Before 1994 administrative law was dominated by parliamentary supremacy which dictated that Parliament is the supreme law-making authority in the state. This position was radically changed by the new democratic order. To protect the rights of citizens a Bill of Rights was introduced in South Africa. This research focuses on the uncertainty pertaining to the application of the audi alteram partem rule to the proceedings of commissions of inquiry. Section 24 of the interim Constitution, section 33 of the final Constitution and the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000 were introduced to safeguard the individual against unfair administrative action. These legislative measures as well as applicable case law are analysed in order to establish whether they have brought about greater clarity concerning the application of the audi alteram partem rule to the proceedings of commissions of inquiry. / Thesis (LL.M. (Public Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

In this article, the author stresses the importance of the right to proper motivation in the context of administrative procedures. In that sense, he states that all public bodies are required to issue administrative acts duly substantiated, because this is a requirement which, if unobserved, generates the nullity of the act. But beyond to validate administrative act, the author argues that the main benefit of meeting the proper motivation lies in the improvement of the interaction between the taxpayers and the Public Administration, generating greater confidence in state activity and promoting the development of economic activities with increasing levels of formality. / En el presente artículo, el autor destaca la importancia del principio-derecho a la debida motivación en el marco de los procedimientos administrativos. En esa línea, afirma que todas las entidades públicas están obligadas a expedir actos administrativos debidamente fundamentados, pues este constituye un requisito de validez que, de ser inobservado, acarrea la nulidad del acto. Pero más allá de validar al acto administrativo, el autor sostiene que el principal beneficio de que se cumpla con la debida motivación radica en la mejora de la interacción entre los administrados y la Administración Pública, generando mayor confianza en la actividad estatal y propiciando el desarrollo de actividades económicas con cada vez mayores niveles de formalidad.

The present article discusses when the tax moratorium interest as part of the tax debt is generated, and which judicial way to discuss its payment. For this purpose, the author starts developing the explicit constitutional principles that are limits to the taxing power of the State; and then she makes a compilation of the judgments of the Constitutional Court regarding the application of the tax moratorium interests. / El presente artículo tiene por objeto analizar la naturaleza del interés moratorio, haciendo presente que la misma forma parte de la deuda tributaria. Dentro del artículo, también se hace referencia a la vía judicial para discutir el pago del mismo. Para tal propósito, inicia desarrollando los principios constitucionales explícitos que sirven de límites al poder tributario del Estado; y luego se centra en analizar la naturaleza restitutoria del mismo, teniendo como base tanto los dispositivos legales como las sentencias del Tribunal Constitucional respecto a la aplicación del interés moratorio tributario.

The link between Administrative Law and Constitutional Law, branches of Public Law, is undeniable. It is even more patent currently with the phenomenon of the constitutionalization of Law.In this article, the author analyses this phenomenon in the field of Administrative Law, the administrative-constitutional principles, and examines how various institutions of Administrative Law have been constitutionally configurated,outlined and controlled in Peru, for which he goes over the most important jurisprudence of the Peruvian Constitutional Court regarding the matter. / La vinculación entre el Derecho Administrativo y el Derecho Constitucional, ramas del Derecho Público, es incuestionable. Ello es incluso más notorio actualmente con el fenómeno de la constitucionalización del Derecho.  En el presente artículo, el autor analiza este fenómeno en el campo del Derecho Administrativo, los principios constitucionales administrativos, y examina cómo distintas instituciones propias del Derecho Administrativo han sido configuradas, delineadas y controladas constitucionalmente en el Perú, para lo cual repasa la más importante jurisprudencia.

Magister Legum - LLM / While the Constitutional Court has repeatedly enforced a duty to meaningfully engage with communities where the provision of basic social services and goods is at stake, uncertainty about the form, extent and quality of community engagement continues to negatively impact on development projects. The much publicised "toilet saga" in the Makhaza informal settlement in the Western Cape is a telling example. This problem is partly attributable to a lack of clarity about the legal foundations and basis of this duty. The research project explores such an approach by clarifying the proper legal and constitutional basis of the right to meaningfully participate in development projects and the delivery of basic social goods, and in so-doing, to place public participation in socio-economic rights on a sound legal and constitutional foundation. The project further seeks to develop a framework or best practice for the practical implementation of this right in the context of urban development projects.

