Abstract Norlinder, Gabriella. 2019. My purpose with this qualitative study was to use Bourdieu's concept of Habitus with the associated capital species as an analytical tool, to try to shed light on the value-charged context of human behavior patterns. This in order to, through it, be able to demonstrate a possible explanation for why unusual finds are found in archaeological excavations. The object of my analysis here, in this study, is an engraved Roman stone age engraving stone found at the excavations on the medieval Saxon Castle in the Kristinehamn archipelago. My method has been theoretical, consisting mainly of literature studies and a small number of oral sources. I have delimited myself only to highlight one single artifact; the engraved stone and only a single excavation site; Saxholmen for my study. Only a few examples from other places have been used and then for the purpose of better clarifying my chosen study material. This study is based on three issues that concern the location of the stone, outside its proper context, whether a Habitus perspective can be a possible analytical tool for interpreting unusual findings, and whether Saxholm's Habitus-related functions could reflect a possible explanation for the location of the stone. My conclusions are thus that the stone has probably traveled far and probably changed owners more than once. In view of the residents' prestige-oriented lifestyle and a possible link to Gotland, it may have been the result of trade contacts or looting. I have also come to the conclusion that the Habitus concept is absolutely useful as an analytical tool in this type of study, since it highlights abstract values in human life. In my opinion, the Saxholmen seen from a Habitus- related perspective holds all of the capital species / values that are included in the essay and can therefore demonstrate a number of possible interpretations as to why the stone is included in the finds material from the site. Nyckelord: Medeltiden, borg, romersk järnålder, utgrävningar, Habitus, Bourdieu, Saxholmen Keywords: Middle Ages, castle, Roman Iron Age, excavations, Habitus, Bourdieu, Saxon Castle Kandidatuppsats i Arkeologi. Handledare: Gustaf Svedjemo Ventilerad och godkänd 2019-06-14 Gabriella Norlinder Institutionen för Arkeologi och antik historia, Uppsala universitet, Campus Gotland, Cramérgatan 3, 621 67 Visby, Sweden. Den gåtfulla stenen från Saxholmen – Habitusbegreppet som analytiskt verktyg för förståelsen av orsakssammanhangen kring ovanliga fynd The enigmatic stone from Saxholmen - Habitus concept as an analytical tool for understanding the causal link between unusual findings

<p>What is located on the bottom in the water outside of Birka? Remains of a water palisade or jetties and other constructions.</p><p>Birka a Viking Age town that existed between AD 750 and 975 was located on the northwestern part of the small island of Björkö, in the Mälar archipelago of the Baltic Sea in Sweden. The Town was protected onshore by a hill fort and a town rampart. It is a widely spread assumption that Birka had a water palisade as a part of its<strong> </strong>defense. There are logs and other remnants on the bottom of the lake dating back to the Viking age. Uncertainty remains as to the origin of these remnants. The questions being, are they from a water palisade or the remnants of jetties and other constructions. The amount of fire wood alone needed to support 500 inhabitants for one year is equal to a wall of wood one meter high, one meter wide and two kilometers in length. This calculation does not take into account the wood used for transportation of other materials, people and animals. The conclusion is that future examination of the area is necessary to find out what is located on the bottom in the water.</p>

What is located on the bottom in the water outside of Birka? Remains of a water palisade or jetties and other constructions. Birka a Viking Age town that existed between AD 750 and 975 was located on the northwestern part of the small island of Björkö, in the Mälar archipelago of the Baltic Sea in Sweden. The Town was protected onshore by a hill fort and a town rampart. It is a widely spread assumption that Birka had a water palisade as a part of its defense. There are logs and other remnants on the bottom of the lake dating back to the Viking age. Uncertainty remains as to the origin of these remnants. The questions being, are they from a water palisade or the remnants of jetties and other constructions. The amount of fire wood alone needed to support 500 inhabitants for one year is equal to a wall of wood one meter high, one meter wide and two kilometers in length. This calculation does not take into account the wood used for transportation of other materials, people and animals. The conclusion is that future examination of the area is necessary to find out what is located on the bottom in the water.

