Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:26:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Clayton Eduardo Prado.pdf: 531979 bytes, checksum: e2b1fd0112e75ea983f01de2f00c951a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-25 / The study concerns about the inheritance taxation and intends to construct its basic rule of incidence, from the examination of the constitutional rules that discipline this tax, identifying the two equations that compose it: the antecedent (hypothesis tax), describing its material, spatial and temporal criteria; and the consequence (legal relationship tax), identifying its personal (active and passive subject) and quantitative (aliquot and taxable base) criteria. At the second moment, it examines the Law n. 10.705/2000 of the São Paulo State to verify if it is compatible with the constitutional profile of this tax. Further on, the São Paulo legislation comes back to be the focus, to analyse the tax exemption phenomenon. Later, it concerns about the tax assessment, evidencing the peculiar aspects of this tax. The final topic intends to face two intricate questions: the decadence and the prescription of the ITCM / O trabalho trata do imposto sobre transmissão causa mortis de quaisquer bens ou direitos (ITCM) e tem entre seus objetivos construir a sua regra-matriz de incidência, a partir do exame das normas constitucionais que disciplinam esse tributo, identificando as duas equações que a compõem: o antecedente (hipótese tributária), descrevendo os seus critérios material, espacial e temporal; e o conseqüente (relação jurídica tributária), identificando os seus critérios pessoal (sujeitos ativo e passivo) e quantitativo (base de cálculo e alíquota). Construída a regra-matriz de incidência tributária, examina as normas da Lei n. 10.705/2000 do Estado de São Paulo, objetivando verificar em que medida elas são compatíveis com o perfil constitucional desse tributo. A seguir, a legislação paulista volta a ser o foco, com a finalidade de se analisar o fenômeno da isenção do imposto sobre transmissão causa mortis. Posteriormente, trata do lançamento tributário do ITCM, constatando os traços peculiares a esse tributo, sobretudo quando apurado no âmbito de processos judiciais. O tópico final visa enfrentar duas intrincadas questões: a decadência e a prescrição do ITCM, onde se verifica, igualmente, que esse imposto possui singularidades decorrentes da sua forma de apuração

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Carolina de Paula Leal de Melo.pdf: 584376 bytes, checksum: bbb265129657ed13b23ddc3ffab551fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-26 / The subject chosen for scientific research was THE LEGAL SYSTEM FOR ANTERIORITY OF TAX LAWS (the publication of tax laws before the tax year to which they apply). This came to our attention when the Constitutional Amendment n° 42/2003 was announced, which alters the constitutional text, introducing paragraph c in clause III of article 150 of the Federal Constitution, that institutes special anteriority. We wish to give our contribution, though small, to Legal Science, seeking to scrutinise the inquiry objective: The Principle of the Anteriority. We know that no description comes close to reality, which is inexhaustible for cognoscitive ends, as it is inevitable that there will be some distancing between the object and the judgement constructed by the person knowing about the topic. Thus we will be please as we will have reached our objective if the work contributes scientifically to the study of Law, and to future inquiries into same subject. In this study our aim is to define the reach of the principle of Anteriority, keeping in mind that the subject is extremely important for Law, especially Tax Law, since it is a fundamental principle of the legal system, and has direct influence on taxation, as well as by the fact of being a principle that guarantees the compliance of other constitutional principles, such as the security of the judicial system, and legality. While developing this study, we had chance to verify that the principle of Anteriority appears in the constitutional text in more than one form. (The Ninety Day Anteriority Law), which we study in great detail in this work. Later, when we study the subject in greater depth, we come across various circumstances that could influence decisively the application or not of principle of anteriority. We also analyse related aspects of the subject, such as its inception and reasons that led the formation of the anteriority law, and the ninety day anteriority law. Later there were reasons to istitute the Special Anteriority Law. The work also analyse the terms To institute and to increase , looking to identify the consequences and outcomes that these terms have in the legal sistem. We also came across some controversial questions, such as how to measure the time period for compliance of the principle of anteriority, as well as that its legality, the time period or its effectiveness that influences the counting of the time period of the cited principle. And finally, we analyse the relationship between the principle of anteriority and the provisional laws (valid for 90 days). Finally we were able to debate how to resolve in a scientific way questions that, we