This thesis examines the history of the cultural heritage site of Eketorp, a prehistoric ring-fort, on the island of Öland, Sweden. The archaeological excavations at Eketorp, which began in 1964, lasted for a decade and soon turned into one of the largest archaeological research projects in Sweden. The scale and the implementation of the excavations, as an interdisciplinary and international research project, fostered a whole generation of archaeologists and resulted in numerous research publications. After the excavations the archaeological site was transformed into a full-scale archaeological reconstruction by the Swedish National Heritage Board. Since the mid-1980s the site has been a popular tourist attraction and open-air museum. The history of the site itself connects to several academic fields, including archaeology, history of archaeology, cultural heritage and museum studies. Through Ludwig Fleck’s concept thought collective and Donna Haraway’s situated knowledge, which are used as analytical tools, the aim of this thesis is to explore how these different fields interacted throughout the history of Eketorp. Further, the analytical tools are used to highlight how these interactions have generated notions of time, space, and gender. The study takes an interdisciplinary approach with the history of Eketorp analysed in three analytical chapters, each of them with different chronological and empirical focus. First, Eketorp is explored as a contemporary museum space through ethnographic fieldwork. Second, archive material is used to analyse how the archaeological excavation and the following archaeological reconstruction were conducted during the 1960s and onwards. Third, scientific texts are used to analyse how interpretations of Eketorp as a prehistoric site has changed. The concluding chapter integrates the results of the three chapters in order to critically examine how notions of time, space and gender interconnect between these fields. Illustrated by a wide chronological and interdisciplinary approach, the central argument of the thesis is thus that the Eketorp thought collective and thought style, intimately connected to hierarchies in academic practice, were created, performed, and maintained through several scientific and heritage institutions.

Detta examensarbete gjordes i samarbete med Boda Borg Torpshammar där jag fick i uppdrag att ta fram ett förslag till ett nytt quest. Questet skulle ersätta ett tidigare och behövde därför ha ungefär samma svårighetsgrad och samma fysiska nivå. Jag har under projektets gång genomfört tester och brukarstudier för att ta fram hinder och utmaningar samt arbetat fram ett gemensamt tema. Avslutningsvis har jag byggt en fysisk modell som visar förslaget i en skala på 1:10.

Sandby borg, an Iron Age ringfort on Öland, Sweden has been and is still at the center of attention in media and archaeological research. The massacre uncovered at the site during recent years opens many doors for analyses on the Migration Period (c. 400-550 AD) Iron Age skeletal remains. Eighteen teeth (molars) from 12 individuals and three rodent teeth were chosen for strontium (87Sr/86Sr) analyses. This was done to establish whether these individuals were locals or non-locals to Öland. The analyses displayed a, for the most part, local 87Sr/86Sr ratio. Two non-locals were identified, as well as a pattern of higher 87Sr/86Sr peaks on numerous of the individuals during a certain age span, which could indicate a local weaning process with a special food. / Sandby borg

Background: Positive expiratory pressure (PEP) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) are two forms of resistance breathing used in spontaneously breathing patients. With a threshold resistor or a flow resistor, both PEP and CPAP provide a positive (elevated) pressure level during the expiratory phase. With PEP, inspiratory pressure is negative, i.e. lower than ambient air pressure, as during a normal inspiration, but with CPAP, the inspiratory pressure is positive, i.e. higher than ambient air pressure. Methods: This thesis is based on four separate studies in which four different breathing devices, a PEP-bottle (threshold resistor device), a PEP-mask (flow resistor device), a threshold resistor CPAP and a flow resistor device were investigated. Paper I, II and III are based on studies in healthy volunteers. Paper IV is a bench study performed in a hypobaric chamber. Paper I examined differences between two PEP devices, the PEP-bottle and the PEP-mask. Paper II evaluated the performance of a flow resistor CPAP device, (Boussignac CPAP). Paper III investigated the effect of two PEP-devices, a PEP-bottle and a PEP-mask and two CPAP devices, a threshold resistor CPAP and a flow resistor CPAP, on inspiratory capacity (IC). In paper IV, the effect of changes in ambient pressure on preset CPAP levels in two different CPAP devices was compared. Results: With the PEP bottle, both expiration and inspiration began with a zero-flow period during which airway pressure changed rapidly. With the PEP-mask, the zero-flow period was very short and the change in airway pressure almost non-existent (paper I). During normal breathing with the Boussignac CPAP, changes in airway pressure were never large enough to reduce airway pressure below zero. During forced breathing, as airflow increased, both the drop in inspiratory airway pressure and the increase in expiratory airway pressure were potentiated (paper II). IC decreased significantly with three of the breathing devices, the PEP-mask and the two CPAP devices (paper III). With the threshold resistor CPAP, measured pressure levels were close to the preset CPAP level. With the flow resistor CPAP, as the altitude increased CPAP produced pressure levels increased (paper IV). Conclusion: The effect on airway pressure, airflow, IC and the effect of changes in ambient air pressure differ between different kinds of resistance breathing devices. These differences in device performance should be taken into consideration when choosing the optimal resistance breathing device for each patient.

