Magister Bibliothecologiae - MBibl / The study investigated the significance of collaboration in the management and preservation of audio-visual archives at the National Archives of Zimbabwe (NAZ) in light of the challenges presented by this heritage resource. An exploration of literature has revealed that managing audio-visuals is not an easy part and most cultural heritage institutions in developing counties have been struggling. The underlying premise is that collaboration ensures efficiency and effectiveness in the management and preservation of audio-visual archives

為深入了解國家檔案使用情況，針對檔案館藏與調閱情況之研究是必要的，可幫助了解館藏強弱、使用情況、使用者背景、使用者需求等，有助於評估館務現況、規劃未來發展。 本研究探討國家檔案之使用者與檔案使用情況，透過調閱紀錄分析與使用者深度訪談，在檔案使用者部分，了解檔案使用者的特性與族群分布，及其背後的動機、需求與尋求行為等差異，而在檔案館藏使用情況部分，能了解檔案館服務項目、館藏比重、館藏使用程度與待開發潛在使用者等。 研究結果顯示，國家檔案使用者背景相當多元，而國家檔案館藏量與調閱量不必然呈現正比，且國家檔案既有館藏與徵集方向仍有調整空間，另外使用者使用國家檔案時易遭遇一些困難。 本研究建議未來需針對細節深入統計使用者背景、加強徵集使用因數高之檔案主題、均衡館藏主題分布、針對使用者各項需求調整國家檔案徵集類型與範圍、以及試圖降低使用者使用檔案時的不便等。 / In order to understand the use of the national archives, research on archival collections and situation of access is necessary. It can help us to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the collections, user background, user requirements, etc. It also help us to assess the status of collectional quality and plan for the future development. This study used records analysis and user interviews to investigate the use conditions and users of national archives. The characteristics, groups, and motives behind demanding and seeking behavior of users were analyzed. Besides, the services, the proportion of collections, use level of collections, and the potential users of arcives were investigated. The results of the study show as follows: (1) The user background of national archives is quite diverse. (2) The amount of archival circulation and collection is not proportional. (3) National archives collection development need to adjust for meeting users’ need. (4) Users encounter some difficulties when they accessed the national archives. The findings of the study may provide suggestions as below: (1) Users background should be compiled statistics further. (2) To intensively collect the national archives which have high use factor. (3) To balance the theme of national archives. (4) To adjust the type and scope of the national archives meet the needs of users. (5) To reduce the inconveniences of uses when they use the national archives.

The aim of this one-year master thesis was to examine the principles of arrangement used by the Swedish Royal Office archive from about 1540-1878, and how the principles of arrangement have corresponded with the information needs of that rules the Swedish Royal Office archive. The following theoretical premises were important: Berndt Fredriksson's empirical archival science, JBLD Strömberg's concepts of archive systems and Randolph C. Head's concepts of mirroring. Two questions have been examined. What connections is there between the major reorganizations of the Swedish Royal Office archive, the process for governance of Sweden / the Royal Office, access to / control over archival documents, information needs, the political situation, and changes in how the archive was arranged and inventoried. What sources of inspiration have those responsible for the reorganizations had regarding the reorganizations? My source material consisted primarily of archival inventories. In this inquiry I have used a case study in which document and literature studies were conducted. During this study I have discovered that several principles of arrangement was in use simultaneously during the examined time period. This suggests either that older ideas regarding inventory labor were present at the same time and influenced the inventory labor or that the "archivist" during this time period had great freedom to choose between different principles of arrangement. Arrangement by geographic location were used during the entire time period. The archival inventories arranged by this principle has evolved from larger descriptions over geographic places to titles in Latin over countries. It also seems likely that the countries of this archival inventories represented Sweden's foreign relations. Mirroring has been detected between the reasons for the reorganizations, major political conflicts internally and externally, changes in the governance process, the user groups of the archive, the information needs and archival inventories. Mirroring has also occurred between the principles of arrangement and information access and needs. There are several available sources of inspiration to the reorganizations and hence the principles of arrangement.