hope, are useful in the development of the subject following the best teaching methods, and in Brazilian courts / O tema escolhido para pesquisa científica foi A ANTERIORIDADE DAS LEIS TRIBUTÁRIAS , que nos chamou a atenção quando da promulgação da Emenda Constitucional n° 42/2003, que alterou o texto constitucional introduzindo a alínea c , no inciso III, do artigo 150, da Constituição Federal, que instituiu a anterioridade especial. Temos como objetivo dar nossa contribuição, ainda que pequena, para a Ciência do Direito, buscando esmiuçar o objeto de investigação: o princípio da anterioridade. Sabemos que nenhuma descrição toca a realidade, que é inesgotável para fins cognoscitivos, bem como que o distanciamento entre o objeto e o juízo construído pelo ser cognoscente a seu respeito, é inevitável. Assim, ficaremos felizes e teremos alcançado nosso objetivo, se o trabalho contribuir cientificamente para o estudo do Direito, e para futuras inquirições sobre o mesmo objeto. Almejamos, ainda, em nosso trabalho, definir o alcance do princípio da anterioridade, tendo em vista que é tema importantíssimo para o Direito, e em especial ao Direito Tributário, uma vez que é princípio basilar do ordenamento jurídico e tem influência direta na tributação, bem como pelo fato de ser princípio que garante o cumprimento de outros princípios constitucionais, tais como a segurança jurídica e a legalidade. No desenvolver do estudo, tivemos oportunidade de verificar que o princípio da anterioridade vem revestido, no texto constitucional, de mais de uma forma (anterioridade do exercício, nonagesimal e especial), as quais estudaremos detalhadamente no desenvolver do trabalho. Posteriormente, ao nos aprofundarmos no tema, nos deparamos com diversas circunstâncias que poderiam influir de forma decisiva na aplicação ou não do princípio da anterioridade. Pretendemos também analisar aspectos relevantes do tema, tais como seu nascimento e motivos que levaram o constituinte originário a instituir a anterioridade do exercício, a anterioridade nonagesimal. Após, as razões para a instituição da anterioridade especial. A análise dos signos instituir e majorar também será objeto do trabalho, procurando identificar quais os reflexos e desdobramentos que referidos signos têm no ordenamento jurídico. Deparamo-nos também com questões controversas, tais como a da contagem do período para cumprimento e obediência ao princípio da anterioridade, bem como da indagação se é a validade, a vigência ou a eficácia que influi na contagem de referido princípio. E, por fim, analisamos a relação entre o princípio da anterioridade e as medidas provisórias. Pudemos, enfim, levantar debates e reflexões, procurando responder de forma científica, questões que, esperamos, sejam úteis no desenvolvimento do tema na melhor doutrina e nos tribunais pátrios

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jonathan Barros Vita.pdf: 5194428 bytes, checksum: 7048b069242b053bd21fc350d61cc235 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-16 / Firstly, it shall be explicated that the scientific approach of this work has as premises the coupling between Linguistics Theory and System s Theory. This essay is divided into three parts, each one with its own chapters, which can be divided into: the theoretical instruments as starting point; the instruments and structures which have pertinence with this work thru a research into national and comparative law texts; and the clearing of the studied legal institutes with its specificities and connecting points. The first part deals with the fundaments of Legal Logics and Linguistics Theory adopted and its counterweights and complements in System s Theory, resulting in the third chapter which is the consolidation of the theoretical support used in this work. Second part defines the institutes of Brazilian law, specially, using the Matrix Rule of Tax Incidence, focusing into the manifestation of the word tax and into the taxable basis. Also, there is a chapter dedicated to the problems of the international law coupled to the problems deriving from the integration with the internal law, specially, with tax law. Last Part, with three chapters, was meant to define and demonstrate the application of each one of the studied institutes, which are: customs valuation and transfer pricing. Final chapter deals with the interaction between these two institutes in their structures, functions and relationships, pointing out convergences and perspectives / Primeiramente, deve ser elucidado que a forma de abordagem científica deste trabalho é direcionada pelo acoplamento entre Teoria da Linguagem e Teoria dos Sistemas. Este texto é dividido em três partes, cada uma com capítulos próprios que delimitam: os instrumentos teóricos utilizados como ponto de partida; os instrumentos e estruturas que guardam relação de pertinência com o trabalho através de uma pesquisa no direito brasileiro e comparado; e a elucidação dos institutos a serem estudados com suas especificidades e pontos de conexão. A primeira parte trata de enumerar os fundamentos da Lógica Jurídica e da Teoria da Linguagem adotados e seus contrapontos e complementos na Teoria dos Sistemas, resultando no terceiro capítulo que é a consolidação do suporte teórico final utilizado. Segunda