Religious belief and attendance predict improved well-being at the individual level. Paradoxically, geographic locations with high rates of religious belief and attendance are often those with the differentially high rates of societal instability and suffering. Many of the consequences of religiosity are context-based and vary across time, and holy days are naturally-occurring religious cues that have been shown to influence religiously-relevant attitudes and behaviors. I investigated the degree to which personal religiosity and religious geography (i.e. religious demographics with other location variables) individually and interactively predict well-being across days of the week. In the first study, American Christians demonstrated greater well-being by expressing more positive sentiment in Twitter posts, while American Muslims displayed less well-being. Sundays were generally the most positive day, but American Muslims communicated more happiness on Fridays (the Muslim holy day). In the second study, Christianity did not predict increased well-being in the posts of college students. In the third study, global survey data with measures of religiosity and well-being indicated that the well-being consequences of religious affiliation depend on the religious group and location, and that people tend to be especially positive on their group’s holy day. Study four explored the latent topical content of Twitter posts. Across studies, religious minority status appeared to have a deleterious effect on well-being.

While global human rights knowledge has become a central facet of curricula used to shape multicultural societies and develop cosmopolitan citizenry, such knowledge is shaped by sociopolitical context. Japan has a long history of incorporating human rights concepts into its citizenship curriculum; however, this curriculum is produced in a political context where there is resistance to extending rights to minorities and the disadvantaged, and where there are renewed attempts to emphasise traditional Japanese cultural values through education. Potential tensions have been recognised, yet little has been written about educational knowledge as end product, or its role in informing learner and teacher understanding of human rights. Intentions to promote inclusivity and new communal identities notwithstanding, this work establishes that the recontextualising discourse of human rights within Japan's school curriculum, as a discourse that regulates identity and citizenship, portrays the rights of marginalised and non-Japanese identities as privileges extending beyond the norm of society, while at the same time implicitly denying ethnic Japanese individuals full access to rights language. Thus, while learners regard human rights of value, many are less receptive and empathetic to rights claims made by non-like others, and are likely to consider society as incapable of embracing diversity. Human rights concepts possess symbolic value and weight; however, their symbolic importance can be easily embedded within particularistic notions of identity and nationality to ends contrary to multiculturalism and cosmopolitanism, which for this research was witnessed in their transformation into tools for cultural and political legitimacy by the Japanese State. This research arrives at these conclusions through a systemic, holistic analysis of human rights learning in Japan that ties official knowledge to instructional and learning outcomes. This research is first a mixed-method policy sociology utilising computer-based analytical techniques to examine the structure and content of human rights knowledge within upper-secondary social studies textbooks representing Japan's official curriculum. This is followed by a comparative case study of two upper-secondary institutional sites of human rights learning, an academic, public coeducational western Japan senior high school, and a private Tokyo girls' senior high school, the primary differentiation being that the western Japan school is an explicit site of human rights learning, applying its own content and pedagogic practice as part of a specialised human rights curriculum designed to supplement the official curriculum. This research not only has implications for Japan in yielding a greater understanding of how the curriculum engages and reproduces identities and to what end, but also potentially to understand how similar tensions and contradictions between universal and particular play out in other national, State-sponsored education contexts.

The purpose of this essay is to make visible, how and to what extent, women are illuminated in selected textbooks. All textbooks in this study are aimed at high school. In this essay, a qualitative method has been applied to generate opportunities to draw conclusions from the examined material. The textbooks are scrutinized individually and then compared to each other. Finally, the textbooks are set against the curricula to answer the overall question of the thesis, How well do the textbooks correspond with the curricula? Using theoretical formulas, the study shows that women are marginalized in all textbooks. It is the men's history that is served which generates that women become more like a complement. This study also shows that when women are co-authors, the representation of women in the textbooks increases. Although women are underrepresented it has over a 50-year period become more equal and it is our responsibility as future teachers to continue the gender equality work at school.

In a field as old as Classics, it difficult to find truly innovative approaches to literary works that have been studied for millennia, and it only becomes more difficult to find something new to explore in works as fundamental to the field as Marcus Tullius Cicero’s. However, in the burgeoning field of Digital Humanities, new avenues for textual exploration arise even among the over-picked rubble that is the Classical World. Through the use of computer software, we can search through and statistically analyze corpora of massive sizes. This project uses such techniques to perform a mesoanalysis of Cicero’s corpus. Through the use of R and Gephi, I will “read” Cicero’s works from a distance and see a much broader view of his character than I could through a traditional close reading of a few texts. This mesoanalysis includes a stylometric analysis of Cicero’s entire corpus, a sentiment analysis of his orations, and a network analysis of his letters. The sentiment analysis will explore Cicero as a literary figure. Through a hierarchical cluster analysis in R, I will assess not only how his style changes from genre to genre but within a genre (orations) as well. That analysis will close with an exploration of the lexical richness of his works, how it varies from genre to genre and over his lifetime. For the sentiment analysis, I built a lexicon based on Stoic theory, primarily as it is explained in the Tusculunae Disputationes, and Robert Kaster’s work with emotional scripts. After the lexicon was built, I applied it to Cicero’s orations in a method similar to Matthew Jockers’ syuzhet package for R, and I traced his use of sentiment across the speech. I then compared those trajectories to Latin rhetorical theory, especially the theories included in Cicero’s own treatises, in order to see if Cicero had put into effect his own advice or if he had a few techniques that he kept hidden. The mesoanalysis closes with a network analysis of the Epistulae ad Familiares. I merged Cicero’s social network with a sentiment analysis in order to assess how Cicero felt about and interacted with his peers. From this analysis, one could gather an idea of Cicero as a person. At the end of the mesoanalysis, we can attain a much broader sense of Cicero’s character. This project also has a second aim, and that is to explain how these techniques could be applied to other literary corpora, outside of Cicero’s and Latin. I have carefully detailed my process and provide more instruction in my appendices so that readers could attempt these analyses and be successful in them.

