Em que pese o papel fundamental da tributação no âmbito de um Estado Democrático de Direito (Estado Fiscal), no qual o dever de pagar tributos é considerado um dever fundamental, persistem na doutrina e jurisprudência nacionais posicionamentos que associam aos tributos um caráter odioso. Essa repulsa aos tributos decorre de uma ideologia ultraliberal que não se justifica à luz do sistema de direitos e garantias desenhado em nossa Constituição. Essa disseminada postura ideológica influencia de forma equivocada a interpretação e a aplicação de inúmeros institutos e normas tributárias, como ocorre em relação às sanções administrativas não pecuniárias (restritivas de direitos) utilizadas para punir o inadimplemento de uma obrigação tributária principal, denominadas de sanções políticas, morais ou indiretas. A presente dissertação busca analisar de forma crítica como a doutrina nacional e a jurisprudência histórica e atual dos nossos tribunais superiores vêm se posicionando acerca da constitucionalidade dessas sanções, de modo a apontar a inconsistência teórica do entendimento ainda prevalecente, seja à luz da teoria da sanção, seja à luz do neoconstitucionalismo, demonstrando ser juridicamente injustificável considerar inconstitucional de plano uma sanção tributária pelo só fato de ser não pecuniária, já que esse juízo demanda uma análise específica da proporcionalidade em cada caso, atentando-se para os princípios e circunstâncias envolvidos. Além de importantes julgados sobre o tema e posições de renomados autores, são analisadas separadamente as ADIs n. 5.135 e 5.161, que tratam, respectivamente, das polêmicas questões do protesto das Certidões da Dívida Ativa e da vedação da distribuição de lucros e bonificações em empresas com débito em aberto junto à União Federal.

The research hereto intends to analyse consistency of the legal order or the duty of legislative consistency (Folgerichtigkeit), as a part of the understanding the Law as a system, in order to (I) understand, define and demonstrate the fundamentals of the the duty of legislative consistency and (II) to demonstrate the implementation of the duty legislative consistency in tax law, applying its control mechanisms. To achieve the goal to delimit and demonstrate the fundamentals of the constitutional duty of legislative consistency, are facing three major issues: 1) is the definition of legislative consistency, analyzing its development, its dimensions of effectiveness, its contrast with similar institutes, proving to be a complex legislative consistency standard can be employed to guide the legislator in the preparation of standards in attention to relations of new standards with the pre-defined already by him (legislative consistency postulate) , to achieve the ideal of distributive justice by requirement continues to pursue the egalitarian distribution of privileges and the tax burden (legislative-consistency principle), as limited to the power to legislate by imposing the elaboration of consistent laws and free of unjustified discrimination (legislative consistency-rule) and also as a criterion for evaluation of normative content material compatibility (legislative consistency-criterion). Its Foundation is given by deriving from the rule of law and legislation and equality. Through it we need the Legislature to autovinculação so that the more intensely it has set an Institute, the higher your burden of justification for deviating from the duty of legislative consistency. Secondly the duty of legislative consistency is applied to the tax law, through the control of equality and a systematic approach. As for example apply these controls for the non-cumulative PIS and COFINS inserted specifically in relation to two issues: (1) the imposition of restriction on crediting, realizing the legislative inconsistency in that the purpose of the standard and how it has been implemented are not consistent and (2) the discrímen criteria for imposition of cumulative or non-cumulative regime the given contributor. Also in this case there is legislative inconsistency.