parte trata de definições trazidas pelo direito brasileiro, em especial utilizando-se da estrutura da Regra-matriz de Incidência Tributária, focalizando nas manifestações do vocábulo tributo e na base de cálculo tributária. Ainda, existe um capítulo dedicado aos problemas do direito internacional acoplados aos problemas derivantes da integração com o direito interno, em especial com o direito tributário. Parte final, de três capítulos, foi destinada a definir e demonstrar a aplicação de cada um dos institutos estudados, que sejam: valoração aduaneira e preços de transferência. Capítulo final trata das interações entre estes dois institutos em suas estruturas, funções e relações, apontando convergências e perspectivas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Marchetti Marcondes.pdf: 1347987 bytes, checksum: 064a7cffc09bde12d7bad74a6152d70f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-11 / This work analyzes the assessment of income tax (IR) on amounts received as royalties under trademark and patent license agreements from a Brazilian tax law perspective. Based on a general scenario, methodological cuts were made and key concepts and premises defined to place marks, inventions, utility models and transgenic microorganisms within the universe of intangible assets. The work also examines the forms of protection granted by the State to these figures (patents and registrations) and the resulting considerations (capital gains and royalties), before entering the specific field of Tax Law. In reliance on the constitutional concept of income and on the contours given by supplementary legislation, an analysis was made of the different modes of income tax assessment on royalties derived from trademark and patent license agreements and of the applicable deductibility rules. Finally, the application of the transfer pricing rules and of international treaties for the avoidance of double taxation was reviewed with respect to royalties received by beneficiaries domiciled in Brazil and abroad, when one of the parties resides in Brazil and the other does not. Concluding, the situations in which income tax is levied and the scope and lawfulness of the restrictions imposed by the maker of ordinary laws at the moment the income tax base is determined were delineated within the current prevailing system of laws / O trabalho analisa a incidência do Imposto sobre a Renda (IR) sobre as quantias recebidas a título de royalties em decorrência da outorga de licença de uso de marcas e de patentes no Direito Tributário brasileiro. Para tanto, partiu-se de um panorama geral, no qual foram feitos cortes metodológicos, definidos premissas e conceitos-chave com a finalidade de situar as marcas, invenções, modelos de utilidade e micro-organismos transgênicos no universo dos bens imateriais. Tal trabalho passou ainda pelo exame das formas de proteção concedidas pelo Estado a essas figuras (patentes e registros) e pelas contraprestações delas decorrentes (ganhos de capital e royalties), antes de adentrar no campo específico do Direito Tributário. Nessa seara, com fundamento no conceito constitucionalmente pressuposto de renda e nos contornos dados pela legislação complementar, foi feita uma análise da incidência do IR nas suas diferentes modalidades sobre os royalties resultantes de contratos de licença de uso de marcas e de patentes e as regras aplicáveis de dedutibilidade. Por fim, ainda foi examinada a aplicação das regras de preços de transferência e dos tratados internacionais para evitar a dupla tributação da renda em relação aos royalties percebidos por beneficiário domiciliado no Brasil e no exterior, quando uma das partes reside no País e a outra não. Como conclusão, foram delimitados as situações de incidência do IR, o alcance e a legitimidade das restrições impostas pelo legislador infraconstituicional no momento da apuração da base de cálculo do imposto, tendo em vista a atual ordem jurídica em vigor

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Christine Mendonca.pdf: 2253283 bytes, checksum: 178d246138f7a4db20c37d186b09aa66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-07 / The purpose of this doctoral thesis is to analyze the arguments presented by the Brazilian Supreme Court s decisions on tax matters so as to identify the ways in which that constitutional agency has contributed to maintain and protect the Rule of law. Theoretical tools provided by the logical-semantic constructivist method and the Luhmanian systems theory help understand the range and importance of the legal interpretation of the law, and, based on that, help verify how to process interferences coming from other social subsystems. The process of interpretation developed by the law s observer-interpreter will be registered in the juridical argumentation by him presented. And, in the case of the Supreme Court, it will be part of the reasoning supporting the Ministers votes. The analysis of those arguments is a fundamental tool to investigate the occurrence of corruption between inter-systemic codes that undermines the maintenance of the Rule of law / A presente tese de doutorado tem por objetivo analisar a argumentação nas decisões judiciais em matéria tributária produzidas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal de modo a identificar de que forma esse órgão constitucional está contribuindo para a manutenção do Estado de Direito. A partir dos instrumentos teóricos fornecidos pelo método construtivista lógico-semântico e pela teoria sistêmica luhmaniana compreende-se a extensão e a importância da interpretação jurídica do direito. Verifica-se, a partir dela, como devem ser processados os ruídos provenientes de outros subsistemas sociais. O processo de interpretação realizado pelo observadorintérprete do direito será registrado na argumentação jurídica por ele apresentada. E, no caso do Supremo, comporá a fundamentação dos votos dos Ministros. A análise desses argumentos é fundamental para investigar a ocorrência de corrupção entre os códigos intersistêmicos que tanto fragiliza a manutenção do Estado de Direito

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Henrique Marotti Toselli.pdf: 1761447 bytes, checksum: f4f83f36c33fa8101690261e307cdac0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-10 / The employer contribution to the cost of the social security system in Brazil, according to article 195, I, "a", of the Federal Constitution of 1988, must levied on the total remuneration arising from services rendered by individuals. However, the Government has created a replacement contribution, mandatory for taxpayers listed in the law, which is imposed on the gross revenue of the companies. The purpose study is to investigate this collection (called "CPRB") in light of the Brazilian constitutional tax system / A contribuição patronal destinada ao financiamento do regime previdenciário no Brasil, de acordo com o artigo 195, I, a , da Constituição Federal de 1988, deve incidir sobre a totalidade das remunerações pagas pelas empresas por serviços prestados por pessoas físicas. Ocorre que o Governo criou uma contribuição substitutiva, obrigatória para os contribuintes listados na lei, que passou a incidir sobre a receita bruta das empresas. Nosso estudo consiste em verificar essa exação (denominada CPRB ) à luz do sistema constitucional tributário

L’étude repose sur l’hypothèse que les aides d’État fiscales sont autonomes, se singularisant par rapport aux autres règles du droit fiscal de l’Union. Cela est dû au fait que la véritable nature de l’intégration, la véritable finalité du contrôle des aides fiscales, n’est pas facilement perceptible.Le régime des aides fiscales dépasse son cadre initial de contrôle des systèmes fiscaux pourintégrer celui d’élaboration de règles juridiques communes. Les autorités de l’Union, par le biais du régime des aides fiscales, contrôlent les systèmes fiscaux nationaux ; en même temps, elles parviennent à jouer un rôle important pour la coopération interétatique au regard de la lutte contrela concurrence fiscale dommageable. Plus important encore, elles réussissent à coordonner les systèmes fiscaux nationaux, procédant d’une instrumentalisation du contrôle des aides fiscales,contrôle étant conçu comme un succédané de l’harmonisation fiscale. La démonstration des finalités protéiformes de ce contrôle repose d’abord sur la méthode d’identification d’une aide fiscale, identification qui correspond aux finalités recherchées. La vérification de l’hypothèse initiale de singularisation des aides fiscales pose également la question de sa finalité. Ce contrôle est-il susceptible de façonner la structure même du droit fiscal de l’Union et, d’une manière plus substantielle, la répartition des compétences entre les autorités européennes et nationales ? Une technique comme celle du contrôle des aides fiscales peut-elle potentiellement contribuer à redéfinir la ligne de démarcation entre souveraineté fiscale des États membres et limitation tolérable de celle-ci par le droit de l’Union ? / This thesis is based on the premise that tax state aids differentiate themselves from other tax law related rules of the European Union. This is due to the fact that the true nature of the integration, the true purpose of the regulation of tax state aids, is not so easily discernible. The legal status oftax state aids outreaches its original scope—the scrutiny of fiscal systems—to integrate that of creation of common legal rules. The authorities of the Union, through the tax aids regime, monitor domestic tax systems; at the same time, they come to play an important role in the context of the interstate cooperation tackling harmful tax competition. More importantly, they manage to coordinate domestic tax systems as a result of the “instrumentalization” of the regulation of taxaids. The latter is then regarded as a substitute to tax harmonization. This manifestation of themultifarious objectives of tax state aids regulation is firstly based on the technique ofcharacterization of a tax aid, a characterization corresponding ultimately to the goals as expected.The proof of the initial hypothesis of the self-containment of tax aids raises the question of its purpose. Is this regulation likely to weave the very structure of Union tax law and, more substantially, the division of competences between European and domestic authorities? Is a technique like the one related to tax state aids regulation likely to contribute to redefining the dividing line between member States tax sovereignty and its tolerable limitation by Union law?