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att med hjälp av Borg centiMax® skalans (CR100) unika egenskaper utveckla ett screeninginstrument som innehåller uppgifter som anpassats till både mödrar och fäder för att upptäcka postpartum depression (PPD). Totalt deltog 190 testdeltagare varav 50 män och 140 kvinnor. En konfirmatorisk faktoranalys visade signifikanta samband mellan dimensionerna nedsatt stämningsläge, aggressivitet, ambivalens, ångest, copingstrategier och huvudkonstruktet depression. Detta indikerar att nämnda dimensioner är minst lika viktiga att föra in i ett nytt screeninginstrument som frågor som mäter nedsatt stämningsläge, och att screeninginstrumentet mäter huvudkonstruktet depression. Vidare visade studien att både fäder och mödrar uppvisade andra symtom än de som framkommer vid Egentlig depression i DSM – 5. Screeninginstrumentet visade god reliabilitet för hela skalan. Vilket tyder på att CR 100 skalan är ett användbart redskap för denna typ av ändamål

Objetivos: Verificar a acurácia da escala de Borg modificada após o exercício na estimativa do comprometimento pulmonar medido pelo volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1), em crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística. Métodos: Estudo transversal e prospectivo em pacientes com FC (6 a 18 anos) em acompanhamento ambulatorial. Os parâmetros avaliados foram a sensação subjetiva da dispnéia através da escala de Borg modificada após o exercício correlacionando-a com a função pulmonar (espirometria) e secundariamente, com o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6) e com o estado nutricional pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC). Resultados: Foram incluídos 41 pacientes com a média de idade 11,1 ± 4,1 anos. A mediana da escala de Borg modificada após o TC6 foi 2(1-3). A média de percentual do previsto do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1%) foi de 96,6 ± 31,9%. Sessenta e um por cento dos pacientes apresentaram escore Z da distância percorrida (ZTC6) igual ou menor que -2. A escala de Borg modificada apresentou correlações fracas com as demais variáveis, quando toda a amostra foi avaliada. Houve correlação significativa e maior da escala com o VEF1 (r=-0,59; p=0,003) e com o ZTC6 (r=0,46; p=0,026), avaliando-se separadamente os pacientes com idade superior a 9 anos. Ao analisar os pacientes em diferentes níveis de corte de acordo com a idade pela curva ROC, obteve-se a partir do ponto de corte da escala de Borg modificada de 2,5 uma área de 0,80 proporcionando uma sensibilidade de 80% e especificidade de 77% na faixa etária superior a 9 anos para prever o VEF1% menor de 80%. Conclusão: A percepção subjetiva da dispnéia avaliada através da escala de Borg modificada apresenta acurácia em crianças com idade superior a 9 anos e adolescentes com fibrose cística. / Objectives: To evaluate the accuracy of the modified Borg scale to estimate lung impairment measured by forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF). Methods: This cross-sectional prospective study was conducted with CF patients (6 to 18 years of age). Subjective perception of dyspnea, (modified Borg scale) before and after submaximal exercises, as well as its correlation with lung function (spirometry) and, secondarily, with the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) results and the nutritional status according to body mass index (BMI) were evaluated. Results: Forty-one patients aged 11.1 ± 4.1 years were included in the study. Median score in the modified Borg scale after 6MWT was 2 (1-3). Mean percent predicted of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1%) was 96.6 ± 31.9%. The z score of walked distance (Z6MWT) for 61% of the patients was equal to or lower than -2. The modified Borg scale correlated weakly with the other variables when all patients in the sample were analyzed. There was a significantly greater correlation of the scale with FEV1% (r=-0.59; P=0.003) and with 6MWTZ (r=0.46; P=0.026) when patients older than 9 years were evaluated separately. The ROC curve analysis revealed that a cut-off point of 2.5 in the modified Borg scale generated an area of 0.80, had a sensitivity of 80%, a specificity of 77% and accuracy of 0.78 to predict FEV1% lower than 80% in the group of patients older than 9 years. Conclusion: The modified Borg scale is accurate to assess the subjective perception of dyspnea of children older than 9 years and adolescents with cystic fibrosis.

