressing hippocampal interneurons. Knowledge of cL-LTPmGluR1’s underlying mechanisms, coupled to in vivo models, will now make it possible to interfere with SOM-INs cL-LTPmGluR1 and examine its role in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory.

Malignant cutaneous melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, and a majority of melanoma diagnoses are a result of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UV radiation causes DNA damage, which if not repaired correctly via nucleotide excision repair (NER) can result in mutations and melanomagenesis. The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a Gs protein coupled receptor located on melanocyte plasma membranes and is involved in protecting the skin from UV induced damage. MC1R signaling results in the activation of two protective pathways: 1) induction of eumelanin synthesis downstream of micropthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and 2) acceleration of NER downstream of ataxia telangiectaseia mutated and Rad3 related (ATR). MC1R signaling, however, also promotes melanocyte proliferation, therefore, the activation of the MC1R pathway must be regulated. The overall hypothesis of this dissertation is that the pathways downstream of MC1R can be manipulated to protect against UV induced damage. Chapter 2 investigates the regulation of the MC1R neutral antagonist human β-defensin 3 (βD3). UV damage did not induce βD3 mRNA expression in ex vivo human skin explants. The induction of βD3 expression instead correlated with inflammatory cytokines including TNF. Chapter 3 investigates the interdependence and cross talk between the two protective pathways downstream of MC1R. We directly tested the effect of MITF on the acceleration of NER and the effect of ATR on the induction of eumelanin synthesis following MC1R activation. MITF was not required for the acceleration of NER as mediated by ATR, however, the induction of transcription of enzymes involved in eumelanin synthesis was dependent upon ATR kinase activity. Finally, Chapter 4 investigates the mechanism by which MC1R promoted proliferation and whether the two UV protective pathways downstream of MC1R could be selectively activated without the risk of melanocyte proliferation. MC1R signaling resulted in activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a major regulator of cell growth and proliferation. Inhibition of mTORC1 signaling via rapamycin prevented MC1R induced proliferation in vitro. Rapamycin, however, did not prevent MC1R induced eumelanin synthesis or the acceleration of NER in vitro or in vivo suggesting it is possible to selectively activate the beneficial signaling pathways without the risk of melanocyte proliferation. The results of this dissertation suggest that MC1R signaling could be augmented in individuals to prevent UV induced damage.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Autophagy is a conserved cellular process that involves sequestration and degradation of cytosolic contents. The cell can engulf autophagic cargo (lipids, long-lived proteins, protein aggregates, and pathogens) through a double bound membrane called an autophagosome that fuses with a lysosome where hydrolases then degrade these contents. This process is one of the main defenses against starvation and is imperative for newborns at birth. Research on this process has increased exponentially in the last decade since its discovery almost a half a century ago. It has been found that autophagy is an important process in many diseases, continues to be at the forefront of research, and is clearly not fully understood. Our preliminary cell culture data in endothelial and epithelial cells show that a blockade of the de novo ceramide synthesis pathway, during treatment with an autophagy stimulus (cigarette smoke extract exposure), does not result in any reduction in autophagy or autophagic flux. Conversely, when acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is pharmacologically inhibited, which prevents the generation of ceramide from sphingomyelin in an acidic environment, a profound increase in autophagy is observed. In this work, we hypothesize that (ASM) is an endogenous inhibitor of autophagy. ASM has two forms, a secreted form and a lysosomal form. N-terminal processing in the Golgi determines its cellular fate. In the lysosomal form, the phosphodiesterase is bound in the lysosomal membrane. The pharmacological inhibition mechanism is to release ASM from the membrane and allow other hydrolases to actively degrade the enzyme which, in turn, decreases the activity of ASM. This suggests that either the activity of ASM is a regulator of autophagy or that the presence of ASM, activity aside, is required for the lysosomal nutrient sensing machinery (LYNUS) to function properly. Here, we show that ASM is, in fact, an endogenous inhibitor of autophagy in vitro. The phosphorylation status of P70 S6k, a downstream effector of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is part of the LYNUS, shows that dissociation of ASM from the membrane regulates mTOR and disturbs the LYNUS in such a manner as to signal autophagy.