Le financement de l’économie sociale et solidaire (ESS) se trouve actuellement au centre des préoccupations des acteurs et des observateurs de celle-ci. La question de savoir comment le droit peut faciliter le financement des entreprises de l’ESS mérite donc qu’on y consacre une analyse systémique. Le cadre juridique du financement de l’ESS est posé par les normes impératives en droit des sociétés et des groupements de l’ESS. La loi n°2014-856 du 31 juillet 2014 relative à l'ESS dresse une liste limitative des formes juridiques appartenant à l’ESS : associations loi 1901, fondations, coopératives, mutuelles et sociétés commerciales sous certaines conditions. Afin de discuter les normes impératives ayant un impact sur le financement des entreprises de l’ESS, la première partie de cette thèse reconstitue l’offre éparse de statuts et leur régime juridique. En découle, dans la seconde partie, une critique ordonnée de l’accès aux ressources financières, selon qu’elles sont destinées aux organisations sans but lucratif (OSBL) ou aux sociétés, libérales ou avec une contrepartie, qu’elles soient le fruit d’un investissement ou qu’elles proviennent d’une des parties prenantes. Cette thèse aboutit à cinq séries de propositions de réformes : la redéfinition de l’ESS pour un fléchage plus affûté des ressources financières dédiées ; la révision des normes impératives entravant la performance financière des OSBL ; la stimulation de l’investissement dans l’ESS ; la sécurisation des ressources des entreprises de l’ESS au moyen de l’évaluation de l'impact social ; la pérennisation des aides d’État, eu égard à l’utilité sociale, et des compensations pour obligation de service public / Nowadays the financing of the social and solidarity economy (SSE) lies at the forefront of the concerns plaguing operators and observers in the sector. Therefore, how can SSE financing be eased by law is an issue that deserves a systemic analysis. The legal framework for SSE financing has been set by peremptory norms of SSE corporate law. French act n°2014-856 of 31 July 2014 on the SSE establishes a restrictive list of legal forms that automatically belong to the SSE: non-profit organisations, foundations, cooperatives, mutual societies and commercial companies under certain conditions. With a view to discussing the peremptory norms which affect the financing of social enterprises, the first section of this thesis gives an overview of the SSE statutes and their scattered legal regime. As a result, the second section provides a sorted review of the access to financial resources, whether they are intended for not-for-profit or for-profit organisations, with or without consideration, and whether they stem from an investment or are provided by a stakeholder. This thesis leads to five series of reform proposals: redefining the SSE for a better earmarking of the dedicated financial resources; revising the peremptory norms that hinder the financial performance of not-for-profit organisations; stimulating investments in the SSE; securing the resources for social enterprises through the assessment of their social impact; perpetuating both state aid regarding social utility and compensations for public service obligations

EG-rätten är en egen rättsordning som har företräde framför den nationella rätten, vilket innebär att medlemsstaterna har en skyldighet att följa EG-rätten. Förverkligandet av målet om att skapa en inre marknad inom EG förutsätter ett gemensamt system för mervärdesskatt. Flera direktiv har antagits för att harmonisera mervärdesskatten inom gemenskapen. Mervärdesskatt är en generell konsumtionsskatt som skall bäras av slutkonsumenten. Ett avdragssystem säkerställer att skattebördan vältras framåt för att slutligen belasta slutkonsumenten. En skattskyldig person som förvärvar varor till sin verksamhet medges därmed avdrag för ingående mervärdesskatt. Vid uttag eller användning av dessa varor för privat ändamål skall den skattskyldiga personen behandlas som en slutkonsument. Motsvarande regler återfinns även när en skattskyldig person tillhandahåller tjänster för privat ändamål. Uttagsbeskattning skall ske för att förhindra att en skattskyldig person uppnår en otillbörlig fördel genom att undvika beskattning på den egna konsumtionen. Uttagsbeskattning sker genom att transaktionerna likställs med tillhandahållande av varor och tjänster mot ersättning. Enligt uttagsbestämmelserna i mervärdesskattelagen aktualiseras uttagsbeskattning när en skattskyldig person tillhandahåller en vara eller en tjänst utan ersättning eller mot en ersättning som understiger självkostnadspriset för den tillhandahållna varan eller tjänsten. I målet Gåsabäck från år 2005 konstaterar EG-domstolen att uttag för privat ändamål inte kan föreligga, enligt artiklarna 16 och 26.1 b i mervärdesskattedirektivet, när en skattskyldig person tillhandahåller varor eller tjänster mot en faktisk ersättning och detta även när ersättningen understiger självkostnadspriset för den tillhandahållna varan eller tjänsten. Således är mervärdesskattelagens uttagsbestämmelser inte förenliga med EG-rätten. Trots domen i målet Gåsabäck beslutar Skatterättsnämnden