Atualmente, verifica-se um momento de grande reflexão dos aplicadores do Direito Tributário, em decorrência do impacto trazido pelos novos métodos e critérios contábeis aplicados à apuração do lucro societário das empresas no Brasil. A aplicação dos princípios contábeis geralmente aceitos passou a estabelecer novos paradigmas para o reconhecimento e mensuração do lucro, influenciando a forma de interpretar a legislação tributária. Esse contexto ganha grande relevância no que tange à apuração e tributação da renda no setor imobiliário. Isto porque esse setor da economia é cuidadosamente regulamentado, do ponto de vista contábil, tanto pela legislação societária quanto pela fiscal. Com efeito, o presente estudo analisa a delimitação da competência constitucional para tributação da renda pela União, sobretudo os limites oferecidos pelos princípios constitucionais tributários. Também se analisam as definições de renda pelo CTN e os critérios de definição do momento de realização. Ocorre que a definição do fato gerador do imposto de renda muitas vezes se vale de conceitos previstos em outras áreas do Direito, especialmente no Direito Privado. Dessa forma, são analisados os conceitos estabelecidos pelo Direito Contábil Societário, pois são fundamentais para a quantificação da matéria tributável. Após o estabelecimento da base teórica para a tributação da renda, passa-se à análise dos principais aspectos jurídicos das operações imobiliárias (negócios que envolvem a exploração econômica, direta ou indireta, da propriedade imobiliária). Essa primeira análise é necessária para se estabelecerem os parâmetros adequados para o reconhecimento e a mensuração da renda, intrinsecamente relacionada à transferência de riscos e benefícios. Um segundo passo importante, para a apuração da renda do setor imobiliário, corresponde à análise dos principais métodos e critérios contábeis estabelecidos pela legislação societária, pois esse é o parâmetro inicial para a apuração do montante a ser tributado. Por fim, analisam-se a coerência e a adequação das regras de tributação da renda no setor imobiliário, para as pessoas físicas e as pessoas jurídicas. Também serão abordados os regimes específicos de tributação previstos na legislação brasileira. / In recent years, tax law practitioners have been forced to rethink due to the impact of new accounting methods and criteria applied to the calculation of corporate profits in Brazil. The application of generally accepted accounting principles has established new parameters for the recognition and measurement of profits, thereby influencing the interpretation of tax law. This ontext has acquired great relevance regarding the calculation and taxation of income in the real estate sector. This is due to the fact that this economic sector is carefully regulated from an accounting standpoint, as much by corporate law as by tax law. Indeed, this work analyzes the limits of the constitutional authority for Federal taxation of income, especially as regards the bounds set out by constitutional principles of taxation. It also analyses the Brazilian National Tax Code (CTN) definition of income, as well as the definition of the moment when income is realized. It happens that the definition of the tax-triggering event for income tax often relies on concepts derived from other areas of law, especially privet law. Therefore, the concepts established by corporate accounting law are analyzed here, as they are fundamental concepts for the quantification of the tax bases. After establishing the theoretical basis for income taxation, the main legal aspects of real estate transactions are analyzed (those involving direct or indirect real estate economic exploration). This first analysis is necessary in order to establish the appropriate parameters for the recognition and measurement of income, intrinsically related to the transfer of risks and benefits. A second important step for the calculation of income in the real estate sector corresponds to the analysis of the main accounting methods and criteria established by corporate law, as this is the initial parameter for the calculation of the tax basis. Finally, this work analyzes the coherence and proportion of the income taxation rules in the real estate sector, for individuals and corporations. The special tax regimes established by Brazilian law will also be addressed.

