Denna uppsats kommer utgå i grunden från teorin om mikro- meso- och makroperspektivet. Ingångsvinkeln i uppsatsen utgår från offerfynd som påträffats under undersökningarna i Eketorp under 1900-talet. Offerfynden nivågrupperats där dem passar bäst in utifrån den valda teorin. Eketorp borg är en fornborg på Öland. Belägen på den sydöstra delen av ön på det stora alvaret. Eketorp borg har en stark koppling till många olika offerriter vilket syns i materialet. Genom det valda teoretiska perspektivet och analysen av offerfynden kan en bredare utveckling av Eketorps samhälle studeras. Detta då den rituella utvecklingen följer nära i hand med samhällets utveckling i borgen. Syftet med uppsatsen var att studera hur Eketorps samhälle utvecklades utifrån en religiös ingångsvinkel, med frågeställningar relevanta för detta. Diskussionen diskuterar de tolkningar från analysen och presenterar nya orsaker till att offerfynden offrat vid sina respektive platser. Resultatet av uppsatsen blev att genom den tydliga nivågrupperingen av offerfynden och genom den teoretiska tolkningen få nya tolkningarom hur kontexter och interaktion hängt ihop. / This thesis is based on the theory of the micro-meso- and macro perspective. The viewpoint of this text is based on sacrificial offerings found during the archaeological excavations in Eketorp during the 20th century. The offerings have been level-grouped where they fit best based on the chosen theory. Eketorp borg is an ancient castle on Öland, it’s been used in three phases and the thesis will mainly focus on the second one. Eketorp is located on the south-east part of the island on the Stora Alvaret. Eketorp borg has a strong connection to many different sacrificial rites, which can be seen in the chosen material. Through the theoretical perspective and the analysis of the victim finds, a broader development of Eketorp's society can be studied. This as the ritual development follows closely with the development of society in the fort. The aim of this thesis was to study how Eketorp's society developed from a religious viewpoint, with questions relevant to this. The first part of the text the author presents Eketorp borg and what the aim of this paper is, as mentioned before. In this part the theory and method are presented as well and how the theory has been molded to fit the different offerings and their contexts. This being referred to as the level-grouping. In the discussion the interpretations from the analysis and presents new reasons why the offerings have been sacrificed at their respective sites, the house, the bog, and the hall. The result of the thesis is the last chapter and concludes that through the level grouping and viewpoint of ritual and cult its possible to get new interpretations of how the different contexts and interactions was handled.

<p>In this essay I have chosen to do a cursory study of the spread of the figural gold foils. Emanating from foremost the Vendel time (550 – 800 e Kr) in the Scandinavian countries Norway, Sweden and Denmark. I will also discuss their relationship to so called central places. Three central locations are in focus in this essay: Borg in Lofoten, Slöinge in Halland and Uppåkra in Skåne. I will also discuss when and why the religious cult changed during the Vendel period to Viking age.</p> / <p>I denna Uppsats har jag valt att göra en översiktlig studie utav spridningen av guldgubbar. De härstammar från Vendeltid (550 – 800 e Kr) i de Skandinaviska länderna Norge, Sverige och Danmark. Här kommer jag också att diskutera deras koppling till så kallade centralplatser. Det ger en fördjupningsstudier i  följande tre centralplatser: Borg i Lofoten, Slöinge i Halland och Uppåkra i Skåne. Här kommer även att diskuteras när och varför kulten förändrades under Vendeltid till Vikingatid.</p>