The purpose of this thesis in Archival Science is to examine what standard of living the civil servants who worked for the Swedish National Archives had in the 1610- and 1620s. The examination is based on Pierre Bourdieus theory of society. The theory views society as a field with distinct social rooms and in each room the agents act to create one’s own capital. Every agent aims to create economical, material, social and cultural capital. Previous research within the field has primarly been about the Swedish state and the secretariat’s progress but the examined agents have been examined to a lesser extent. During the examined period the state chancellor Axel Oxenstierna was a key figure and patron in the Swedish state’s progress and employment of civil servants. The examined agents were born commons thus the oppurtunities were limited and they reached the civil servant employment through the patron-client relationship. Thus the examination aimed to answer two questions, what standard of living the civil servants had and if they were a part of the patron-client relationship. The methodology employed is qualitative. A literature review has been undertaken and qualitative hermeneutics method has been used to examine the texts about the civil servants standard of living. The examination’s first part is a historical background which has showed that the Swedish state and secreterait had an unstable progess during the 1600th-century. When Gustavus Adoplhus became king in 1611 and Axel Oxenstierna state chancellor in 1612 the prerequisites for a stable state and secretariat were founded. As the state became stable the centralization to Stockholm began as well. It is in this historical context the examined civil servants are examined, as the first urban civil servants centralized to Stockholm. As the source material was surveyed typical problems with material preserved about commoners of this time were found. Only one civil servant had enough source material to give enough scientific credibility. His name was Andreas Olai Gerslinus and was employed in the secretariat in 1614 and the Swedish National Archives 1618. The examination has showed that he throughout the whole examined period had a high social and cultural capital. He had relationships with both scholars and men of high nobility. His role as a civil servant of the Swedish National Archives gave him a natural high cultural capital due to the information he possessed. His economical and material capital was low in the 1610s but during the same time he had enough capital to buy two homesteads. The low capital was the results of war and the debt for Älvsborg. During the 1620s his economical capital became reliable and he moved to Åbo in 1623 to pursue a more reputable employment until his death in 1628. This was also common for the civil servants to constantly change social room to be able to build more capital. The second question regarding the patron-client relationship has shown that Andreas Olai Gerslinus was a client for the patron Axel Oxenstierna. The last part of the essay is a concluding discussion about the results gathered during the examination.

<p> </p><p>The European Union has lead to higher collaboration between the European countries, more exchange of information and a tendency to centralize more political decisions. There is also a tendency to try to create legislations that are more similar in each nation.</p><p> </p><p>This paper aims at giving an idea about the challenges that the nations might meet when working towards higher archival collaboration within the European Union. The report by the European Commission “<em>Report on archives in the enlarged European Union - Increased archival collaboration in Europe: action plan” </em>from 2005<em> </em>states that there is a need for higher European collaboration within the field of archives. The goal is to create a gateway for the citizens to have easy access to archival information from the different member states.</p><p> </p><p>There are some obstacles for this to easily work. To start with the member nations have different cultural traditions and legislations when it comes to freedom of information. It has also got to do with technical issues such as which computer systems, file types and structures et c that are allowed.</p><p> </p><p>This paper takes its starting point in the field of digital deliveries to the national archives of Sweden and The United Kingdom. A comparison has been made to show the difference of how these countries proceed with their archival work to give an idea about how these differences can affect the wish for higher collaboration within the European Union.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

The European Union has lead to higher collaboration between the European countries, more exchange of information and a tendency to centralize more political decisions. There is also a tendency to try to create legislations that are more similar in each nation.   This paper aims at giving an idea about the challenges that the nations might meet when working towards higher archival collaboration within the European Union. The report by the European Commission “Report on archives in the enlarged European Union - Increased archival collaboration in Europe: action plan” from 2005 states that there is a need for higher European collaboration within the field of archives. The goal is to create a gateway for the citizens to have easy access to archival information from the different member states.   There are some obstacles for this to easily work. To start with the member nations have different cultural traditions and legislations when it comes to freedom of information. It has also got to do with technical issues such as which computer systems, file types and structures et c that are allowed.   This paper takes its starting point in the field of digital deliveries to the national archives of Sweden and The United Kingdom. A comparison has been made to show the difference of how these countries proceed with their archival work to give an idea about how these differences can affect the wish for higher collaboration within the European Union.