Submitted by Dalton Yoshio Hirata (dyhirata@msn.com) on 2012-11-29T01:33:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 daltonhirata.dissertacao - v.final.pdf: 810658 bytes, checksum: 805785e4ab36ac0256b27b4682527771 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2012-11-29T12:36:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 daltonhirata.dissertacao - v.final.pdf: 810658 bytes, checksum: 805785e4ab36ac0256b27b4682527771 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-29T12:41:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 daltonhirata.dissertacao - v.final.pdf: 810658 bytes, checksum: 805785e4ab36ac0256b27b4682527771 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-31 / This work intends to analyze, from the perspective of the 'rent seeking' theory, the historical evolution of the legislation and case law about the tax on profits, capital gains and income earned by corporations established abroad. The hypothesis is that this legislation and its many interpretations reflect rent seeking interests by both some government sectors as well as the private sector. Accordingly, the theory of rent seeking is analyzed and its relation to the theory of 'patrimonialismo' in Brazil is demonstrated. Afterwards, the theory is applied to the proposed tax theme. To reach this objective, this work analyzes the evolution of the legislation until the last relevant law: Provisional Measure No. 2158-35 / 01. The main controversies will be identified as well as possible economic (rent seeking) interests in the various interpretations of the rules in question. Afterwards, this works verifies in the decisions of the Superior Court of Justice (STJ), the Supreme Federal Court (STF) and the Administrative Tax Court (CARF) the evolution of courts’ understanding about the various interpretations. It will be analyzed if any consensus could be obtained and which economic interests would be affected by the course taken by the case law on the theme. In this context, the analysis of legislative and jurisprudential evolution will address the following controversial issues: (1) characterization of the Brazilian rules as CFC rules (antiavoidance feature), (2) taxation of a deemed profit distribution or of the own Brazilian company profits; (3) the constitutionality of Article 43, paragraph 2, of the National Tax Code, and Article 74 of the Provisional Measure No. 2158-35/01; and (4) the compatibility of this regime with the Treaties on Double Taxation. Finally, a conclusion will be made from the findings, regarding how the changing tax rules in question may represent a rent seeking situation without public benefits that may unduly benefit both the public and the private sectors. / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar, pela ótica da teoria do rent seeking, a evolução da legislação e da jurisprudência administrativa e judicial acerca do regime da tributação dos lucros, ganhos de capital e rendimentos auferidos por sociedades controladas e coligadas no exterior. Observar-se-á a hipótese da legislação e das suas diversas interpretações refletirem interesses predominantemente de apropriação de renda, tanto por parte da Administração Pública quanto dos agentes privados. Nesse sentido, após uma exposição da teoria do rent seeking e da sua relação com a teoria do patrimonialismo no Brasil, ela será aplicada no tema tributário proposto. Para tanto, verificar-se-á a evolução da legislação até o último diploma normativo relevante sobre o tema: a Medida Provisória nº 2.158-35/01. Neste momento, serão identificadas as principais controvérsias e os possíveis interesses nas diversas interpretações dadas às regras em questão, associando-os com os diversos problemas de rent seeking observáveis. A seguir, verificar-se-á, nas decisões do Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ), do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), e do Conselho Administrativo de Recursos Fiscais (CARF) qual a evolução do entendimento dos tribunais a respeito das referidas interpretações, verificando se algum consenso foi atingido e quais interesses estariam atingidos pelo rumo tomado pela jurisprudência sobre o tema. Neste contexto, a análise da evolução legislativa e jurisprudencial abordará os seguintes pontos controversos: (1) caracterização das regras brasileiras como CFC rules (característica antielisiva); (2) tributação de distribuição ficta ou de lucro da própria controladora ou coligada no Brasil; (3) constitucionalidade do artigo 43, parágrafo 2º, do Código Tributário Nacional, bem como do artigo 74 da Medida Provisória nº 2.158-35/01; e (4) a compatibilização com os Tratados contra a Dupla Tributação. Por fim, far-se-á uma conclusão, a partir dos resultados verificados, a respeito de como a evolução das regras tributárias em questão pode representar uma apropriação de renda sem benefícios públicos que pode favorecer indevidamente tanto o setor público como o privado.

This research examined the legal nature of the presumption of guilt created by section 235(2) of the South African Tax Admiration Act and considered whether or not its practical application violates the taxpayer’s fundamental right contained in section 35(3) of the Constitution, which gives every accused taxpayer the right to a fair trial, including the right to be presumed innocent. The research also provided clarity on the constitutionality of this presumption because it has been widely criticised for unjustifiably violating the taxpayer's constitutional right to a fair trial. The conclusion reached is that the presumption created by section 235(2) of the Tax Administration Act constitutes an evidentiary burden rather than a reverse onus. It does not create the possibility of conviction, unlike a reverse onus where conviction is possible, despite the existence of a reasonable doubt. Therefore, it does not violate the accused taxpayer’s the right to a fair trial and the right to be presumed innocent and hence it is constitutional. Accordingly, the chances that the accused taxpayer will succeed in challenging the constitutionality of section 235(2) of the Act are slim.