Orientador: Jayme Netto Júnior / Banca: Moacir Fernandes de Godoy / Banca: Flávia Alessandra Guarnier / Resumo: Introdução: programas periodizados de treinamento resistido são capazes de gerar adaptações funcionais, clínicas e biológicas em seus praticantes, entretanto, há lacunas no conhecimento em relação às especificidades das modalidades de treinamento, como seus métodos e princípios. Objetivo: analisar e comparar os efeitos de dois programas periodizados de treinamento resistido entre exercícios com complexas alavancas de movimento (ECAM) versus exercícios convencionais (EC) a partir de variáveis funcionais, clínicas e biológicas em mulheres sedentárias. Métodos: o estudo foi composto por 29 mulheres sedentárias e saudáveis divididas em dois grupos, G1 (n=15; 23  2,42 anos) exposto a programa de treinamento com ECAM e G2 (n=14; 22,4  1,78 anos) submetido a programa com EC. O treinamento foi periodizado e iniciou-se 30 sessões durante 12 semanas com 3 sessões semanais, das quais 3 semanas foram para resistência de força com carga de 30-40% do 1RM, 7 semanas para força com carga entre 50-100% do 1RM e 2 semanas recuperativas. Para a variável funcional fez-se o uso do teste de 1RM. Para as variáveis clínicas utilizou-se o Questionário Nórdico de Sintomas Osteomusculares (QNSO), a Escala Visual Analóga (EVA), o Algômetro de pressão e a Escala de Borg... / Abstract: Introduction: periodized resistance training programs are able to create functional, biological and clinical adaptations in their practitioners, however, there are gaps in knowledge regarding the specifics of modalities training and its methods and principles. Objective: To analyze and compare the effects of two periodized resistance training programs between complex motion levers exercise (CMLE) versus conventional exercise (CE) from functional, clinical and biological variables in sedentary women. Methods: The study comprised 29 healthy sedentary women divided into two groups: G1 (n = 15, 23 ± 2.42 years) exposed to training program with CMLE and G2 (n = 14, 22.4 ± 1, 78 years) underwent CE training program. Training was periodized and it was started the 30 sessions over 12 weeks with 3 sessions per week, of which three weeks were to resistance force with load 30-40% of 1RM, 7 weeks to force with load between 50-100% of 1RM and 2 recuperative weeks. For the functional variable was used the 1RM test. For the clinical variables was used Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), Analogue Visual Scale (AVS), the Pressure Algometer and the Borg Scale... / Mestre

The Borg Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale has proven to be a highly popular instrument in measuring the subjective responses of individuals to a given work or exercise task. Historically, the instrument was designed to correlate highly with the heart rates in young-to-middle-aged men performing various tasks. The body of literature, however, has revealed inconsistencies in the extent of just how strong the relationship is between ratings of perceived exertion and various physiological criterion variables, most notably, heart rate. In addition, most studies have invoked the question of whether the criterion-related validity coefficients derived from the relationship between ratings of perceived exertion and a specified physiological criterion variable are just as valid as those for which the Borg RPE Scale was originally performed. A meta-analysis, therefore, was undertaken to determine the magnitude of the relationship between ratings of perceived exertion scores and each of three commonly used physiological measures or criterion variables: heart rate, blood lactate, and oxygen uptake. Results show that by using Tests of Homogeneity for each physiological criterion variable, the observed sample size-weighted validity coefficients are heterogeneous. The median of the mean sample size-weighted validity coefficients is .574 for heart rate, .561 for blood lactate, and .480 for oxygen uptake. Each study in the meta-analysis was grouped by the study characteristics of subject gender, fitness level, RPE Scale, exercise type, exercise protocol, and study quality. For heart rate, the highest validity coefficients are those in which the subjects are highly fit, the exercise type is fairly unusual, such as swimming, and the subjects are required to maximally exert themselves. For blood lactate, the highest validity coefficients are for females, healthy-inactive subjects, the 15-point RPE Scale, treadmill use, and swimming. For oxygen uptake, the highest validity coefficients between ratings of perceived exertion and oxygen uptake are for swimming. In a meta-analysis of study effects, when the validity coefficients are analyzed by study, the resultant mean validity coefficients are only somewhat higher (ratings of perceived exertion and heart rate, .657; ratings of perceived exertion and blood lactate, .642; ratings of perceived exertion and oxygen uptake, .609) than those obtained using sample size-weighted validity coefficients. Finally, corrections for bias generally resulted in increased validity coefficients and decreased variances.