A presente dissertação apresenta uma reflexão sobre as relações entre pesquisa histórica e técnicas de arquivo no âmbito da reforma administrativa do Arquivo Nacional, empreendida por José Honório Rodrigues, no período em que foi diretor da instituição, entre 1958 e 1964. Amparada nos desenvolvimentos teóricos apresentados por Michel Foucault e Michel de Certeau, busca analisar os Regulamentos e Regimentos do Arquivo Nacional, desde 1838 a 1958, e os Relatórios Anuais referentes ao período entre 1958 e 1964, com vistas a problematizar a introdução dos princípios e das práticas da arquivística moderna e as alterações provocadas nas relações entre pesquisa histórica e práticas de arquivo, que redundaram na transformação da finalidade, do modelo institucional e da organização da documentação do Arquivo Nacional. Apresenta uma perspectiva alternativa aos entendimentos que enfatizam a ascensão da arquivística moderna no Brasil somente ao longo da década de 1970, evidenciando as iniciativas, exitosas ou não, de modernizar a instituição e coloca-la na posição central, enquanto órgão normativo e coordenador, do conjunto de órgãos e instituições arquivísticas do país. Conclui, por fim, que, no período abordado, houve uma reorientação na finalidade da instituição, antes dedicada à pesquisa histórica e, a partir de então, à administração pública; a modernização na estrutura institucional e a introdução dos princípios da arquivística moderna na recepção, no tratamento e na organização da documentação custodiada pelo Arquivo Nacional. / This thesis presents a study of the links between historical research and archival techniques under the administrative reform of the National Archives, undertaken by José Honório Rodrigues, in the period when he was director of the institution between 1958 and 1964. Supported in theoretical developments presented by Michel Foucault and Michel de Certeau, seeks to analyze the Rules and Regulations of the National Archives, from 1838-1958, and the annual reports for the period between 1958 and 1964, in order to discuss the introduction of the principles and practices of modern archival and the changes brought about in the relations between historical research and archival practices, which resulted in the transformation of purpose, the institutional model and the organization of the National Archives documentation. Presents an alternative perspective to the discussions that emphasize the rise of modern archival in Brazil only throughout the 1970s, highlighting the initiatives, successful or not, to modernize the institution and place it in the center position, while regulatory agency and engineer, set of organs and archival institutions. Concluded, finally, that in the period approached, there was a shift in the purpose of the institution, before dedicated to historical research and, from then on, public administration; modernizing the institutional framework and the introduction of the principles of modern archival at the reception, treatment and organization of the documentation guarded by the National Archives.

A presente dissertação apresenta uma reflexão sobre as relações entre pesquisa histórica e técnicas de arquivo no âmbito da reforma administrativa do Arquivo Nacional, empreendida por José Honório Rodrigues, no período em que foi diretor da instituição, entre 1958 e 1964. Amparada nos desenvolvimentos teóricos apresentados por Michel Foucault e Michel de Certeau, busca analisar os Regulamentos e Regimentos do Arquivo Nacional, desde 1838 a 1958, e os Relatórios Anuais referentes ao período entre 1958 e 1964, com vistas a problematizar a introdução dos princípios e das práticas da arquivística moderna e as alterações provocadas nas relações entre pesquisa histórica e práticas de arquivo, que redundaram na transformação da finalidade, do modelo institucional e da organização da documentação do Arquivo Nacional. Apresenta uma perspectiva alternativa aos entendimentos que enfatizam a ascensão da arquivística moderna no Brasil somente ao longo da década de 1970, evidenciando as iniciativas, exitosas ou não, de modernizar a instituição e coloca-la na posição central, enquanto órgão normativo e coordenador, do conjunto de órgãos e instituições arquivísticas do país. Conclui, por fim, que, no período abordado, houve uma reorientação na finalidade da instituição, antes dedicada à pesquisa histórica e, a partir de então, à administração pública; a modernização na estrutura institucional e a introdução dos princípios da arquivística moderna na recepção, no tratamento e na organização da documentação custodiada pelo Arquivo Nacional. / This thesis presents a study of the links between historical research and archival techniques under the administrative reform of the National Archives, undertaken by José Honório Rodrigues, in the period when he was director of the institution between 1958 and 1964. Supported in theoretical developments presented by Michel Foucault and Michel de Certeau, seeks to analyze the Rules and Regulations of the National Archives, from 1838-1958, and the annual reports for the period between 1958 and 1964, in order to discuss the introduction of the principles and practices of modern archival and the changes brought about in the relations between historical research and archival practices, which resulted in the transformation of purpose, the institutional model and the organization of the National Archives documentation. Presents an alternative perspective to the discussions that emphasize the rise of modern archival in Brazil only throughout the 1970s, highlighting the initiatives, successful or not, to modernize the institution and place it in the center position, while regulatory agency and engineer, set of organs and archival institutions. Concluded, finally, that in the period approached, there was a shift in the purpose of the institution, before dedicated to historical research and, from then on, public administration; modernizing the institutional framework and the introduction of the principles of modern archival at the reception, treatment and organization of the documentation guarded by the National Archives.