My dissertation explores how authoritarian governments use language policy to impact public political trust. Based on a comprehensive examination through survey analyses, experiments, and large-scale text analyses, my research demonstrates that authoritarian governments, such as in China, can use language policy as a political tool to influence citizens’ political attitudes. In particular, language policy empowers the official language used by government representatives, such as street-level bureaucrats, reinforcing their political identities and enhancing citizens' trust in them. Using an original randomized experiment in China based on a new sociolinguistic technique, my research finds robust evidence that listeners hold significantly more trust in bureaucrats who speak the official language than in those who speak dialects, even if the respondent and government representative share the same dialect. Furthermore, my research shows that language not only influences citizens' political trust but also their understanding of political concepts. Using a computer-assisted text analysis of over one million articles from the official newspaper of the dominant party of China from 1946-2003, I indicate a refocusing strategy by which the official discourse about democracy manipulates the meaning of democracy in the Chinese political language without contradicting with the Western democratic values, while simultaneously preserving the authoritarian regime. Drawing on multiple waves of nationally representative surveys from China, my dissertation also identifies distinctive effects of improving listening, speaking, and relative proficiencies of Putonghua on Chinese citizens' political interest, efficacy, pursuit, and institutional-based political trust. This study contributes to political science, and even the entire social science by justifying the important role of language in human social and political lives and turning the research focus from language content to language context.

The dissertation consists of two chapters on measuring firms technological profile. Patent data can be grouped into two primary generations. The first generation lead by the work of Schmookler (1966), Scherer (1982), and Griliches (1984), and the second generation led by Trajtenberg, Jaffe, and Henderson (1997) and Kogan et al. (2016). When combined, both generations data spans from nearly 1926-2010 and has made a meaningful impact on innovation research. In the first chapter, I propose a third generation of patent data. The third generation of patent data has two distinct contributions. First, it extends patent-firm ownership information beyond 2010 to 2016. The new dataset uses the established connections of previous datasets and builds on that information with additional data on firm names gathered from EDGAR. Second, it takes advantage of the information contained in the text of patents using text analysis. Using text analysis allows for greater flexibility over traditional measures. The second chapter investigates how ownership structure affects firm value. The previous literature has assumed more innovation is better, meaning the more innovation a business creates; the better off it is in the long-run. However, not all innovations are created equal. We contribute to the literature by investigating how institutional investors change future innovation, not in quantity, but diversity. Using several unique measures of technological diversification created from firm-level patent data, we show that institutional investors increase the focus on a firm’s future innovation. Our results are robust to the classification scheme. Ultimately, our results indicate institutional investors create value by encouraging firms to build on prior knowledge.

Introduktion: När ett bolag noteras på en MTF-plattform är det vanligt att genomföra en emission och därmed ett emissionsprospekt. Till skillnad från auktoriserade börser är reglerna färre kring prospekt och informationsgivning på MTF-plattformar. I dessa prospekt väljer vissa bolag att sätta upp finansiella mål. Uppnår bolagen dessa finansiella mål och hur utrycker de sig kring sina finansiella prestationer i VD-ordavsnittet? Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur tre bolag efter börsnotering presterat finansiellt i förhållande till prognoser i emissionsprospektet. Ytterligare ett syfte är att göra en kvalitativtextanalys av respektive bolags VD-ord i årsredovisningen. Metod: Denna kvalitativa studie utförs genom en deduktiv ansats med där forskningsfrågor formulerats utifrån befintliga teorier. Nyckeltal-och textanalys av tre bolag har gjorts på sekundärdata bestående av årsredovisningar, prospekt och memorandum. Slutsats: Två slutsatser har kunnat dras. Endast ett av bolagen uppnådde ett av sina finansiella mål från emissionsprospektet vid notering. I två av tre bolag såg vi tecken på försök att påverka läsarens uppfattning om de finansiella prestationerna. / Introduction: When a company is listed on an MTF platform, it is common to carry out an emission and thus an emission prospectus. Unlike authorized stock exchanges, the rules are fewer on prospectuses and information disclosure on MTF platforms. In these prospectuses, certain companies choose to set financial targets. Do the companies achieve these financial goals and how do they express their financial performance in the CEO's comments? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how three companies after an IPO performed financially in relation to forecasts in the emission prospectus. Another purpose is to make a qualitative text analysis of the respective company's CEO's comments in the annual report. Method: This qualitative study is carried out through a deductive approach with research questions formulated on the basis of existing theories. Key ratio and text analysis of three companies have been done on secondary data consisting of annual reports, prospectuses and memoranda. Conclusion: Two conclusions have been drawn. Only one of the companies achieved one of its financial targets from the emission prospectus on listing. In two out of three companies, we saw signs of attempts to influence the reader's perception of the financial performance.