O presente trabalho tratou das sentenças aditivas e das sentenças substitutivas no Direito italiano e no Direito brasileiro (mais especificamente, na jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal). Tais técnicas alternativas (ou “atípicas”) de decisão no controle de constitucionalidade foram criadas pela Corte Constitucional na Itália e, com o tempo, passaram a ser utilizadas por outros tribunais ao redor do mundo, inclusive – conforme a doutrina mencionada no trabalho – pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal no Brasil. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar como tais modelos (ou tipos) decisórios são utilizados pela Corte Constitucional na Itália e como foram “importados” para o Brasil pela jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Inicialmente, estudou- se, de modo detalhado, o controle de constitucionalidade na Itália, que é exercido pela Corte Constitucional por via incidental (ou por via de exceção) ou por via principal (ou por via de ação). Em seguida, abordou-se o “arsenal” de modelos (ou tipos) decisórios da Corte Constitucional no controle de constitucionalidade, do qual fazem parte as sentenças aditivas e as sentenças substitutivas. Por fim, examinaram- se algumas decisões do Supremo Tribunal Federal que – de acordo com a doutrina mencionada no trabalho – são tidas como exemplo de sentenças aditivas e de sentenças substitutivas. Verificou-se que o Supremo Tribunal Federal não utiliza as fórmulas que, na Itália, são encontradas no dispositivo das sentenças aditivas e das sentenças substitutivas da Corte Constitucional nem admite expressamente – no dispositivo das decisões – que emprega sentenças aditivas e sentenças substitutivas, o que pode indicar que tais modelos (ou tipos) decisórios não precisam ser “importados” para o Brasil. Constatou-se, ainda, que as referências às sentenças aditivas, do modo como são feitas pelos Ministros nas decisões do Tribunal, representam grave violação à ideia de segurança jurídica, que está contida no princípio do Estado de Direito, e vulneram, pois, a própria Constituição. / The present essay adressed the additive sentences and the substitutive sentences in Italian Law and in Brazilian Law (more especifically, in the Federal Supreme Court jurisprudence). Such alternative (or “atypical”) techniques of decision in judicial review were created by the Constitucional Court in Italy and, with time, started being used by other courts around the world, including – according to the doctrine mentioned in this essay – the Federal Supreme Court in Brazil. The goal of this essay was to analise how these decision models (or types) are used by the Federal Supreme Court. Initially, the judicial review in Italy, which is exercised by the Constitutional Court by incidental via (or exceptional via) or by mainly via (or through action), was studied, in detail. Then, the “arsenal” of models (or types) of decision of the Constitutional Court in judicial review, which comprises the additive sentences and the substitutive sentences, was approached. Lastly, some decisions of the Federal Supreme Court that – according to the doctrine mentioned in this essay – are considered as example of additive sentences and of substitutive sentences were examined. It was found that the Federal Supreme Court does not use the formulas that, in Italy, are found in the device of the additive sentences and of the substitutive sentences of the Constitutional Court, nor expressly acknowledges – in the device of decisions – that employs additive sentences and substitutive sentences, which may indicate that such models (or types) of decision-making do not need to be “imported” to Brazil. It was also found that the references to the additive sentences, the way they are made by Justices in the Court’s decisions, represent a serious violation of legal certainty idea, which is contained in the Rule of Law principle, and undermines, therefore, the Constitution itself.

This work deals with the development and possible application of natural law in the Czech judiciary. The first part of this work deals with relationship between natural and positive law, historical development of natural law and legal positivism. The second part investigates the current legal order of the Czech Republic and the practice of Constitutional Court, which should give judgements that are conformable with natural-law core of Constitution of the Czech Republic. The work reflects that there is some difficulty in application of natural rights in practice of Constitutional Court. On that account the work solves how is the natural law applied. However, the work finds out that there obviously aren?t any sources which would be treated about mentioned application. The third part of this work is engaged in possible proposal of natural law as a potential solution of difficulties that are connected with practice of Constitutional Court.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:14:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6104.pdf: 3839792 bytes, checksum: 91cf1abdefa5394e40ba54f801cbbaea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-30 / The aim of this research is the performance of the Bar Association in Brazil concerning the Constituent Process of 1987/88, which was an important political time at the end of the twentieth century in Brazil. Marked by an ambivalence of vocations, the Brazilian Bar Association managed to move self confidently between corporate and institutional interests. It is by taking advantage of this characteristic and its history, mainly related to conflicts of legal and democratic nature, that we are motivated to immerse into a universe of this sui generis institution, drawing Law and Policy closer in such a way that they seem inseparable. The chosen arena, the Constituent of 1987, brings all the characteristic features of a good political novel , full of alliances and strategies. The topic that we report as ideal is the analysis of questions which involve setting up a Constitutional Court, proposed by the association, which went through procedures in the Subcommittee of the Judicial Power and the Public Prosecutor. One of the main obstacles was the centuries-old tradition of the Supreme Constitutional Court, an organ of the Judicial Power, which would be substituted, if the progressive intent of the Bar Association in Brazil had been successful. Moreover, taking this into account, we attempt to clarify which factors contributed to this frustration, even knowing that approximately 75% (seventy five percent) of the constituents belonging to the Subcommittee were professionally declared as lawyers. / A presente pesquisa tem como enredo a atuação da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil no Processo Constituinte de 1987/88, principal momento político do final do século XX, no Brasil. Marcada por uma ambivalência de vocações, a OAB consegue transitar com tamanha desenvoltura entre os interesses corporativos e institucionais. É aproveitando dessa característica e de sua trajetória, principalmente, relacionada aos embates de natureza jurídica e democrática, que nos motivamos a imergir no universo dessa instituição sui generis, aproximando o direito e a política, de tal forma que parecem indissociáveis. A arena de atuação escolhida, a Constituinte de 1987, traz todos os elementos caracterizadores de um bom romance político, recheado de alianças e estratégias. O recorte temático que reportamos como ideal é a análise das questões que envolveram a criação de um Tribunal Constitucional, proposta pela Ordem, a qual tramitou na Subcomissão do Poder Judiciário e do Ministério Público, tendo como um dos principais obstáculos a tradição centenária do Supremo Tribunal Constitucional, órgão de cúpula do Poder Judiciário, o qual seria substituído, caso o intento progressista da OAB tivesse logrado êxito. E, nesse contexto, procuramos esclarecer quais foram, realmente, os fatores que contribuíram para essa frustração, ainda mais sabendo que cerca de 75% (setenta e cinco por cento) dos constituintes pertencentes àquela Subcomissão haviam se declarado profissionalmente como advogados.