Objetivos: Verificar a acurácia da escala de Borg modificada após o exercício na estimativa do comprometimento pulmonar medido pelo volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1), em crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística. Métodos: Estudo transversal e prospectivo em pacientes com FC (6 a 18 anos) em acompanhamento ambulatorial. Os parâmetros avaliados foram a sensação subjetiva da dispnéia através da escala de Borg modificada após o exercício correlacionando-a com a função pulmonar (espirometria) e secundariamente, com o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6) e com o estado nutricional pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC). Resultados: Foram incluídos 41 pacientes com a média de idade 11,1 ± 4,1 anos. A mediana da escala de Borg modificada após o TC6 foi 2(1-3). A média de percentual do previsto do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1%) foi de 96,6 ± 31,9%. Sessenta e um por cento dos pacientes apresentaram escore Z da distância percorrida (ZTC6) igual ou menor que -2. A escala de Borg modificada apresentou correlações fracas com as demais variáveis, quando toda a amostra foi avaliada. Houve correlação significativa e maior da escala com o VEF1 (r=-0,59; p=0,003) e com o ZTC6 (r=0,46; p=0,026), avaliando-se separadamente os pacientes com idade superior a 9 anos. Ao analisar os pacientes em diferentes níveis de corte de acordo com a idade pela curva ROC, obteve-se a partir do ponto de corte da escala de Borg modificada de 2,5 uma área de 0,80 proporcionando uma sensibilidade de 80% e especificidade de 77% na faixa etária superior a 9 anos para prever o VEF1% menor de 80%. Conclusão: A percepção subjetiva da dispnéia avaliada através da escala de Borg modificada apresenta acurácia em crianças com idade superior a 9 anos e adolescentes com fibrose cística. / Objectives: To evaluate the accuracy of the modified Borg scale to estimate lung impairment measured by forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF). Methods: This cross-sectional prospective study was conducted with CF patients (6 to 18 years of age). Subjective perception of dyspnea, (modified Borg scale) before and after submaximal exercises, as well as its correlation with lung function (spirometry) and, secondarily, with the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) results and the nutritional status according to body mass index (BMI) were evaluated. Results: Forty-one patients aged 11.1 ± 4.1 years were included in the study. Median score in the modified Borg scale after 6MWT was 2 (1-3). Mean percent predicted of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1%) was 96.6 ± 31.9%. The z score of walked distance (Z6MWT) for 61% of the patients was equal to or lower than -2. The modified Borg scale correlated weakly with the other variables when all patients in the sample were analyzed. There was a significantly greater correlation of the scale with FEV1% (r=-0.59; P=0.003) and with 6MWTZ (r=0.46; P=0.026) when patients older than 9 years were evaluated separately. The ROC curve analysis revealed that a cut-off point of 2.5 in the modified Borg scale generated an area of 0.80, had a sensitivity of 80%, a specificity of 77% and accuracy of 0.78 to predict FEV1% lower than 80% in the group of patients older than 9 years. Conclusion: The modified Borg scale is accurate to assess the subjective perception of dyspnea of children older than 9 years and adolescents with cystic fibrosis.