i ett förhandsbesked från år 2007 att uttagsbeskattning skall ske, enligt artikel 26.1 a i mervärdesskattedirektivet, när en skattskyldig person låter de anställda använda företagets personbilar mot en symbolisk ersättning. Skatterättsnämnden anser att beslutet inte strider mot EG-rätten eftersom det är fråga om användning av en vara i rörelsen och inte, såsom i målet Gåsabäck, tillhandahållande av en tjänst. Frågan är om förhandsbeskedet strider mot EG-rätten. Omständigheter i målet Gåsabäck tyder på att uttagsbeskattning aldrig kan aktualiseras när en ersättning utgår för en transaktion. / The European Community, EC, constitutes a new legal order, the European Community law, EC law. In situations of conflicts between national law and Community law, the EC law has supremacy, which means that the Member States are obliged to follow the EC law. The attainment of the objective of establishing an internal market within the EC presupposes a common system of value added tax, VAT. Several directives have been admitted for harmonising the VAT in the Community. VAT is a general tax on consumption, where the final consumer carries the burden of the tax. A deduction system ensures that the tax burden is brought forward until it reaches the final consumer. If the taxable person has been able to deduct input VAT on purchase of goods used for his business and then apply or use those goods for his own private use, the taxable person will be treated as a final consumer. Similarly, the taxable person will be treated as a final consumer when he supplies services for his own private use. To ensure that taxable persons do not take unfair advantage by avoiding tax on self-consumption, the transactions shall be treated as supplies of goods or services for consideration. The purpose of treating the transactions as supplies of goods or services for consideration is to ensure that VAT is a tax on final consumption. According to the Swedish VAT act, the application of goods or services for private use is to be understood to mean supplies of goods or services either free of charge or for a consideration which is less than the cost price of the goods or services supplied. In the case Gåsabäck 2005 the European Court of Justice concludes that supplies of goods and services that are effected for an actual consideration can not be regarded as an application of goods or services for private use according to articles 16 and 26.1 b of the VAT directive. This is also applied if that consideration is less than the cost price of the goods or services supplied. Consequently, the Swedish VAT act is inconsistent with the EC law. In a prelimi-nary decision of 19 January 2007, the Skatterättsnämnden decides that the use of goods forming part of the assets of a business shall, according to article 26.1 a of the VAT directive, be treated as a supply of services for consideration, although an actual consideration is paid for the transaction. The Skatterättsnämnden consider that the decision is consistent with the EC law since there are not the same services as in the case Gåsabäck. The question is if the decision is inconsistent with the EC law. Circumstances in the case Gåsabäck indicates that transactions that are effected for an actual consideration can never be regarded as an application of goods or services for private use.

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[endif] > Mervärdesskatten är en allmän konsumtionsskatt som ska påföras vid omsättning av i princip alla varor och tjänster. Från denna generella princip finns undantag från skatteplikt, varav försäkringstjänster är ett av undantagen. Undantaget för försäkringstjänster har nästan inte behandlats i doktrin och därför är uppsatsens syfte att utreda vad som omfattas av undantagsbestämmelsen för försäkringstjänster. Undantaget från skatteplikt för försäkringstjänster stadgas i 3 kap. 10 § mervärdeskattelagen<! [if !supportFootnotes] >[1]<! [endif] >, ML, vilket motsvaras av art. 135.1 a i mervärdesskattedirektivet<! [if !supportFootnotes] >[2]<! [endif] >. Då EG-rätten är överordnad svensk rätt, i och med Sveriges medlemskap i EU, sker utredningen av undantagsbestämmelsen i 3 kap. 10 § ML utifrån EG-rätten. Inom EG-rätten är mervärdesskatten reglerad i mervärdesskattedirektivet, som den svenska mervärdesskattelagstiftningen bygger på. Den svenska mervärdesskattelagstiftningen återfinns i ML. Vad som omfattas av undantaget för försäkringstjänster definieras varken i mervärdesskattedirektivet eller ML och ledning måste därför sökas i rättspraxis. EG-domstolen har tolkat omfattningen av bestämmelsen i förhandsbesked begärda av medlemsstaterna. Bestämmelsen delas upp i två delfrågor som EG-domstolen besvarar i förhandsbeskeden. Delfrågorna är vad som omfattas av en försäkrings- och återförsäkringstransaktion och vad begreppet tjänster med anknytning till en försäkrings- och återförsäkringstransaktion som utförs av en försäkringsmäklare och försäkringsagent omfattar. Av EG-domstolens uttalanden kan slutsatsen dras, att det avgörande för en försäkringstransaktion är att en försäkringsgivare eller skattskyldig person tillhandahåller försäkringstagaren