O presente trabalho tratou das sentenças aditivas e das sentenças substitutivas no Direito italiano e no Direito brasileiro (mais especificamente, na jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal). Tais técnicas alternativas (ou “atípicas”) de decisão no controle de constitucionalidade foram criadas pela Corte Constitucional na Itália e, com o tempo, passaram a ser utilizadas por outros tribunais ao redor do mundo, inclusive – conforme a doutrina mencionada no trabalho – pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal no Brasil. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar como tais modelos (ou tipos) decisórios são utilizados pela Corte Constitucional na Itália e como foram “importados” para o Brasil pela jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Inicialmente, estudou- se, de modo detalhado, o controle de constitucionalidade na Itália, que é exercido pela Corte Constitucional por via incidental (ou por via de exceção) ou por via principal (ou por via de ação). Em seguida, abordou-se o “arsenal” de modelos (ou tipos) decisórios da Corte Constitucional no controle de constitucionalidade, do qual fazem parte as sentenças aditivas e as sentenças substitutivas. Por fim, examinaram- se algumas decisões do Supremo Tribunal Federal que – de acordo com a doutrina mencionada no trabalho – são tidas como exemplo de sentenças aditivas e de sentenças substitutivas. Verificou-se que o Supremo Tribunal Federal não utiliza as fórmulas que, na Itália, são encontradas no dispositivo das sentenças aditivas e das sentenças substitutivas da Corte Constitucional nem admite expressamente – no dispositivo das decisões – que emprega sentenças aditivas e sentenças substitutivas, o que pode indicar que tais modelos (ou tipos) decisórios não precisam ser “importados” para o Brasil. Constatou-se, ainda, que as referências às sentenças aditivas, do modo como são feitas pelos Ministros nas decisões do Tribunal, representam grave violação à ideia de segurança jurídica, que está contida no princípio do Estado de Direito, e vulneram, pois, a própria Constituição. / The present essay adressed the additive sentences and the substitutive sentences in Italian Law and in Brazilian Law (more especifically, in the Federal Supreme Court jurisprudence). Such alternative (or “atypical”) techniques of decision in judicial review were created by the Constitucional Court in Italy and, with time, started being used by other courts around the world, including – according to the doctrine mentioned in this essay – the Federal Supreme Court in Brazil. The goal of this essay was to analise how these decision models (or types) are used by the Federal Supreme Court. Initially, the judicial review in Italy, which is exercised by the Constitutional Court by incidental via (or exceptional via) or by mainly via (or through action), was studied, in detail. Then, the “arsenal” of models (or types) of decision of the Constitutional Court in judicial review, which comprises the additive sentences and the substitutive sentences, was approached. Lastly, some decisions of the Federal Supreme Court that – according to the doctrine mentioned in this essay – are considered as example of additive sentences and of substitutive sentences were examined. It was found that the Federal Supreme Court does not use the formulas that, in Italy, are found in the device of the additive sentences and of the substitutive sentences of the Constitutional Court, nor expressly acknowledges – in the device of decisions – that employs additive sentences and substitutive sentences, which may indicate that such models (or types) of decision-making do not need to be “imported” to Brazil. It was also found that the references to the additive sentences, the way they are made by Justices in the Court’s decisions, represent a serious violation of legal certainty idea, which is contained in the Rule of Law principle, and undermines, therefore, the Constitution itself.

Are social, economic and cultural rights really enforceable rights? Is their nature different from those of the civil and political rights? What does our Constitution   state on the matter? What is the posture that national and international jurisprudence have adopted regarding the issue?In the article at hand, the  authors challenge the common conception about those rights, and analyze the work done by the Peruvian Constitutional Court on the matter. / ¿Son los derechos económicos, sociales y culturalesexigibles realmente? ¿Su naturaleza es distinta a lade los derechos civiles y políticos? ¿Qué establece nuestra Constitución al respecto? ¿Cuál ha sido lapostura de la jurisprudencia nacional e internacional sobre la materia?En el presente artículo, los autores cuestionan la concepción que normalmente se tiene de dichos derechos, y analizan la labor que ha desarrollado el Tribunal Constitucional peruano al respecto.