Objetivos: Verificar a acurácia da escala de Borg modificada após o exercício na estimativa do comprometimento pulmonar medido pelo volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1), em crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística. Métodos: Estudo transversal e prospectivo em pacientes com FC (6 a 18 anos) em acompanhamento ambulatorial. Os parâmetros avaliados foram a sensação subjetiva da dispnéia através da escala de Borg modificada após o exercício correlacionando-a com a função pulmonar (espirometria) e secundariamente, com o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6) e com o estado nutricional pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC). Resultados: Foram incluídos 41 pacientes com a média de idade 11,1 ± 4,1 anos. A mediana da escala de Borg modificada após o TC6 foi 2(1-3). A média de percentual do previsto do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1%) foi de 96,6 ± 31,9%. Sessenta e um por cento dos pacientes apresentaram escore Z da distância percorrida (ZTC6) igual ou menor que -2. A escala de Borg modificada apresentou correlações fracas com as demais variáveis, quando toda a amostra foi avaliada. Houve correlação significativa e maior da escala com o VEF1 (r=-0,59; p=0,003) e com o ZTC6 (r=0,46; p=0,026), avaliando-se separadamente os pacientes com idade superior a 9 anos. Ao analisar os pacientes em diferentes níveis de corte de acordo com a idade pela curva ROC, obteve-se a partir do ponto de corte da escala de Borg modificada de 2,5 uma área de 0,80 proporcionando uma sensibilidade de 80% e especificidade de 77% na faixa etária superior a 9 anos para prever o VEF1% menor de 80%. Conclusão: A percepção subjetiva da dispnéia avaliada através da escala de Borg modificada apresenta acurácia em crianças com idade superior a 9 anos e adolescentes com fibrose cística. / Objectives: To evaluate the accuracy of the modified Borg scale to estimate lung impairment measured by forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF). Methods: This cross-sectional prospective study was conducted with CF patients (6 to 18 years of age). Subjective perception of dyspnea, (modified Borg scale) before and after submaximal exercises, as well as its correlation with lung function (spirometry) and, secondarily, with the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) results and the nutritional status according to body mass index (BMI) were evaluated. Results: Forty-one patients aged 11.1 ± 4.1 years were included in the study. Median score in the modified Borg scale after 6MWT was 2 (1-3). Mean percent predicted of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1%) was 96.6 ± 31.9%. The z score of walked distance (Z6MWT) for 61% of the patients was equal to or lower than -2. The modified Borg scale correlated weakly with the other variables when all patients in the sample were analyzed. There was a significantly greater correlation of the scale with FEV1% (r=-0.59; P=0.003) and with 6MWTZ (r=0.46; P=0.026) when patients older than 9 years were evaluated separately. The ROC curve analysis revealed that a cut-off point of 2.5 in the modified Borg scale generated an area of 0.80, had a sensitivity of 80%, a specificity of 77% and accuracy of 0.78 to predict FEV1% lower than 80% in the group of patients older than 9 years. Conclusion: The modified Borg scale is accurate to assess the subjective perception of dyspnea of children older than 9 years and adolescents with cystic fibrosis.

The most popular paradigm for Jesus is 'Jesus as the Divine Saviour'. This image is inadequate for understanding the historical Jesus, because it is also inaccurate as an image for the Christian life. Marcus J Borg claims that the Christian life is about a relationship with God that involves us in a journey of transformation. In advocating the 'Third Quest', Borg develops an alternative image of 'Jesus as Jewish mystic ', contrary to the idea of 'Jesus as Jewish/Christian Messiah '. The image of Borg involves five universal religious personality types. The paradigm shift from 'Jesus as the Divine Saviour' to that of 'Jesus as Jewish mystic' is investigated as well as the relevance and consequences of this, for everyday religion and the conventional church. A plea for a positive assessment of the issue of the historical Jesus is presented. This could have existential implications for South African society as a whole. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M.Th. (New Testament)