This research studies the practical person principle as it was introduced in the case of Commissioner for Inland Revenue v Lever Brothers and Unilever Ltd 1946 AD 441. In its time the Lever Brothers case was a seminal judgment in South Africa’s tax jurisprudence and the practical person principle was a decisive criterion for the determination of source of income. The primary goal of this research was a critical analysis the practical man principle. This involved an analysis of the extent to which this principle requires judges to adopt a criterion that is too flexible for legitimate judicial decision-making. The extent to which the practical person principle creates a clash between a philosophical approach to law and an approach that is based on common sense or practicality was also debated. Finally, it was considered whether adopting a philosophical approach to determining the source of income could overcome the problems associated with the practical approach. A doctrinal methodology was applied to the documentary data consisting of the South African and Australian Income Tax Acts, South African and other case law, historical records and the writings of scholars. From the critical analysis of the practical person principle it was concluded that the anthropomorphised form of the principle gives rise to several problems that may be overcome by looking to the underlying operation of the principle. Further analysis of this operation, however, revealed deeper problems in that the principle undermines the doctrine of judicial precedent, legal certainty and the rule of law. Accordingly a practical approach to determining the source of income is undesirable and unconstitutional. Further research was conducted into the relative merits of a philosophical approach to determining source of income and it was argued that such an approach could provide a more desirable solution to determining source of income as well as approaching legal problems more generally.

La liberté de gestion en droit fiscal est confrontée, aussi bien à la multiplicité des choix et des stratégies offerts au contribuable, l’encourageant à chercher la voie la moins imposée, qu’à la consolidation des pouvoirs de l’administration fiscale afin de lutter contre la fraude et l’évasion fiscales. Flottant entre la protection de la liberté de gestion du contribuable et l’intensification de la lutte contre la fraude fiscale, les systèmes tunisiens et français se séparent et se recoupent sur certains points. L’approche comparative montre que dans les deux systèmes, la liberté de gestion n’est pas conçue de la même manière. En droit français, contrairement au droit tunisien, la jurisprudence a joué un rôle important dans la détermination des contours de la liberté de gestion à travers les notions d’origine prétorienne d’abus de droit et d’acte anormal de gestion. En droit tunisien, outre une législation fiscale qui affiche une certaine ambiguïté, la jurisprudence fiscale s’est montrée hésitante à tracer les contours de cette liberté. Les mécanismes de protection de cette liberté varient du droit français au droit tunisien. Toutefois, aussi bien en droit français qu’en droit tunisien, il n’existe pas un équilibre harmonieux entre la protection de la liberté de gestion du contribuable et la protection des intérêts du trésor. Le développement des moyens d’immixtion de l’administration entraine peu à peu le recul de cette liberté de gestion fiscale / Freedom of management in tax law faces both, an abundance of choices and strategies available to the taxpayer that he can initially use to seek the less taxed alternative as well as a strengthening of the tax administration’s powers geared towards reducing tax evasion and tax avoidance. Swaying between the protection of management freedom and the struggle against tax evasion, the Tunisian and French systems diverge and converge in a number of points. The aim of this research is to compare the French and Tunisian freedom of management in tax laws. The main results show that in the two systems, the freedom of management is not designed in the same way. Unlike the Tunisian law, case law has played an important role to define and outline freedom of management in the judicial concepts relating to abuse of right and abnormal act of management. In the Tunisian law, in addition to unclear tax legislation, the case law has appeared undecided to outline the freedom of management. The protective freedom of management mechanisms vary in the French law and the Tunisian law. However, in both the French law and Tunisian law, there isn’t a harmonious balance between protection of freedom of management and protection of treasury interest. The development of the interference means of the tax administration causes gradually the decline of the freedom of management