<p>MobileMe is a recently developed system for monitoring and recording physiological variables. It is wireless, and can therefore be suitable for field research, for example when measuring motion sickness symptoms.</p><p>The aim of this thesis was to conclude whether the MobileMe recording system was valid for research studies. A validation study, consisting of two parts and including 10 subjects, was performed. The first part was a laboratory study, where data from MobileMe and a reference equipment were compared. A field study was also performed, onboard a combat boat, to determine the equipment’s validity in uncontrolled environments. Furthermore, the field study included an investigation of motion sickness symptoms, and provided data for evaluation of motion sickness rating scales.</p><p>Statistical results from the laboratory study, and results from evaluation of data from the field study, showed that MobileMe was valid in both controlled and uncontrolled environments.</p>

MobileMe is a recently developed system for monitoring and recording physiological variables. It is wireless, and can therefore be suitable for field research, for example when measuring motion sickness symptoms. The aim of this thesis was to conclude whether the MobileMe recording system was valid for research studies. A validation study, consisting of two parts and including 10 subjects, was performed. The first part was a laboratory study, where data from MobileMe and a reference equipment were compared. A field study was also performed, onboard a combat boat, to determine the equipment’s validity in uncontrolled environments. Furthermore, the field study included an investigation of motion sickness symptoms, and provided data for evaluation of motion sickness rating scales. Statistical results from the laboratory study, and results from evaluation of data from the field study, showed that MobileMe was valid in both controlled and uncontrolled environments.

The castle Vivesholm is located about two miles north of Klintehamn on the west side of Gotland. The castle was built around year 1395 and burned down in the end of the 14thcentury. Around the 17th and the 18th century the castle was re-used. However, the emphasis on its use is during the middle ages. This paper aims at getting an insight in the animal husbandry at Vivesholm by analyzing the osteological material. The analysis revealed that bones from sheep/goat were more common than bones from cattle. This means the inhabitants most probably eat meat from smaller herbivores more often than meat from cattle. Pigs have also been consumed at the castle but not in the same extent as sheep/goat and cattle. Hunting as well as fishing hasn’t had a significant role for the inhabitants of Vivesholm, at least not in terms of bones found from e.g. game and fish. The inhabitants of the castle probably had its own stock but also a supply of meat products from elsewhere. Further aim with this paper was to illustrate the use of the house foundations at Vivesholm. For this, the result from the osteological analysis was compared with the archaeological finds. The analysis revealed that Vivesholm probable were built to be in use for a long period, but when the castle was burned down in the end of the 14thcentury, the castle had an abrupt end. The different foundations, both within and outside the dyke, have been interpreted into a smithy, a storehouse, a house for cooking and a lodging house. Inside the northern parts of the castle there was a place for butchery and most of the osteological material comes from this place.

In this essay I have chosen to do a cursory study of the spread of the figural gold foils. Emanating from foremost the Vendel time (550 – 800 e Kr) in the Scandinavian countries Norway, Sweden and Denmark. I will also discuss their relationship to so called central places. Three central locations are in focus in this essay: Borg in Lofoten, Slöinge in Halland and Uppåkra in Skåne. I will also discuss when and why the religious cult changed during the Vendel period to Viking age. / I denna Uppsats har jag valt att göra en översiktlig studie utav spridningen av guldgubbar. De härstammar från Vendeltid (550 – 800 e Kr) i de Skandinaviska länderna Norge, Sverige och Danmark. Här kommer jag också att diskutera deras koppling till så kallade centralplatser. Det ger en fördjupningsstudier i  följande tre centralplatser: Borg i Lofoten, Slöinge i Halland och Uppåkra i Skåne. Här kommer även att diskuteras när och varför kulten förändrades under Vendeltid till Vikingatid.

Syfte Syftet med denna studie var att kartlägga Björn Borgs PR-kampanj Dear Rival med varumärkets identitet som utgångspunkt för att se hur mycket av varumärket som uttrycks i deras kampanj.  Metod Med hjälp av en semiotisk och en retorisk analysmetod har delar av kampanjens bild samt film material noggrant undersökts.  Teori För den teoretiska grunden har i denna studie begreppen varumärke, PR, Brand identity, Brand image, konstruktion och representation redogjorts.Mycket av studiens fokus har legat vid att finna rätt begrepp för att studiens ändamål, nämligen kartläggningen av kampanjen. Dessa begrepp har gett förutsättningar att förstå hur varumärket arbetat med kampanjen.  Analys och Resultat  Analysen har varit mycket omfattande och tar upp den större delen av studien, detta på grund av semiotikens strävan efter detaljnoggrannhet samt för att hitta likheterna mellan kampanjens olika beståndsdelar. I stor utsträckning gav analysen likriktade svar hos kampanjens olika delar detta med.  Slutsats Varumärkets identitet uttrycks starkt i kampanjen som kartlagts och vad som var signifikant för alla delar var deras starka och enhetliga sätt att övertyga dess målgrupp med hjälp av medel som var knutna till känslor.

