This study attempted to determine if the theories of reasoned action (TRA) and planned behavior (TPB), as well as a relatively new construct called offender empathy, could help to predict the intentions of small business executives (SBEs) to comply with the employment provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990.

在國際化趨勢中，台灣政府推動英語教學，來提升國人成為 「終身學習者」。為了達成上述目標，台灣政府允許公立與私立學校聘用以英文為母語的外籍教師，尤其在私人的學前教育機構與補習班等，經常可看到這些外籍教師。由於家長對於子女提前接受英語教育的期望，造成市場的需求，導致政府英語教學政策和民間需求，存在著相當的落差，導致許多私立學前教育機構為了維繫市場競爭力，規避政府的法規，聘請英語非母語的外籍教師任教。本論文旨在探討為何許多來台外籍人士，無論本身是否具有合格師資與英語母語條件，在台灣冒著被驅逐出境的風險，以學前教育工作為首選，從事合法及非法打工，而非選擇其他的工作機會？本研究以英語外籍教師為主要對象，採用質性研究法，運用「計畫行為理論」作為研究架構，先透過12個先導性調查，進行初步資料分析，再經由10次深度訪談，以及80份問卷調查，了解外籍教師的看法。本研究根據計畫行為理論中的變項，包含：態度、主觀規範，以及認知行為控制等項目，分析在台外籍人士何以選擇到學前教育機構，任教英語的行為動機，及其背後原因。本研究發現，學前教育備受來台外籍人士歡迎的原因，包括：台灣學前教育階段英語教師市場需求大，教學資格門檻不夠嚴格、入行容易，薪資待遇佳，尤其是學前教育階段特殊的教學方式，能夠提供較具彈性的上班時間與生活方式，都是造成學前教育機構吸引來台外籍教師任教的原因。研究進一步發現，台灣的教育政策至今仍缺乏對於學前教育機構外籍英語教師聘用等方面，有效的管理與輔導。本論文最後建議，台灣公部門必須對於所有相關機構與個人，諸如：學前教育單位、英語為母語及其他外籍教師、與學生家長等，進行明確的規範，落實學前教育英語教師的任教資格、加強本地雇主與外師之間勞資雙方工作條件的透明度、甚至落實對非法雇主的取締及違法者處分等，都是改善台灣學前教育英語學品質，保障學童受教權及外籍教師工作權的重要途徑。

This chapter reviews the literature applying health behavior theories to indoor tanning. Few studies have tried to fit full versions of health behavior models to indoor tanning. Theoretical models from the family of theories referred to as the reasoned action approach (e.g., theory of planned behavior, behavioral alternative model, prototype willingness model, etc.) have been most commonly used to study indoor tanning. Results indicate that these models fit indoor tanning data moderately to extremely well. Two lesser known models, problem behavior theory and the terror management health model, have also demonstrated a reasonable fit. Two other common models, the health belief model and social cognitive theory, have never been fully tested with indoor tanning. However, key constructs from these models (e.g., perceived susceptibility and threat, modeling) have been used to understand indoor tanning. Empirical research conducted represents a solid start toward developing strong, comprehensive models of indoor tanning that can guide intervention efforts. This initial work needs to be expanded by conducting longitudinal studies and by including a broader age range in studies because the majority of existing work has focused on young adults. Incorporating findings related to tanning dependency, peer group affiliation, media influences and other constructs into these foundational models will also improve our understanding and ability to develop efficacious interventions to reduce engagement in this health risk behavior.