Avec les accords euro-méditerranéens d’association, les pouvoirs publics algériens sont appelés à respecter les engagements internationaux et régionaux qui en résultent. Il s’agit en particulier de mettre en conformité les administrations fiscales et douanières. En effet, les transformations économiques et juridiques que produit la mise en place de ce genre d’accord d’association interpellent notamment les législateurs algériens pour entreprendre des réformes fiscales et douanières qui s’imposent par la libéralisation des échanges. L’objectif est donc de rapprocher le droit fiscal et douanier de l’Algérie avec les législations en vigueur dans les Etats de l’Union européenne et plus généralement euro-méditerranéens. C’est dans ce cadre que notre sujet se propose d’approcher et de débattre la réforme fiscale et douanière en Algérie. Pour cela, ce travail débute par une réflexion sur cet accord d’association, qui passe par l’évolution des relations entre l’Algérie et l’Union européenne. Puis nous abordons plus précisément la question des réformes fiscales et douanières en Algérie dans le cadre de cet accord d’association. Pour terminer nous traitons de l’importance de la bonne gouvernance financière dans le cadre de l’intégration régionale. / With the Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreements, the Algerian authorities are required to comply with the resulting international and regional commitments. This concerns in particular the conformity to the tax and customs administrations. In fact, the economic and legal transformations implemented by such an association agreement demand the Algerian legislators to undertake fiscal and customs reforms required by trade liberalization. The goal, therefore, is to bring the Algerian tax and customs law closer to the laws in force in the European Union states and more particularly in the Euro-Mediterranean ones. It is in this context that we aim through our subject to approach and discuss tax and customs reform in Algeria. For this, the work begins with a reflection on the Association Agreement, achieved through the development of relations between Algeria and the European Union. Then, we tackle specifically the issue of tax and customs reforms in Algeria on the occasion of the Euro-Mediterranean agreements. Finally we discuss the importance of good financial governance in the context of regional integration.

La notion fiscale d’abus de droit est un sujet d’une grande actualité qui intéresse tous les acteurs de la vie des affaires. On parle de plus en plus dans nos médias, dans nos facultés, dans nos entreprises, comme dans nos foyers des termes d’optimisation fiscale, d’évasion fiscale, de fraude fiscale et d’abus de droit. De plus, l’actualité est marquée par la lutte contre les pratiques fiscales abusives des contribuables qui s’est opérée à divers échelons. Au niveau international avec l'initiative de l'OCDE et du G20 contre l'érosion de la base taxable et le transfert de bénéfices dit BEPS, au plan communautaire, avec l'action du législateur européen, de la Cour de justice de l'Union européenne et de la Commission européenne, et à l’échelon interne par les travaux du parlement. En droit interne, l’article 100 du projet de loi de finances pour 2014 prévoyait que l’adverbe « exclusivement », qui représente l’un des critères caractéristiques de l’abus de droit par fraude à la loi, soit remplacé par l’adverbe « principalement » fiscal dans l’article L. 64 du Livre des procédures fiscales. Le Conseil constitutionnel a censuré cette tentative du législateur dans une décision en date du 29 décembre 2013. Cette décision de censure pourrait être interprétée comme demandant au législateur de définir avec une plus grande précision le motif « principalement » fiscal, mais de manière générale de définir la notion même d’abus de droit. Rappelons que l’article L. 64 du LPF siège de la notion française d’abus de droit, ne définit pas l’abus de droit stricto-sensu, mais plutôt la procédure d’abus de droit. Il ne nous dit pas "qu'est ce que l'abus de droit", mais plutôt "comment l'abus de droit". Si les implications constitutionnelles ont été rapidement connues, les soubassements théoriques méritent d’être approfondis, notamment dans une approche comparative, et le cas échéant européenne et internationale de la question. Il s’est donc agit de mettre en lumière la notion fiscale d’abus de droit, à savoir son caractère saisissable ou non. Cette démonstration conduit nécessairement à répondre à plusieurs interrogations. Notamment, existe-t-il une notion unique et unanimement admise d'abus de droit ? En quoi la notion d’abus de droit est-elle insaisissable? La notion d’abus de droit se doit-elle d’être insaisissable? S’obliger à trouver une notion commune d’abus de droit, n’est-ce pas remettre en cause la logique intrinsèque de l’institution et lui retirer toute efficacité ? Faut-il privilégier une approche commune aux Etats-Membres de l’UE ? Une approche internationale de la question est-elle réalisable ? Quid de l’articulation des dispositifs anti-abus entre eux. C’est entre autre ces différentes interrogations qui ont été évoquées dans les développements de la thèse. / The fiscal notion of law abuse is a high profil topic which interests all business life actors. We hear more and more in our Medias, schools, businesses, as in our homes, such terms as tax optimization, tax evasion, tax fraud and abuse of law. In addition, news is marked by the fight against abusive tax practices of taxpayers that has taken place at various levels. Internationally, with the initiative of the OECD and G20 in