O método Pilates, o qual vem se difundindo muito nas últimas décadas, é um método de condicionamento físico que apresenta uma série de exercícios sistematizados os quais podem ser realizados com aparelhos, dotados de molas, submetendo os músculos a cargas externas. Um desses exercícios é o leg work que pode ser caracterizado como uma extensão de quadril e joelhos. Dessa maneira, o conhecimento das forças envolvidas no exercício, bem como seu comportamento, ao longo da amplitude de execução permite uma melhor definição do exercício, contribuindo para uma escolha mais criteriosa e uma melhor prescrição do exercício. Assim, este estudo tem como objetivo identificar a diferença no exercício leg work executado nos aparelhos Chair e Reformer levando em consideração a carga do equipamento (força das molas), a amplitude de movimento (ADM), o ritmo de execução, a atividade eletromiográfica (EMG) de músculos específicos se a sensação subjetiva de esforço das executantes. A amostra foi composta por 18 mulheres fisicamente ativas sem histórico de lesão e praticantes de Pilates há pelo menos 6 meses. Foi empregado diagrama de corpo livre e equações de Newton-Euler para calcular a variação da força externa nos aparelhos Chair e Reformer no movimento leg work. Foi utilizada cinemetria bidimensional (2D) e dois eletromiógrafos para aquisição dos dados. Os músculos analisados foram glúteo máximo (GM), bíceps femoral (BF), vasto lateral (VL), reto femoral (RF), gastrocnêmio medial (GAS), oblíquo externo (OE) e multífido (MU). Os resultados indicam que há diferenças significativas na ativação EMG do OE, VL e RF, no índice de co-contração de BF-RF, BF-VL e OE-MU bem como no índice de esforço percebido entre aparelhos Chair e Reformer durante o movimento leg work. Isso provavelmente se deve a diferenças na ADM e nas estratégias de recrutamento, uma vez que a carga do equipamento final imposta era a mesma em ambos os aparelhos. Essas informações devem ser levadas em consideração em um programa de condicionamento e reabilitação de Pilates. Pode-se concluir que há diferenças no exercício leg work executado nos aparelhos Chair e Reformer na atividade EMG de músculos específicos, ADM e sensação subjetiva de esforço das executantes. / The Pilates method, which has been popularized over the last decades, is a physical conditioning method that presents a series of systematized exercises that may be performed by apparatus with springs, loading the muscles to external loads. One of these exercises is the leg work, that may be characterized as hip and knee extension. The knowledge of forces involved in an exercise, as well as their behavior throughout the range of execution allows a better exercise definition, contributing to a more careful choice and a better prescription of the exercise. So, the main goal of this study is to identify the difference between legwork exercise performed on Chair and Reformer apparatus, taking into account external load (spring force), range of motion (ROM), rhythm of execution, specific muscles electromyography (EMG) and subject‟s perceived exertion effort sensation. Eighteen women took part of the study, all physically active, without injury history and practitioners of Pilates for at least six months. Free body diagram and Newton-Euler equations were used in order to calculate external force variation on Chair and Reformer apparatus during the legwork movement. Two-dimensional (2D) kinematics and two electromyography were used for data acquisition. The muscles analyzed were Gluteus Maximum (GM), Biceps Femoris (BF), Vastus Lateralis (VL), Rectus Femoralis (RF), Gastrocnemius (GAS), External Obliquies (EB) and Multifidus (MU). Results indicate that there are significant differences in EMG activation of EB, VL and RF, in co-contraction index BF-RF, BF-VL and EB-MU, as well as in perceived exertion sensation between Chair and Reformer apparatus during the legwork movement. This is probably due to differences in the ROM and recruiting strategies, once the imposed final external load was the same for both apparatus. This information should be considered in conditioning and rehabilitation program in Pilates. It‟s possible to conclude that there are differences between legwork exercise performed on Chair and Reformer apparatus in relation to EMG activity of specific muscles, ROM and related Borg perceived exertion scale.