<p>Vårt examensarbete skrivs inom specialpedagogik som fördjupningsspecialisering, därför ligger fokus på specialpedagogik som verksamhetsfält, diskurs och som synsätt.</p><p>I Sveriges största morgontidning Dagens Nyheter har det länge förts en livfull diskussion angående skolan och dess aktörer. De flesta människor har någon koppling till skolan och därför också åsikter om verksamheten. Blivande lärare får ibland anstränga sig för att inte tappa fokus inför olika viljeyttringar. I det skenet är det viktigt att studera debatten närmare för att se vad som skrivs och inte skrivs.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att granska dagens samhällsdebatt angående skolan, företrädesvis specialpedagogiken, i Dagens Nyheter, liksom att relatera debatten till tidigare forskning om skolans verksamhet.</p><p>Det empiriska materialet utgörs av ett antal artiklar från Dagens Nyheters avdelningar DN Debatt och Insidan. Utifrån dessa har en textanalys gjorts med inspiration från bland annat diskursanalys men även en hermeneutiskt tolkande ansats ligger till grund för uppsatsen.</p><p>Resultatet visar att specialpedagogikens verksamhet är ett oprioriterat område, istället fungerar de politiska och mediala arenorna som slagfält där ordet maktkamp väger tyngre.</p>

<p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att öka förståelsen för problematiken kring marknadsföring av upplevelser. Detta genom att undersöka hur turismupplevelser av äventyrligt inslag marknadsförs av reseföretag och ta reda på vad det är för känslor man vill förmedla. I den teoretiska referensramen har vi tagit upp tidigare forskning som ska ge en djupare förståelse kring de två undersökningsområden, upplevelser och marknadsföring, som omfattar denna uppsats. Studien är en komparativ flerfallsstudie där vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys samt en retorisk analys i analyserandet av vårt material. Det undersökta materialet består av marknadsföringstexter från reseföretags kataloger. Slutsatserna vi har kunnat fastställa är att samtliga företag berör de fem kriterier som berikar en upplevelse, men att de hade kunnat förtydligas. Vidare kan de strategier som används för att konkretisera tjänster på samma sätt användas på upplevelser. Slutligen kom vi även fram till att de retoriska reglerna till stor del har tillämpats i företagens marknadsföringstexter.</p>

<p>Syftet med detta arbete var att kritiskt granska historieläromedel ur ett genusperspektiv.Arbetet belyser hur utvalda karaktärer såsom Gustav Vasa, Gustav II Adolf och drottningKristina framställs i text under en 20 års period, det vill säga från år 1980-2000. För attavgränsa mig valde jag att granska sju läroböcker i ämnet historia, som är eller har varitläromedel för årskurs 4-6. Avsikten med arbetet är att se vilka egenskaper som förmedlas omde ovanstående karaktärerna, och om läromedlen är förenliga med styrdokumentens krav omjämställdhet. Resultatet visade bland annat att de manliga karaktärerna utmärktes medegenskaper såsom: Ledarskap, aktiva, energiska och kloka. Samt att Kristinas egenskaperutmärktes såsom: Omogen, pojkaktig och känslosam. En av mina slutsatser i detta arbete varatt läromedlen visade tydliga exempel på traditionella stereotypa föreställningar. Samt visadearbetet tydliga mönster på att män utgör den typiska ledarskapsförmågan och beskrivs av envästerländsk manligt idealtyp.</p> / <p>The purpose of this essay was to critically research the historical teaching materials through agender perspective. The essay highlights how the chosen characters such as Gustav Wasa,Gustav II Adolf and Princess Christina are represented in the text during a period of 20 years,more specifically year 1980 until 2000. To be more explicit, I have chosen to analyze seventext books as study material that are currently utilized or have previously been in use, withinthe subject of history for 4 to 6 grade students. The main reason of this study was to determinewhether the quality of the message conveyed about the characters mentioned above matchwith the study materials on gender equality issue as of the steering documents’ requirements.The result stated amongst other, that the male characters had been distinguished as, leaders,active, energized and intelligence. Queen Kristina, the female character has beendistinguished as, immature, childish and sensitive. One of my conclusions was that the studymaterial displayed a very traditional and stereotype conception. The report also illustrate thatthe male had always constituted the ideal leadership and been portrayed in the literature assuch.</p>