the BEPS project. At EU level, with the measures taken by the European Commission and, at national level, by the work of parliament.In national law, recently, the article 100 of the Finance Bill for 2014, as passed by the Parliament, provided that the word "exclusively" which represents one of the characteristic criteria of abuse of law by legal fraud, be replaced with the word "primarily" tax in the article L. 64 of Tax Procedure Handbook.The Constitutional Council censured this legislative attempt in a decision dated December 29, 2013 on two grounds: It held that that article was against the objective of a constitutional value of accessibility and intelligibility of the law, and the principle of legality of offenses and penalties.This censorship decision is a decision which could be interpreted as asking to the Legislator to define with greater precision what it meant by "primarily" fiscal motive, but also generally define the concept of abuse of law in tax matters.It should be recalled in this regard that article L. 64 of the Tax Procedure Handbook, heart of the French concept of abuse of law, does not define abuse of law in the strict sense, but rather the abuse of law procedure. If the constitutional implications were quickly known, the theoretical foundations merit further examination, including a comparative approach, and if applicable European and international questions.It is therefore to clarify the tax concept of abuse of law, defining the abuse of law, namely its comprehensible aspect or not. It is the choice of that last idea that we made, namely to demonstrate the elusiveness of a notion of abuse of law.This demonstration leads necessarily to answer several questions. In particular, does a unique unanimously accepted concept exist? To what extend the notion of abuse of law cannot be found? Should the concept of abuse of law be elusive? If forced to find a common concept of abuse of law, isn’t it a challenge the institution’s logic and a withdraw of its efficiently? Should priority be given to a common approach of abuse of law definition by the European Union Member-States? What about the articulation of anti-abuse devices between them. It is among others the questions that have been raised in the developments.

L'expansion de l'intervention des personnes publiques dans le domaine économique et du nombre d'activités de service public confiées à des entités privées a profondément modifié le droit administratif général. La question du traitement fiscal de ces activités s'est alors posée. Or, le législateur fiscal ne tient pas compte du fait que l'activité est de service public pour y répondre; d'ailleurs, lorsque la notion de service public est employée dans les textes fiscaux, elle renvoie à une définition différente de celle retenue en droit administratif général. Le législateur fiscal ne se réfère pas non plus à la distinction entre services publics administratifs et services publics industriels et commerciaux. Cependant, cela ne signifie pas qu'il ne prend pas la mesure de la multiplication des activités de service public : en effet, le régime légal d'imposition, pour appréhender le traitement fiscal d'une activité, la compare avec ce qui existe sur le marché concurrentiel, comme le fait également le droit administratif général lorsqu'il s'agit de déterminer le visage d'un service public. Ainsi, si la nature de service public d'une activité -au sens du droit administratif général -n'influence pas son traitement fiscal, son visage -administratif ou industriel et commercial -pourrait, au contraire, permettre son identification. En cela, le droit fiscal rejoint la logique du droit administratif général : accordant peu d'importance à la nature de service public d'une activité, il pourrait être amené à se servir du visage pour obtenir la solution fiscale. / The growing intervention of public figures in the economic field as well as the increasing number of public service activities entrusted to private entities has deeply changed the public law. The question thus arose as to which tax treatment should be applied to these activities. The tax legislator has not yet taken into account the nature of the activity, a public service, to respond to the question. In addition, when the concept of public service is used in tax regulations, it refers to a different definition to the one used in public law. The tax legislator does not refer to the distinction between pure public services and industrial and commercial public services. However, this does not mean that the tax legislator does not take into consideration the increase of public service activities. Indeed, in order to apprehend the tax treatment of an activity, the legal tax regime, just like public law, compares it with the activities existing in the competitive market. Thus, if the nature of the public service in the view of public law does not have any influence on its tax treatment, its administrative or industrial and commercial tainting may, on the contrary, allow its identification. As such, tax law joins the logic of public law: by granting little importance to the public service nature of an activity, it might be required to use the tainting to reach the tax solution.