This Diploma thesis focuses on the alignment of regulatory processes to support corporate performance management in the selected retail company. The main objective is the preparation of process maps that serve as a basis for the implementation of a global standard for automatic exchange of financial account information, developed by the OECD, also called as Common Reporting Standard. Additionally, the partial objectives include analysis of existing forms of content-related processes, creating a methodological support to the created processes and the theoretical concepts of regulatory requirements. The theoretical part focuses on the introduction of concepts related to the corporate management performance and also on theory about specific regulatory regulation used. In the practical part is an analysis of the company through the Balanced Scorecard (BSC), followed by the actual design and process description. The main contribution of the Diploma thesis was to perform process optimization, along with some improvements during the creation of these processes. The company will use the outcomes in practice.

Essence même des rapports sociaux, la réciprocité est le principe fondamental qui gouverne les échanges entre les êtres humains et qui permet de définir l’équilibre de leurs relations. Protéiforme et fonctionnelle, elle demeure une notion délicate à circonscrire puisqu’elle s’inscrit à la fois dans la coopération et la lutte, qu’il s’agisse de la sociologie ou du droit. Cet équilibre ne peut rimer avec égalité dès lors qu’il s’agit d’étudier les relations entre l’Administration et les usagers. En effet, les individus n’agissent pas sous couvert d’un voile d’ignorance et les Administrations préservent les intérêts de l’État. Le hiatus affiché, il est incarné essentiellement par l’unilatéralité et la légalité du droit fiscal. Le caractère réciprocitaire n’est pas exclu pour autant. Dérivé adapté du principe d’égalité, la réciprocité serait un concept juridique et anthropologique au service de chacun, en proportion. À l’origine des valeurs et des structures humaines, de l’organisation de la famille jusqu’à celle de la société, la réciprocité imprègne tant le système fiscal que des instruments plus particuliers. Conformément à sa double nature, elle peut revêtir la forme de la « vengeance » – compliance et vérification, défaillance et rectification… – à l’instar du droit international, mais également la forme de « l’alliance » - Chartes, contrôle, transaction… -, à l’instar du droit des obligations. Stabilisatrice, la réciprocité participe donc du renouvellement de ces relations à tous les stades des procédures fiscales – imposition, contrôle et contentieux – dans le sens d’un équilibre obligatoirement différencié, générateur d’échange de bons procédés dans la préservation asymétrique, ou simplement différée, des intérêts de chacun. / Essence of social relations, reciprocity is the fundamental principle which governs human exchanges and defined the balance of their relationships. Protean and functional, it remains a delicate notion, between cooperation and struggle, in sociology but also in law. This balance cannot rhyme with equality when we study public relations: people don’t act behind a veil of ignorance and Administrations must work for public interest. The hiatus displayed, it is embodied basically in the unilateralism and legality of tax law. The reciprocal character is not excluded from these relations; from equality, it could be the anthropological and legal concept, serving each one, proportionally. Source of the human values and structures, from the family organization to the society organization, reciprocity colours both tax system that more special instruments. In accordance with its double nature, it may be in the form of “revenge” – tax compliance and tax inspection, failure to fulfil tax obligations and tax adjustment... – like in international law, but also in the form of “alliance” – Charters, tax audit, transaction... – like in contract law. Stabilizer, reciprocity is related to the renewal of these relations at all stages of the tax procedures – taxation, control, litigation – in the sense of a necessarily differentiated balance, which leads to an exchange of goods in the asymmetric conservation, or simply deferred, of the interests of each one.