en försäkringstjänst. Försäkringstagaren ska erlägga en premie till tillhandahållaren av försäkringen och i utbyte erhålla ett skydd mot risken. Inträffar en händelse ska försäkringsgivaren tillhandahålla den prestation som avtalats om. En återförsäkringstransaktion föreligger endast när försäkringsgivaren överlåter den överenskomna risken till ett återförsäkringsföretag. Vad som omfattas av begreppet tjänster med anknytning till en försäkrings- och återförsäkringstransaktion som utförs av en försäkringsmäklare och försäkringsagent kan slutsatsen dras utifrån EG-domstolens uttalanden, att det krävs ett direkt eller indirekt rättsförhållande mellan försäkringsmäklaren eller försäkringsagenten och försäkringsgivaren och försäkringstagaren. Vad som bedöms som en försäkringsmäklare och försäkringsagent ska avgöras utifrån vad verksamheten består i och att verksamheten kännetecknar en försäkringsmäklare och en försäkringsagents verksamhet. Utifrån ett svenskt perspektiv är svenska domstolar skyldiga att tillämpa direktivkonform tolkning av nationella regler som bygger på gemenskapsrättsliga bestämmelser. Regeringsrätten och Skatterättsnämnden har tolkat omfattningen av undantagsbestämmelsen i ett flertal fall. Avseende begreppet försäkringstransaktion skiljer sig Regeringsrätten och Skatterättsnämndens uttalanden från EG-praxis, genom att de inte uttalar sig om att även en skattskyldig person kan tillhandahålla en försäkringstjänst. I övrigt följer Regeringsrätten och Skatterättsnämnden EG-praxis avseende tolkningen av begreppet försäkringstransaktion. Regeringsrätten och Skatterättsnämnden verkar däremot göra en snävare bedömning än EG-domstolen av vad som omfattas av begreppet tjänster med anknytning till en försäkrings- och återförsäkringstransaktion som utförs av en försäkringsmäklare och försäkringsagent, då de ställer upp ytterligare kriterier för vad som krävs för en undantagen försäkringstjänst. Vid tolkning av undantagsbestämmelsen ska hänsyn tas till de allmänna rättsprinciper som finns i EG-rätten. Principerna är överordnade bestämmelserna i mervärdesskattedirektivet och därför ska bestämmelserna vara förenliga med principerna. Uppsatsen syftar därför vidare till att analysera huruvida undantagsbestämmelsen i 3 kap. 10 § ML är förenlig med principerna om konkurrensneutralitet och rättssäkerhet. Principerna är komplexa och definieras på olika sätt i doktrin. I uppsatsen definieras principerna och analyseras utifrån den uppställda definitionen. Analysen som görs utvisar att såsom bestämmelsen ser ut idag, är den inte konkurrensneutral eller rättssäker. Ett nytt förslag om ändring av direktiv 2006/112/EG om ett gemensamt system för mervärdesskatt, i fråga om behandling av försäkringstjänster och finansiella tjänster har lagts fram av kommissionen. Ändringarna i direktivet skulle medföra en tydligare definition av bestämmelsen samt ökad konkurrensneutralitet och rättssäkerhet. <! [if !supportFootnotes] > <! [endif] ><! [if !supportFootnotes] >[1]<! [endif] > Mervärdesskattelagen (1994:200). <! [if !supportFootnotes] >[2]<! [endif] > Rådets direktiv 2006/112/EG. <--> / <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;} @font-face {font-family:Garamond; panose-1:2 2 4 4 3 3 1 1 8 3; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:0cm; text-align:justify; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Garamond","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.MsoFootnoteText, li.MsoFootnoteText, div.MsoFootnoteText {mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-link:"Fotnotstext Char"; margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:9.0pt; margin-left:7.1pt; text-align:justify; text-indent:-7.1pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Garamond","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} span.MsoFootnoteReference {mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-unhide:no; vertical-align:super;} span.FotnotstextChar {mso-style-name:"Fotnotstext Char"; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-locked:yes; mso-style-link:Fotnotstext; font-family:"Garamond","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Garamond; mso-hansi-font-family:Garamond;} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family:"Tms Rmn"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Tms Rmn";} /* Page Definitions */ @page {mso-footnote-separator:url("file:///C:/Users/Hem/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_header.htm") fs; mso-footnote-continuation-separator:url("file:///C:/Users/Hem/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_header.htm") fcs; mso-endnote-separator:url("file:///C:/Users/Hem/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_header.htm") es; mso-endnote-continuation-separator:url("file:///C:/Users/Hem/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_header.htm") ecs;} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --><!