A presente dissertação apresenta uma reflexão sobre as relações entre pesquisa histórica e técnicas de arquivo no âmbito da reforma administrativa do Arquivo Nacional, empreendida por José Honório Rodrigues, no período em que foi diretor da instituição, entre 1958 e 1964. Amparada nos desenvolvimentos teóricos apresentados por Michel Foucault e Michel de Certeau, busca analisar os Regulamentos e Regimentos do Arquivo Nacional, desde 1838 a 1958, e os Relatórios Anuais referentes ao período entre 1958 e 1964, com vistas a problematizar a introdução dos princípios e das práticas da arquivística moderna e as alterações provocadas nas relações entre pesquisa histórica e práticas de arquivo, que redundaram na transformação da finalidade, do modelo institucional e da organização da documentação do Arquivo Nacional. Apresenta uma perspectiva alternativa aos entendimentos que enfatizam a ascensão da arquivística moderna no Brasil somente ao longo da década de 1970, evidenciando as iniciativas, exitosas ou não, de modernizar a instituição e coloca-la na posição central, enquanto órgão normativo e coordenador, do conjunto de órgãos e instituições arquivísticas do país. Conclui, por fim, que, no período abordado, houve uma reorientação na finalidade da instituição, antes dedicada à pesquisa histórica e, a partir de então, à administração pública; a modernização na estrutura institucional e a introdução dos princípios da arquivística moderna na recepção, no tratamento e na organização da documentação custodiada pelo Arquivo Nacional. / This thesis presents a study of the links between historical research and archival techniques under the administrative reform of the National Archives, undertaken by José Honório Rodrigues, in the period when he was director of the institution between 1958 and 1964. Supported in theoretical developments presented by Michel Foucault and Michel de Certeau, seeks to analyze the Rules and Regulations of the National Archives, from 1838-1958, and the annual reports for the period between 1958 and 1964, in order to discuss the introduction of the principles and practices of modern archival and the changes brought about in the relations between historical research and archival practices, which resulted in the transformation of purpose, the institutional model and the organization of the National Archives documentation. Presents an alternative perspective to the discussions that emphasize the rise of modern archival in Brazil only throughout the 1970s, highlighting the initiatives, successful or not, to modernize the institution and place it in the center position, while regulatory agency and engineer, set of organs and archival institutions. Concluded, finally, that in the period approached, there was a shift in the purpose of the institution, before dedicated to historical research and, from then on, public administration; modernizing the institutional framework and the introduction of the principles of modern archival at the reception, treatment and organization of the documentation guarded by the National Archives.

本研究主要探討我國與加拿大及英國國家檔案鑑定與移轉制度，以我國檔案管理局、加拿大國家圖書暨檔案館及英國國家檔案館為研究對象，探討其國家檔案鑑定與移轉制度之內涵。首先採用文獻分析法，將文獻資料有系統有目標地收集，進行文獻資料分析，予以組織起來，連結到論文或研究問題上，發展進一步研究的問題，詮釋文獻所持之觀點，進而給予建議，以瞭解過去關於我國與加拿大、英國三國國家檔案鑑定與移轉制度之文獻與研究方法。接著採用比較法，針對檔案管理體制之比較、檔案清理授權、國家檔案鑑定制度以及國家檔案移轉制度進行對照比較；最後採用個案研究法，選擇移轉至檔案管理局之國家檔案，包括二二八事件檔案、美麗島事件檔案、國民大會檔案以及國營事業民營化第二階段檔案等四個個案作為研究主體，以探討我國檔案鑑定與移轉過程中，關於國家檔案鑑定原則、標準、方式、方法及移轉程序與步驟等相關問題。 / 根據研究結果，本研究提出研究結論為：（一）對於文書檔案之管理，應符合文件生命週期；（二）檔案清理授權乃世界潮流；（三）訂定檔案移轉相關法規、行政規則及檔案移轉年限；（四）國家檔案鑑定制度由微觀走向宏觀；（五）設立檔案委員會，提供檔案保存、分類、鑑定等各種檔案相關事宜之建議。（六）二階段之檔案鑑定制度可資參酌；（七）加、英兩國實施多層次之國家檔案移轉策略；（八）多元化之國家檔案典藏制度，可降低風險與疏解庫房壓力；（九）檔案鑑定重視專家、利害關係人與使用者之意見（十）資訊價值在檔案鑑定之重要性。 / This research is mainly to understand the systems of archives appraisal and transfer in Canada，the United Kingdom and Taiwan. The mainly researching objects are Library and Archives Canada, the National Archives in the United Kingdom and the National Archives Bureau in Taiwan. This research adopts the documents analytic approach at first, documents are collected having goals, carry on document analysis, organized it and linked on the thesis or the research question, develop the question further, annotate the view that documents oppose, and then propose, in order to understand that the system of the national archives appraisal and transfer in Canada, the United kingdom and Taiwan. Secondly, to adopt the comparative approach and to compare the administrative, disposition, general retention schedules, the system of national archives appraisal and transfer among these three countries. Finally, to adopt the case study approach and to choose four cases including 228 incident archives, beautiful island incident archives, national assembly archives and government undertaking privatization second stage archives to transfer archives from the government institutions to the National Archives Bureau in Taiwan.