Tax evasion is a serious issue that influences governmental revenues, IRS enforcement strategies, and tax policy decisions. While audits are the most effective method of enforcing compliance, they are expensive to conduct and the IRS is only able to audit a fraction of the returns filed each year. This suggests that audits alone are not sufficient to curb the billions of dollars of tax evaded by taxpayers each year and that a better understanding of factors influencing compliance decisions is needed to enable policymakers to craft tax policies that maximize voluntary compliance. Prior research tends to model compliance as economic, environmental, or personal decisions; however, this study models it as a multifaceted decision where these three perspective individually and interactively influence compliance. It is the first to decompose perceived detection risk into two dimensions (selection risk and enforcement risk) and investigates how these two dimensions of risk, decision domains (refund or tax due positions), and three personal factors (mental accounting, narcissism, and proactivity) influence taxpayers’ compliance decisions. I conducted a 2x2 fully crossed experiment involving 331 self-employed taxpayers. These taxpayers have opportunities to evade that employed taxpayers do not. For example, they can earn cash income that is not reported to the IRS by third parties. For self-employed taxpayers (especially those wanting to evade), perceived selection and enforcement risks may be distinctly different depending on a taxpayer’s situation, what they believe they can control, and what risk they are willing to accept. For example, selection risk may be perceived as the greatest risk for those with unreported items on their return, while enforcement risk may be more prominent for those perceiving certain levels of selection risk. Thus, I believe self-employed taxpayers are the most appropriate population to sample from and are likely have reasonable variation in the three personal factors of interest. I find that taxpayers do differentiate between selection and enforcement risks but the difference only manifests for taxpayers in certain decision domains. Taxpayers in a refund position (i.e. conservative mindset) had a greater sensitivity to the form of payment (cash vs. check) and appeared to use this information to make inferences about enforcement risk which was significantly different from their perceptions of selection risk. Conversely, tax due taxpayers (i.e. aggressive mindset) appeared to overlook the form of payment and did not assess these two risks as significantly different. Evaluating the full sample suggests that both selection risk and enforcement risk have a positive influence on compliance. Further, these risks interact to influence compliance. Specifically, compliance is greatest when taxpayers perceive a high likelihood of being selected for an audit and enforcement risk only matters when selection risk is low. This finding is interesting and suggests that avoiding interaction with the IRS is a primary objective of taxpayers. In line with my findings of taxpayers perceiving different risks in refund and tax due positions, the influence of risk perceptions on compliance differed for taxpayers in these positions. Refund taxpayers were influenced by both selection and enforcement risk, similar to the full model; however, tax due taxpayers were only influenced by selection risk and appeared to completely overlook enforcement risk when making their reporting decision. Lastly, the study shows that personal characteristics can also influence compliance in the presence of economic and environmental determinants, but some characteristics only manifest in specific decision domains. Of the three personal characteristics investigated, only mental accounting orientation was a significant predictor for the full sample. When the sample was split by decision domain, only proactivity was a predictor of compliance for refund taxpayers, while only mental accounting orientation was a predictor of compliance for due taxpayers. While I did not find results for narcissism and compliance, my subsequent analysis suggests that individual dimensions of narcissism may be better predictors of compliance than the full measure. Specifically, the exploitation dimension was a significant predictor of compliance for those in a tax due position. This study make several contributions to the accounting and tax literatures. First, this study provides support for a two-construct conceptualization for perceived detection risk that includes both selection and enforcement risks. Second, it answers calls to investigate more comprehensive compliance models and finds economic, environmental, and personal characteristics individually and interactively influence compliance. Third, this study investigates three personal factors that have not been investigated in the tax compliance literature. Finally, this study answers calls for research on self-employed taxpayers and suggests that the IRS will be more successful in increasing compliance by playing on taxpayers’ aversion to being selected for an examination than communicating information on the IRS’ ability to detect noncompliance during an examination.