--[if gte mso 10]> <mce:style><! /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Normal tabell"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} > <! [endif] > Value Added Tax, VAT, is a general consumption tax that is added to almost all consumption of goods and services. From the general principle there are some exemptions from tax duty whereof insurance services are one of those. The exemption has been very little discussed in doctrine hence the purpose of this thesis is to examine what is covered by the exemption from VAT for insurance services. The exemption from VAT for insurance services is stated in chapter 3 section 10 in the Swedish VAT act<! [if !supportFootnotes] >[1]<! [endif] >, which corresponds to article 135.1 a of the VAT directive<! [if !supportFootnotes] >[2]<! [endif] >. Since EC Law is superior to Swedish law, with Sweden’s entry to the European Union, the examination of the exemptions rules is grounded from the EC law. Within the EC law the VAT is regulated in the VAT directive, which also lay ground for the Swedish VAT regulation. The Swedish VAT regulation is found within the Swedish VAT act. What is included in the term insurance services is not defined either in VAT directive nor the Swedish VAT act, hence conclusions must therefore be sought in case law. The European Court of Justice, ECJ has perceived the scope of the provision in advance notice demanded from the membership states. The provision is divided in two sub-questions that the ECJ answers in the preliminary decision. The sub-questions are; what is covered by an insurance and a reinsurance transaction, and what the concept; services related to an insurance and a reinsurance transaction that is performed by an insurance broker or insurance agent covers. From the ECJs’ statements can be concluded that; the crucial factor for an insurance transaction is that an insurance provider or a taxpayer provides the insurance holder an insurance service. The insurance holder shall pay a premium to the insurance provider and in return receive protection against the risk. Should an action occur, to which the insurance holder has insurance, the insurance provider shall offer the agreed performance. A reinsurance transaction exists only when the insurance provider alienate the agreed risk to a reinsurance company Regarding what is covered by the term; services related to an insurance and a reinsurance transaction that is performed by an insurance broker or insurance agent, a conclusion can be made from the statements of the ECJ, that a direct or indirect legal relationship between the insurance broker or the insurance agent and the insurance provider and the insurance holder is required. What is judged as an insurance broker and insurance provider shall be determined from what the main activity consist of and that the activity characterize an insurance broker and insurance agent’s activity. From a Swedish perspective the Swedish courts are obliged to interpret the national law in conformity with EC law, when the national law is based on EC law. The Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden and Skatterättsnämnden have interpreted the extent of the exemption rules in a number of cases.  Regarding the term insurance transaction the Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden and Skatterättsnämndens’ statement differ from EC case law, since they fail to mention that also a taxpayer can provide an insurance service. Apart from that the Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden and Skatterättsnämnden follow EC case law regarding the interpretation of the term insurance service. The Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden and Skatterättsnämnden seems to make a more narrow interpretation than the ECJ when it comes to what is covered by the term, services related to a insurance and a reinsurance transaction that is performed by a insurance broker or insurance agent as they add even more criteria about what is needed by an exempted insurance service. In the interpretation of the exemption rules consideration has to be taken to general legal principles that exists in the EC law. The principles are superior the provisions of the VAT directive and therefore the provisions must be in accordance with the principles. The examination is therefore conducted from whether or not the exemption rules in chapter 3 section 10 in the Swedish VAT act corresponds with the principles of competition neutrality and legal certainty. The principles are complex and defined in different ways in doctrine. In the thesis the principles are defined and analyzed based on that definition. The analysis in this thesis concludes that as the provisions are today, they neither fulfill the principle of competition neutrality nor the principle of legal certainty. A new proposal to amend the directive 2006/112/EC on the common system of VAT, as regards the treatment of insurance and financial services, has been presented by the European Commission. The changes in the directive would lead to a more explicit definition of the provision and increase the fulfillment of the principle of competition neutrality and the principle of legal certainty. <! [if !supportFootnotes] > <! [endif] ><! [if !supportFootnotes] >[1]<! [endif] > Mervärdesskattelagen (1994:200). <! [if !supportFootnotes] >[2]<! [endif] > Rådets direktiv 2006/112/EG. <-->