胰島素自我注射是第二型糖尿病的重要治療方法。然而，許多病患的心因性胰島素抗拒（PIR）使他們拒絕胰島素治療，因而導致血糖控制不良。本研究目的即嘗試找出影響第二型糖尿病患者接受胰島素治療與否之可能因素。我們採用計畫行為理論（TPB）為基本架構，此理論主張「態度」、「主觀規範」、「覺知行為控制」三個變項可決定對某行為之意圖，而意圖可預測此行為之發生。此外，我們將情緒變項整合進TPB架構中以提昇預測力，包括「同時情緒」（對行為本身當下之心理或生理反應）與「預期情緒」（預期未來行為之後果成真時的情緒反應）。我們採自陳式問卷，橫斷研究設計，總計457位目前未使用胰島素之第二型糖尿病患者參與研究。階層迴歸分析結果，三個TPB變項（態度、主觀規範、覺知行為控制）均顯著預測胰島素治療之意圖，可解釋39.1%變異量；加入情緒變項後，整體模式解釋力提昇，可解釋43.2%意圖之變異量，「負向同時情緒」及「負向預期情緒」均為顯著預測因子。比較血糖控制較佳（HbA1C < 9%）與血糖控制較差（HbA1C ≧ 9%）兩組受試者，「負向同時情緒」是研究模型中唯一有顯著差異之變項。本研究結果顯示TPB可成功應用於解釋PIR，而情緒變項之影響亦不容小覷。 / Insulin injection is an important treatment in the care of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, psychological insulin resistance (PIR) has long been an obstacle for many patients to achieve optimal glycemic control. The purpose of this research is to identify the influencing factors in decision-making process of type 2 diabetic patients whether or not to undergo insulin therapy. We adopted the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as our theoretical basis, which argues attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavior control (PBC) are determinants of behavioral intention, and intention is the precursor of behavior. Besides, we integrated extra emotion variables into TPB, which were anticipatory emotion (immediate psychological and physical responses toward the behavior itself) and anticipated emotion (affective responses expected to be experienced in the future when behavioral outcomes occur), to expanded the predictive power of research model. A cross-sectional questionnaire study design was employed, and a total of 457 currently not using insulin type 2 diabetic patients participated in this research. The hierarchical regression analysis revealed that all three TPB variables (attitude, subjective norm, PBC) significantly predict intention to use insulin, which account for 39.1% variance of intention. After the addition of emotional variables, the research model explains intention variance up to 43.2%, with negative anticipatory emotion and negative anticipated emotion being significant determinants. In the comparison of better glycemic-control (HbA1C < 9%) and worse glycemic-control (HbA1C ≧ 9%) participants, negative anticipatory emotion is the only variable in our research model significantly differs between both groups. The results of this research indicate not only TPB is a useful framework in realizing PIR, but also the impact of anticipatory and anticipated emotions cannot be overlooked.

Prevailing low fertility rates in several European states, such as Germany, have been studied widely in recent years. Findings include discrepancies between fertility preference and actual family size as well as between fertility intentions and fertility behavior; an ‘unmet need’ for children found on the individual and the societal level. Fertility preference is specified as the individual ideal number of children, and fertility intentions as the long- or short-term plans to have a child. Apart from investigating the rates of realization, these measures have been understudied. The objective of this study is to illuminate a new angle of low fertility rates in Germany by reviewing fertility measures previously considered to be stable predictors of fertility behavior. The aim is to investigate the stability of fertility preferences and of positive short-term fertility intentions of Germans in their reproductive age. According to the Theory of Planned Behavior and the life-course perspective, attitudes and experiences can influence fertility preferences and short-term fertility intentions. In this study, the suspected connection between unstable preferences and intentions and certain attitudes towards and experiences with the career, working life, and childcare situation is examined. These processes are expected to differ between men and women, and between childless individuals, parents with one child and parents with more than one child. Using data from seven survey waves of the German family panel pairfam, fixed-effects and random-effects regression models are run separately for women and men and for those of different parities. The results suggest that those with high career importance and those who expect or perceive a negative effect of children on the career are more likely to have unstable positive intentions. Although fertility preferences are shown to be somewhat unstable, no relevant relationships can be found. The differences between the findings on men and women regarding relevant determinants and direction of the relationships are unexpectedly small. Childless individuals are as likely to hold unstable preferences and intentions as parents.

No description available.