Short term assignments to other countries are increasing and it is important to take note of the associated potential tax compliance requirements. South Africa is part of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) whose main objective is to advance the development and economic growth of the member countries through regional integration. It is difficult for persons with limited or no international tax background to identify potential taxes when going on short term assignments to other SADC countries as very little has been published with regard to the procedure to follow. The procedure to follow and the main tax concepts (corporate tax, personal tax, VAT and withholding tax) have not been published in a user friendly, holistic format to enable such persons to identify potential tax implications. In this research a conceptual tax-compliance framework was created and tested to enable persons to follow the procedure to identify potential taxes that could be triggered when going on short term assignments. It also enables them to have an understanding of the concepts of the main tax principles applicable in SADC countries that have double tax agreements in place with South Africa. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / lmchunu2014 / Taxation / unrestricted

El presente trabajo de investigación busca comprender la posible relación entre la cultura tributaria y su impacto en el cumplimiento de las obligaciones de las PYME’s que conforman el sector restaurante. Dicho proyecto surge ante la observancia de algunos informes de la SUNAT, en donde se evidencia un alto nivel de evasión tributaria, así como también, altos niveles de morosidad. Adicionalmente a ello, según información complementaria, una de las razones que explicaría tal realidad, sería el alto índice de informalidad presente en nuestra economía; situación que se presenta por la carencia de una sólida cultura tributaria en nuestra población. En tal sentido, se llevó a cabo la investigación en donde se buscó conocer, de qué manera aspectos tales como: los valores tributarios, el conocimiento de la normativa tributaria peruana y las creencias tributarias por parte de los responsables de las empresas que conforman el sector de estudio, podría tener algún impacto en el cumplimiento de sus obligaciones ante la SUNAT. En esta misma línea, cabe precisar que, para dicha investigación fue necesario darle un enfoque tanto cualitativo como cuantitativo que permita tener un panorama amplio de la problemática. Finalmente, los datos obtenidos, permitieron conocer que no existía mayor relación entre la cultura tributaria y su impacto en el cumplimiento de las obligaciones tributarias por parte de los empresarios. La explicación a dichos resultados es que, la coyuntura actual de pandemia producto del COVID-19, condicionó una posición muy cautelosa por parte de los encuestados, quienes proporcionaron sus respuestas con el temor de estar siendo fiscalizados por la SUNAT. / This research work seeks to understand the possible relation between tax culture and its impact on the fulfillment of the obligations of SMEs that make up the restaurant sector. This project arises from the observance of some SUNAT reports, where a high level of tax evation is evidenced, as well as high levels of default. In addition, according to complementary information, one of the reasons that would explain such a reality would be the high rate of informality present in our economy: situation that arises due to the lack of solid tax culture in our population. In this sense, the investigation was carried out in which it was sought to know, in what way aspects such as; tax values, knowledge of peruvian tax regulations and tax beliefs by those responsible for the companies that make up the studied sector, could have some impact on the fulfillment of their obligations to SUNAT. Along the same lines, it should be noted that, for said research, it was necessary to give it both a qualitative and a quantitative approach that allows a broad overview of the problem. Finally, the data obtained, allowed us to know that there was no major relation between the tax culture and its impact on the compliance of tax obligations by entrepreneurs. The explanation for these results is that the current situation of a pandemic product of the COVID-19, conditioned a very cautious position for the respondents, who provided their answers with the fear of being supervised by SUNAT. / Tesis

Skatteagerande är ett ifrågasatt beteende inom byggbranschen och det finns flera tecken på att aktörerna i branschen har ett skatteundandragande beteende. Detta ses i brottförendebyggande rådets publikationer samt i skatteverkets undersökningar. Tidigare forskning visar att det existerar yrkesgrupper med skillnader i kultur där asymmetri uppstår. Detta benämns för subkultur. Det finns olika faktorer som påverkar individernas skatteagerande och skattemoral negativt. Dock påstås det även att många ändå väljer göra rätt för sig. Attityder visar individens inställning till något. Syfte med denna studie är att med undersökning av attityder finna stöd för att det finns en subkultur inom byggbranschen. Studien har en abduktiv ansats och undersöker attityder inom byggbranschen till beskattning, myndigheter, lagstiftning konkurrenters agerande samt till byggbranschens skattemoral. Undersökningen av attityder har skett genom att intervjua fyra ägare. Intervjuer kompletterades med enkäter som skickades ut till flera olika företag inom byggbranschen. Resultat visar att det finns indikationer på att det återfinns ett mönster hos respondenterna som tyder på att det finns en subkultur i byggbranschen. I detta mönstret kännetecknas aktörerna framförallt av hög medvetenhet om rådande skattefusk som därmed bidrar till att de har inget val och väljer då att bryta mot normer. Studien undersöker en liten mängd aktörer som enbart utgör en del av hela populationen i byggbranschen. Därmed bör resultatet förstärkas med mer omfattande forskning. / Tax evasion is a questionable behavior in the construction industry and there are several signs that the actors in the industry have a tax avoidance behavior. This is seen in the publications of building council's publications and in the Tax Agency's investigations. Previous research shows that there are occupational groups with differences in culture where asymmetry occurs. This is termed subculture. There are various factors that negatively affect individuals' tax behavior and tax morale. However, it is also claimed that many still choose to do the right thing. Attitudes show the individual's approach to something. The aim of this study is to find support for the existence of a subculture in the construction industry with the examination of attitudes. The study has an abductive approach and examines attitudes in the construction industry to taxation, authorities, legislation, competitors' actions and to the construction industry's tax morale. The survey of attitudes has been conducted by interviewing four business owners. Interviews were supplemented with surveys that were sent out to several different companies in the construction industry. Results show that there are indications that there is a pattern in the respondents that indicates that there is a subculture in the construction industry. In this pattern, the players are mainly characterized by high awareness of prevailing tax fraud, which thus contributes to their having no choice and then chooses to break norms. The study examines a small number of actors that form only part of the entire population in the construction industry. Thus, the results should be reinforced with more extensive research.