L’infarctus du myocarde (IM) survenant après l’obstruction de l’artère coronaire est la cause principale des décès cardiovasculaires. Après l’IM, le coeur endommagé répond à l’augmentation du stress hémodynamique avec une cicatrice et une hypertrophie dans la région non-infarcie du myocarde. Dans la région infarcie, la cicatrice se forme grâce au dépôt du collagène. Pendant formation de la cicatrice, les cardiomyocytes ventriculaires résidant dans la région non-infarcie subissent une réponse hypertrophique après l’activation chronique due au système sympathique et à l’angiotensine II. La cicatrisation préserve l’intégrité structurale du coeur et l'hypertrophie des cardiomyocytes apporte un support ionotropique. Le canal CaV1.2 joue un rôle dans la réponse hypertrophique après l’IM. L’activation du CaV1.2 déclenche la signalisation dépendante de Ca2+ induisant l’hypertrophie. Cependant, il est rapporté que l’ouverture des canaux potassiques (KATP) ATP sensitifs joue un rôle sélectif dans l’expansion de la cicatrice après IM. Malgré leur expression dans les coeurs mâles, les KATP fournissent une cardioprotection sexe dépendante limitant l’expansion de la cicatrice chez les femelles. L’administration de rapamycine aux rates ayant subi un infarctus produit l’expansion de la cicatrice, soutenant la relation possible entre la cible de rapamycine, mTORC1 et les KATP dans la cardioprotection sexe spécifique. Effectivement, dans les cellules pancréatiques α, la signalisation mTORC1 était couplée à l'activation du KATP. Cependant, le lien entre mTORC1 et les canaux KATP dans le coeur reste inconnu. L'objectif de la thèse est d’examiner le rôle des canaux ioniques dans le remodelage cardiaque post-IM, surtout des canaux calciques dans l'hypertrophie et d'élucider la relation entre les KATP et mTORC1. L’hypothèse première teste que l’hypertrophie médiée par le système sympathique des cardiomyocytes ventriculaires des rats néonataux (NRCM) produit une augmentation de l’influx calcique après une augmentation des sous-unités du CaV1.2. Le traitement de norépinéphrine (NE) quadruple l’amplitude du courant calcique type L et double l’expression protéique des sous unités de CaVα2δ1 et CaVβ3. L’hypertrophie des NRCM au NE s’associe à une augmentation de la phosphorylation de la Kinase ERK 1/2. Le β1-bloqueur metoprolol et l’inhibiteur ii de ERK1/2 diminuent l’effet de NE sur CaVα2δ1. Cependant, l’augmentation de CaVβ3 et de la réponse hypertrophique persiste. Ainsi, le signal β1-adrenergique à travers ERK augmente les sous-unités CaVα2δ1 outre l’hypertrophie. L’autre hypothèse examine la spécificité du sexe sur l’expansion cicatricielle médiée par rapamycine et l’influence de mTOR sur l’expression de KATP. Rapamycin augmente la surface de la cicatrice et inhibe la phosphorylation de mTOR chez les coeurs de femelles. Dans les coeurs des deux sexes, la phosphorylation de mTOR et l’expression de KATP, Kir6.2 et SUR2A sont similaires. Cependant, une grande inactivation de la tubérine et une faible expression de raptor sont détectées chez les femelles. Le traitement à l’ester de phorbol des NRCM induit l’hypertrophie, augmente la phosphorylation de p70S6K et l’expression SUR2A. Le prétraitement par Rapamycine atténue chacune des réponses. Rapamycin démontre un patron d’expansion cicatriciel sexe spécifique et une régulation de phosphorylation de mTOR dans IM. Aussi, l’augmentation de SUR2A dans les NRCM traités par PDBu révèle une interaction entre mTOR et KATP. / Myocardial infarction (MI) secondary to the obstruction of the coronary artery is the main cause of cardiovascular death. Following MI, the damaged heart adapts to the increased hemodynamic stress via formation of a scar and a hypertrophic response of ventricular cardiomyocytes in the non-infarcted myocardium. In the infarcted region, a scar is formed via the rapid deposition of collagen. With ongoing scar formation, ventricular cardiomyocytes in the non-infarcted myocardium undergo a hypertrophic response secondary to the chronic activation by the sympathetic system and angiotensin II. Collectively, scar formation and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy preserve the structural integrity of the heart and provide inotropic support, respectively. CaV1.2 channels play a significant role in the hypertrophic response post-MI. Notably, the activation of CaV1.2 channel triggers Ca2+-dependent signaling that induces hypertrophy. By contrast, the opening of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels was shown to partake in selective scar expansion following MI. Notwithstanding its expression in male hearts, KATP channels endow a sex-dependent cardioprotection limiting scar expansion selectively in females. Moreover, administration of the macrolide rapamycin to the infarcted female rat heart led to scar expansion, supporting the possible relationship between the target of rapamycin, mTORC1 and KATP channels in providing sex-specific cardioprotection. Indeed, in pancreatic-α cells, mTORC1 signaling was coupled to KATP channel activation. However, whether mTORC1 targets KATP channels in the heart remains unknown. Thus, the AIM of the thesis was to explore the role of ion channels in cardiac remodeling post-MI by specifically addressing the role of Ca channels in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and elucidate the potential relationship between KATP channels and mTORC1 signaling. The first study tested the hypothesis that hypertrophied neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (NRVMs) following sympathetic stimulation translated to an increase in calcium influx secondary to the augmentation of CaV1.2 channel subunits. NE treatment led to a 4-fold increase of L-type Ca2+ peak current associated with a 2-fold upregulation of CaVα2δ1 and CaVβ3 protein subunits in hypertrophied NRVMs. The hypertrophic response of NNVMs to NE was associated with the increased phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK1/2). The β1-blocker metoprolol and the ERK1/2 inhibitor suppressed NE-mediated protein upregulation of CaVα2δ1 whereas CaVβ3 upregulation and the hypertrophic response persisted. Therefore, sympathetic mediated β1-adrenergic signaling via ERK selectively upregulated the CaVα2δ1 subunit independent of NRVM hypertrophy. The second study tested the hypothesis that rapamycin-mediated scar expansion was sexspecific and mTOR influenced KATP channel subunit expression. Rapamycin administration translated to scar expansion and inhibited mTOR phosphorylation exclusively in females. In normal adult male and female rat hearts, mTOR phosphorylation and protein levels of KATP channel subunits Kir6.2 and SUR2A were similar. However, greater tuberin inactivation and reduced raptor protein levels were detected in females. NRVMs treated with a phorbol ester induced hypertrophy, increased p70S6K phosphorylation and SUR2A protein levels and rapamycin pretreatment attenuated each response. Thus, rapamycin administration to MI rats unmasked a sex-specific pattern of scar expansion and highlighted the disparate regulation of mTOR phosphorylation. Moreover, rapamycin-dependent upregulation of SUR2A in PDButreated NRVMs revealed a novel interaction between mTOR and KATP channel subunit expression