L’hémophilie est une maladie héréditaire incurable qui ralentit la coagulation sanguine. Le plan de traitement vise à prévenir les saignements pouvant se produire dans les articulations, puisque ceux-ci peuvent causer des dommages à long terme dans les structures internes. Le traitement consiste en l’administration régulière et continue d’injections de concentré de facteur de coagulation. Le plan de traitement inclut aussi des indications sur les activités physiques sécuritaires et celles à éviter pour les patients atteints de la maladie. Peu de recherches psychosociales ont été conduites en hémophilie à ce jour. L’objectif de cette thèse, composée de 5 articles, était de déterminer les facteurs sociocognitifs susceptibles d’influencer l’adhésion aux recommandations chez les enfants et les adolescents atteints d’hémophilie et de proposer des pistes d’intervention. Pour ce faire, nous nous sommes appuyés sur trois modèles théoriques qui apportent, en complémentarité, un éclairage sur des aspects centraux de l’adhésion. Dans le premier article, nous avons traduit en français un instrument de mesure de l’adhésion au traitement par injection et nous avons fourni les données psychométriques préliminaires de l’instrument. Les données ont appuyé son utilisation auprès des jeunes patients, ce qui nous a permis de l’utiliser dans la thèse. Dans le deuxième article, nous avons utilisé la théorie du comportement planifié pour comprendre comment les jeunes se positionnent face aux recommandations de l’équipe médicale en ce qui a trait au traitement par injection et à l’activité physique. Pour cela, nous avons mesuré leur attitude, leur perception de contrôle comportemental, la norme sociale subjective et le comportement passé. Nous avons évalué si ces facteurs étaient liés à l’intention de suivre les recommandations. Les résultats ont indiqué que ces facteurs expliquaient une grande proportion de la variance de l’intention de suivre les recommandations sur l’activité physique, surtout pour celles dites « à risque ». Ayant constaté une bonne adhésion au traitement par injection chez les participants et une adhésion plus faible en ce qui a trait à l’activité physique, nous avons décidé de nous concentrer sur l’activité physique pour la suite. Dans le troisième article, nous avons utilisé le modèle du sens commun pour comprendre comment les patients se représentent leur maladie et si ces représentations pouvaient avoir un impact sur leur pratique d’activé physique. Les perceptions étaient plus négatives pour les domaines suivants : les conséquences de la maladie, le nombre de symptômes et l’impact émotionnel. Lorsque nous avons classé les participants selon leur profil d’activité physique, le sous-groupe « adhésion faible », c’est-à-dire celui qui suivait moins et avait moins l’intention de suivre les recommandations, avait significativement plus de préoccupations par rapport à la maladie et percevait plus de symptômes en moyenne. Le quatrième article souligne l’intérêt du modèle du soutien à l’autonomie de la théorie de l’autodétermination dans l’intervention en hémophilie et consiste en une adaptation pratique de ce modèle aux enjeux spécifiques de la maladie. Le cinquième article porte sur un livret d’information que nous avons développé utilisant la théorie de l’autodétermination. Nous avons utilisé des méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives pour évaluer la réception du livret chez les parents et pour apporter des modifications à celui-ci. / Hemophilia is an incurable bleeding disorder that slows the blood clotting process. The treatment plan aims to prevent bleeding episodes that occur in the joints, since repeated bleeding episodes can cause long-term damage to internal structures. The treatment plan consists of regular infusions of the missing clotting factor and specific recommendations as to which physical activities are safe and which are to be avoided. The objective of this thesis, composed of 5 articles, was to determine the socio-cognitive factors likely to influence the adherence of children and adolescents to the recommendations of the treatment plan, and to suggest avenues for intervention. To do this, we relied on three theoretical models which, together, shed light on the central aspects of adherence: the perspective of young patients on the medical recommendations, their perceptions of the illness and, finally, avenues of intervention to promote better adherence in those young patients in the long-term. In the first article, we translated to French an instrument that measured adherence to the infusion therapy, and we provided the preliminary psychometric data of the instrument. The data supported the use of the instrument with young patients, which allowed us to use it in the thesis. In the second article, we used the theory of planned behavior to understand how young people perceive the recommendations concerning infusion treatment and physical activity. For this, we measured their attitude towards the behavior, their perception of behavioral control, the subjective social norm and past behavior. We assessed whether these factors were related to the intention to follow the recommendations. The results indicated that these factors explain a large proportion of the variance in intention to follow physical activity recommendations, especially for those at risk of causing bleeding. As adherence to injection therapy was high in our sample while adherence to physical activity recommendations was lower and more variable among participants, we decided to focus on the latter for the next articles. In the third article, we wanted to understand how patients view their illness and whether illness perceptions could have an impact on their physical activity practice. For this we used the common-sense model. Perceptions were more negative for the following areas: the consequences of hemophilia, the number of symptoms and the emotional impact. When we ranked participants according to their physical activity profile, the subgroup that followed the recommendations less iv closely and had a lower intention of following the recommendations had significantly more concerns and perceived more symptoms. The fourth article highlights the interest of the autonomy support model in hemophilia intervention and consists of a practical adaptation of this model to the specific challenges of the illness. The fifth article is about the development of an information booklet that we created using the concepts of this theory. We used quantitative and qualitative methods to assess the parents’ acceptability of the booklet and modified the booklet according to their suggestions.