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Commerce (Specialising in Taxation) / South Africa had entered into 97 double taxation agreements (at the time of this study in 2014) with other countries which generally contain an article which authorises the exchange of information between South Africa and the treaty partner. The 2008 global financial crisis re-emphasized the increase in tax planning structures as a result of globalisation to avoid or evade taxes and this highlighted the need for a more transparent tax information sharing platform. Since the 2008 economic crisis, one of the key themes has been the attempts to co-ordinate reform of the global financial system in the pursuit of greater international transparency. Since 2012 Treasury started entering into agreements with various other countries to enhance the transparency of taxes paid by entering into exchange of information agreements: these includes the Bilateral Tax Information Exchange Agreements (TIEA) and the Multilateral Mutual Administrative Assistance (MAA) Agreements and the agreement entered into with the United States of America known as the FATCA (Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act) agreement, signed 9 June 2014. This will support the Double Tax Agreement already in place to enhance the information sharing regime. Government Notices 508 and 509, Gazette number 37778, were published on 27 June 2014 in order to facilitate FATCA compliance in terms of the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 (TAA) sections 26, 29 and 30. As FATCA is a new agreement, there is a limited overview of the impact of this exchange of information agreement. This report is to gain insight into the reasons for implementing these agreements, an overview of these agreements and the implications of these agreements, with a specific focus on the newest agreement, FATCA.

In this article, the author begins by giving an overview of the systems of tax information exchange. Not only describes and analyzes the nature of this figure, but also performs a comprehensive analysis of the content, the subjects involved, and the ways and means of information exchange. Finally, analyzes international agreements on exchange of information on tax matters in Peru which is part. He concludes his analysis by focusing on the implementation of FATCA (Foreingn Account Tax Compliance Act) in Peru. / En el presente artículo, la autora comienza dándonos un panorama general sobre los sistemas de intercambio de información tributaria. No solo define y analiza la naturaleza de esta figura, sino que además realiza un exhaustivo análisis del contenido y sujetos comprendidos, así como de las formas y modalidades del intercambio de información. Finalmente, analiza los acuerdos internacionales sobre intercambio de información de materia tributaria en los cuales el Perú es parte. Concluye su análisis centrándose en la implementación del FATCA (Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act) en el Perú.

Submitted by Rodrigo Abrantes Lamas (lamas.rodrigo@gmail.com) on 2016-09-16T14:16:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 160916_Retorno Esperado da Evasão Fiscal para Empresas Brasileiras.pdf: 1388986 bytes, checksum: 16154b335160cb846a139191a6e8d5ab (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2016-09-21T14:08:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 160916_Retorno Esperado da Evasão Fiscal para Empresas Brasileiras.pdf: 1388986 bytes, checksum: 16154b335160cb846a139191a6e8d5ab (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-09-23T12:39:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 160916_Retorno Esperado da Evasão Fiscal para Empresas Brasileiras.pdf: 1388986 bytes, checksum: 16154b335160cb846a139191a6e8d5ab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-23T12:39:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 160916_Retorno Esperado da Evasão Fiscal para Empresas Brasileiras.pdf: 1388986 bytes, checksum: 16154b335160cb846a139191a6e8d5ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-29 / It presents a stylized model which aims to measure the gain expected by Brazilian companies when they decide to deliberately evade their profits, incurring therefore in some probability of financial loss due to successful enforcement. To verify the adherence of the Brazilian business environment model, needed to the creation of a database containing the historical series of empirical probability of audits by the Receita Federal in domestic companies. Observing the data created and policy actions available based on the own Receita Federal publications, it is concluded that (i) present the probability of a Brazilian company being audited by the Receita Federal is less than 0.5%, (ii) actions recent Receita Federal are aligned with the expected by the inspection agent model and (ii) tax evasion can be seen as a rational investment decision in risky asset when done by 'small taxpayers'. / Apresenta-se um modelo estilizado onde se pretende mensurar o ganho esperado por empresas brasileiras quando as mesmas decidem deliberadamente sonegar os seus lucros, incorrendo, portanto, em alguma probabilidade de prejuízo financeiro decorrente de fiscalização bem sucedida. Para se verificar a aderência do modelo ao ambiente empresarial brasileiro, necessitou-se da criação de uma base de dados contendo a série histórica da probabilidade empírica de auditorias por parte da Receita Federal nas empresas nacionais. Observando a base de dados criada e ações de política disponíveis em publicações da própria Receita Federal, conclui-se que (i) atualmente a probabilidade de uma empresa brasileira ser auditada pela Receita Federal é menor do 0,5%, (ii) as ações recentes da Receita Federal são alinhadas com as esperadas pelo agente fiscalizador do modelo e que (ii) a sonegação pode ser vista como uma decisão racional de investimento em ativo de risco quando feita pelos 'pequenos contribuintes'.