Domarringarna (Stone circles) are mysterious monuments preserved from Prehistory. With this study, I will discuss them and their meaning from different angles. I have mainly used a qualitative method of working through of previous research on Stone circles, but I also worked with a quantitative approach by compiling statistics. A clear result was difficult to achieve. Several of the new sources are based on the older research. More research and archaeological studies are required to obtain more evidence that can support new interpretations.

This thesis addresses radiocarbon (C-14) dating of bioarcheological finds from Sandby borg, an iron-age ring fort on the east coast of the Baltic Sea island of Öland, Sweden. Archaeological evidence suggests that Sandby borg was used during the European migration period and that its main period of usage was terminated by an isolated incidence of inter-personal violence where the inhabitants were killed or abducted. Radiocarbon dating of individual archaeological finds from this period becomes imprecise due to fluctuations of C-14 ratios in the atmosphere during the period 420-530 AD. In the work presented here, Bayesian modelling, whereby multiple finds as well as chronological information from typology and stratigraphy are combined into a statistical model is deployed, together with an estimate of the percentage of maritime products in the diet of individuals subjected to C-14 dating. The outcome of this analysis suggests that the usage ranges from 410-537 AD (95.4% probability) and that the lethal attack took place between the years 532 and 558 AD (95.4% probability). This latter dating interval is about 40-60 years later than what has been suggested from previous studies. The reliability of the modified chronology and its consequences for our understanding of the Sandby borg site is discussed, and some future directions of research are proposed.

Title: The use of gymnastic ball in combat sport. Objective: The aim of this work is to create a stack of exercises for martial arts wrestlers usable for training and improvement of movement on the ground. The exercises used use a gymnastic ball, which replaces the absence of a sparring partner. The partial aim of the thesis is to find out the difficulty of the proposed exercises based on the respondents' subjective perception. Methods: Based on a long-term observation of martial arts training in conjunction with professional resources dealing with the issue, gymnastic ball exercises were profiled. There were 18 respondents who distinguished the difficulty of the 8 selected exercises. A 10-point Borg Scale was used to evaluate the difficulty, which records the individual perception of the effort required to perform the exercise. Results: The result of the work is a set of exercises on the gymnastic ball suitable for training fight positions and situations for combat on the ground. Furthermore, individual evaluation of the difficulty of selected exercises wrestlers combat sports. The exercises were evaluated by the respondents from simple ones, such as the "Shifting feet while lying on belly" exercise to very demanding "Kneeling on one leg" exercises. The overall assessment suggests that the...

Social ångest beskrivs som en obehagskänsla kopplat till sociala situationer där individen upplever en risk att bli negativt bedömd av andra (APA, 2013).Det finns ett stort behov av att effektivisera mätning av social ångest samt att på ett precist sätt mäta dess symtom. Vidare råder det svårigheter att mäta psykologiska konstrukt på ett tillförlitligt sätt. Borg centiMaxskalan® (CR100) är en skattningsskala som utvecklats för att mäta subjektiva upplevelser med större precision. Syftet med denna studieär att studera begreppsvaliditeten för single-item -mätning av social ångest med Borg centiMaxskalan®samt att se om single-item-mätning mäter social ångest på ett likvärdigt sätt som ett multi-item. För att undersöka detta jämförs single-item-mätning med centiMax för social ångest (SÅ-SI-cM) mot SPIN och socialångestskalan med centiMax (SÅS-MI-cM). Data samlades in digitalt via ett bekvämlighetsurval (N = 382). Resultatet visar ett positivt samband mellan SPIN och single-item-mätning med centiMax för social ångest(r = .77, p <.001) samt ett positivt samband mellan single-item-mätning med centiMax och multi-item-mätning med SÅS-cMax (r = .77, p <.001). Sammanfattningsvis tyder resultatet på att single-item-mätning med centiMaxmäter social ångest på ett likvärdigt sätt som SPIN och SÅS-MI-cM.Resultatet i denna studie indikerar på att vidare studier med single-item-mätningav social ångest med centiMax (SÅ-SI-cM) är av intresseför att vidare validera detta mätinstrument