The most popular paradigm for Jesus is 'Jesus as the Divine Saviour'. This image is inadequate for understanding the historical Jesus, because it is also inaccurate as an image for the Christian life. Marcus J Borg claims that the Christian life is about a relationship with God that involves us in a journey of transformation. In advocating the 'Third Quest', Borg develops an alternative image of 'Jesus as Jewish mystic ', contrary to the idea of 'Jesus as Jewish/Christian Messiah '. The image of Borg involves five universal religious personality types. The paradigm shift from 'Jesus as the Divine Saviour' to that of 'Jesus as Jewish mystic' is investigated as well as the relevance and consequences of this, for everyday religion and the conventional church. A plea for a positive assessment of the issue of the historical Jesus is presented. This could have existential implications for South African society as a whole. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M.Th. (New Testament)

Uppsatsen är en rumslig läsning av Ulla Isakssons Kvinnohuset (1952) där romanens rumsliga aspekter och Huset som motiv undersöks med narratologiska verktyg. Romanen diskuteras också utifrån rollteori och sin ideologiska kontext i det socialdemokratiska välfärdssamhället. Romanen kretsar kring några av de kvinnor som bor i “Huset” - ett kollektivhus för självförsörjande kvinnor. Triangeldramat mellan Tryggve (en regissör med en våning på Stan), Anna (som är hans fru men bor i Huset) och Eva (en skådespelerska och Tryggves nya älskarinna) är centralt i romanen då Tryggve ordnar en lägenhet åt Eva i Huset. Studien visar att det i Kvinnohuset finns en stark sammanlänkning av rumslig, social och känslomässig ordning. De rum de olika kvinnorna tillskrivs hjälper till att definiera både dem själva och deras relationer - i romanen finns det ett tematiserat samband mellan den plats där kärleksrelationer utspelas och den karaktär dessa relationer har. Trapphuset är det främsta rummet för interaktion mellan kvinnorna och därigenom ett rum där de tydligast kämpar om att definiera situationer och upprätthålla roller och masker. Huset fungerar som en viktig organiserande princip för romanen, vilket märks på fabulaplan men också genom att narrerandet placeras i Husets lägenheter, även när de händelser som beskrivs skett på andra platser. Huset beskrivs i romanen både som ett väsen och som ett begrepp för kvinnokollektivet. Att vara bosatt i Huset är i romanen starkt förknippat med att inneha en viss erfarenhetsposition - den erfarna och svikna kvinnans. I uppsatsen undersöker jag också konstruktionen av manligt och kvinligt i relation till hem och offentliga platser. Trots att kvinnorna inte bor tillsammans med män fokuserar de flesta av kvinnorna sin längtan på män, och flera av dem får under romanen tillfälle att agera värdinnor i det egna hemmet. / This thesis is a spatial reading of the Ulla Isaksson novel Kvinnohuset (first published in 1952) where the focus is on the spatial aspects of the novel and the House as a motif. Kvinnohuset is set in 1952 and revolves around a group of women who live in a residential building for single working women, Stockholm. The main plot is a love triangle between the director Tryggve, his wife Anna and his new mistress Eva, an actress. For the analysis I use contextualization on both an internallevel and an external level and an interdisciplinary selection of theories are used – performativity theory, spatial theory, narratology. The novel is also seen in relation to the historic context of socialdemocrat twentieth century Sweden. The house is found to function as a main organizing principle of the novel. The novel is also found to be a rich example of narrative space being intertwined with the social and emotional aspects of the text. The fabula revolves around the house – from Eva moving in to Anna being brought out – and narrating is often situated within the apartments, even when the events narrated take place in the city or elsewhere. The House is referred to as a creature, sometimes at the sametime referring to the collective of women residents as a social unit. The character of The House depends on the focalizor, and therefore shifts. Individual women characters' spaces are also used tocharacterize them and their relations – to the House, the novel and the narrative universe. The interplay between rooms and human relationships are thematized in the novel – each love affair isassigned its own space. The interaction in the stairways and the connection between the collectiveand the outside male world are also found to be central for the novel. In this thesis the construction of female and male in relation to homes and public space is also explored, since the novel is set in the 1950's when the idea of the woman as a housewifepeaked in popularity. The women are found to act as hostesses in their homes, using housework as acomforting practice in difficult situations.