Per comprendere in che modo promuovere il contributo economico-finanziario al bene comune tramite tasse e donazioni monetarie, è stato adottato l’approccio della psicologia economica e un disegno di ricerca misto, utilizzando strumenti di ricerca qualitativa e quantitativa. Un primo studio di carattere qualitativo ha evidenziato come tasse e donazioni siano riconosciute come due forme alternative e complementari per contribuire al bene comune solo da punto di vista cognitivo, non affettivo. Successivamente, uno studio sperimentale basato sull’utilizzo dell’effetto framing ha mostrato che un ‘gain frame’ (ritorno di tipo materiale) è efficace nell’aumentare la propensione alla correttezza fiscale, mentre un ‘hedonic frame’ (ritorno di tipo emozionale) è efficace nell’aumentare la propensione a effettuare donazioni monetarie. Questi frame risultano particolarmente rivelanti quando prevale una motivazione di carattere estrinseco. Inoltre, la distanza a livello affettivo tra tasse e donazioni sembra emergere soprattutto con l’acquisizione di reale esperienza fiscale, come suggerito dalla differenza riscontrata tra studenti e lavoratori. Infine si suggerisce che, nonostante le differenze individuate, versare correttamente le tasse ed effettuare donazioni monetarie presentano alcuni elementi di somiglianza in quanto condividono antecedenti comuni, ovvero la motivazione a contribuire legata all’accessibilità (rendere il bene comune accessibile a chiunque) e la motivazione legata al guadagno personale (ottenere un ritorno personale in cambio del proprio contributo). In conclusione, i risultati offrono spunti teorici e pratici (per esempio, ‘nudge’) per lo sviluppo di interventi atti a favorire il contributo economico-finanziario al bene comune. / To understand how to promote the financial provision for the common good through paying taxes and making charitable donations, an economic-psychological perspective and a mixed-method approach – combining both qualitative and quantitative research tools – are adopted. First, a qualitative study shows that the acknowledgment of taxes and donations as two alternative and complementary ways to provide for the common good seems to stand merely on a formal and cognitive level, whilst at an affective level they appear to be very distant. Next, an experimental study using framing effect shows that a gain frame (i.e., material return) is effective in increasing intended tax compliance, whereas a hedonic frame (i.e. emotional return) is effective in increasing donation intention. Such frames are especially relevant when extrinsic motivation prevails. Moreover, the distance at affective level between taxes and donations seems to mostly arise with the acquisition of real tax experience, as suggested by the difference that is found between students and taxpayers. A final study suggests that, despite the above-mentioned differences, paying taxes and making donations are similar in that they share some common antecedents, which are the motives to provide for the common good. Such motives are ‘Accessibility’ (i.e., making the common good accessible to anyone and fulfilling people’s basic needs) and ‘Personal Gain’ (i.e., getting a return and personal advantage in exchange for one’s contribution). In conclusion, insights are offered to scholars, practitioners, and policy-makers to support the development of policies, interventions, and nudges aimed at promoting the financial provision for the common good.