This master's thesis is intended as a foundation for further development of methods for digital marine osteoarchaeology. The main purpose of this thesis was to examine and problematise the process of locating, documenting, and analyzing skeletal remains in marine archaeological, and other hard to reach sites. Three forms of osteological analysis' was performed and assessed: one based on analysis of physical skeletal remains, another based on 2D documented skeletal remains, and a third on analysis on 3D reconstructed skeletal remains. The secondary purpose of this thesis was to problematise the taphonomic effects on bodies, body parts, and bones in marine environments, necessary for the evaluation of the different methods. The analysis' has been conducted on source material provided by the research projects for the naval ships Mars and Gribshunden, the National Maritime Museum of Sweden, the Sandby Borg project, and the Çatalhöyük project. In addition, a test was carried out, with eight volunteer osteology students at Campus Gotland, Uppsala University, during a seminar exercise. The results collected through the osteological analysis' performed on the three different formats and the students osteology exercise could be used in order to highlight a variation of data available in the different formats. The results was then used in order to create a basis for future digital documentation methods that may be applied in the field. The secondary aim of this thesis was addressed through the use of the naval ships Mars and Gribshunden as case examples in order to address the limited amount of skeletal remains located so far at the marine archaeological sites. / Denna master uppsats är ämnad som grund för vidare utveckling av metoder för digital marinosteoarkeologi. Det huvudsakliga syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka och problematisera problemen kring at lokalisera, dokumentera, och analysera skeletala kvarlevor vid marinarkeologiska, och andra svåråtkomliga lokaler. Tre olika slags osteologiska analyser utfördes: en baserad på analyser av skeletala kvarlevor, en annan baserad analyser av 2D dokumenterade skeletala kvarlevor, och en tredje baserat på analyser av 3D rekonstruerade skeletala kvarlevor. Det sekundära syftet uppsatsen var att problematisera den tafonomiska påverkan på kroppar, kroppsdelar, och ben i marina miljöer, nödvändiga för utvärderingen för de olika metoderna. Analyserna har utförts på källmaterial som tillgängliggjorts genom forskningsprojekten för skeppen Mars och Gribshunden, Statens Maritima Museer i Sverige, Sandby borg projektet, och Catalhöyük projektet. Utöver detta har även en studie utförts tillsammans med åtta frivilliga osteologistudenter vid Campus Gotland, Uppsala Universitet, under en seminarieövning. Resultaten som samlades in genom de osteologiska analyserna av de tre olika källmaterialen och student studien användes för att kunna understryka den datavariation som fanns tillgänglig för de olika källmaterialen. Resultaten användes för att skapa en grund för framtida digitala dokumentationsmetoder som kan appliceras i fält. Det sekundära syftet med studien besvarades genom att använda skeppen Mars och Gribshunden som exempel för att kunna diskutera den begränsade mängden skeletala kvarlevor som hittills hittats vid de marinarkeologiska lokalerna.

Abstract Norlinder, Gabriella. 2019. My purpose with this qualitative study was to use Bourdieu's concept of Habitus with the associated capital species as an analytical tool, to try to shed light on the value-charged context of human behavior patterns. This in order to, through it, be able to demonstrate a possible explanation for why unusual finds are found in archaeological excavations. The object of my analysis here, in this study, is an engraved Roman stone age engraving stone found at the excavations on the medieval Saxon Castle in the Kristinehamn archipelago. My method has been theoretical, consisting mainly of literature studies and a small number of oral sources. I have delimited myself only to highlight one single artifact; the engraved stone and only a single excavation site; Saxholmen for my study. Only a few examples from other places have been used and then for the purpose of better clarifying my chosen study material. This study is based on three issues that concern the location of the stone, outside its proper context, whether a Habitus perspective can be a possible analytical tool for interpreting unusual findings, and whether Saxholm's Habitus-related functions could reflect a possible explanation for the location of the stone. My conclusions are thus that the stone has probably traveled far and probably changed owners more than once. In view of the residents' prestige-oriented lifestyle and a possible link to Gotland, it may have been the result of trade contacts or looting. I have also come to the conclusion that the Habitus concept is absolutely useful as an analytical tool in this type of study, since it highlights abstract values in human life. In my opinion, the Saxholmen seen from a Habitus- related perspective holds all of the capital species / values that are included in the essay and can therefore demonstrate a number of possible interpretations as to why the stone is included in the finds material from the site. Nyckelord: Medeltiden, borg, romersk järnålder, utgrävningar, Habitus, Bourdieu, Saxholmen Keywords: Middle Ages, castle, Roman Iron Age, excavations, Habitus, Bourdieu, Saxon Castle Kandidatuppsats i Arkeologi. Handledare: Gustaf Svedjemo Ventilerad och godkänd 2019-06-14 Gabriella Norlinder Institutionen för Arkeologi och antik historia, Uppsala universitet, Campus Gotland, Cramérgatan 3, 621 67 Visby, Sweden. Den gåtfulla stenen från Saxholmen – Habitusbegreppet som analytiskt verktyg för förståelsen av orsakssammanhangen kring ovanliga fynd The enigmatic stone from Saxholmen - Habitus concept as an analytical tool for understanding the causal link between unusual findings