Dans les pays industrialisés tels que le Canada, les maladies chroniques non transmissibles comme le diabète et les maladies cardiovasculaires sont responsables de la majorité de la mortalité prématurée. Les comportements liés à la santé, comme le tabagisme, ont un impact majeur sur le développement de ces maladies. Les infirmières et les infirmiers , par le biais d’une approche motivationnelle nommée counseling bref en changement de comportement (CBCC), peuvent soutenir les patients dans le changement de comportement lié la santé. Toutefois, les études soulignent des barrières inhérentes à la mise en œuvre du CBCC par les infirmières en milieu hospitalier, comme le manque d’habiletés et des normes sociales défavorables. Cette thèse par articles présente les résultats d’une étude visant à (1) développer un programme de formation numérique adaptatif basé sur la théorie portant sur le CBCC pour la promotion de la cessation tabagique, l’adoption de saines habitudes alimentaires et l’adhésion aux traitements médicamenteux (E_MOTIVA) et (2) évaluer son effet auprès d’infirmières et d’étudiantes en sciences infirmières par un essai clinique à répartition aléatoire (ECR) en comparaison avec un programme de formation numérique standardisé partiellement basé sur la théorie (E_MOTIVB). Le programme E_MOTIVA a été développé selon une démarche systématique en fonction d’appuis empiriques et théoriques, incluant la Théorie du Comportement Planifié, la Théorie de la Charge Cognitive et le concept d’engagement. Le contenu du programme E_MOTIVA a été développé de manière à cibler les barrières et les déterminants théoriques associés à la mise en œuvre du CBCC chez des infirmières et des étudiantes en sciences infirmières (p. ex., attitude, normes subjectives, connaissances, intention). L’adaptation du programme E_MOTIVA a été opérationnalisée à différents moments lors du parcours d’apprentissage afin d’optimiser la charge cognitive et l’engagement des infirmières et étudiantes. Le programme E_MOTIVA incluait trois sessions de formation durant respectivement un maximum de 50, 60 et 20 minutes. Il pouvait être complété en ligne depuis un téléphone intelligent, une tablette ou un ordinateur. Nous avons mené un ECR à deux groupes parallèles en simple aveugle auprès de 102 infirmières et étudiantes inscrites dans un programme de baccalauréat en sciences infirmières au Canada afin d’évaluer le programme E_MOTIVA (groupe expérimental ; n = 51) en comparaison avec le programme E_MOTIVB (groupe contrôle ; n = 51). L’effet des programmes a été évalué sur 1) le changement dans l’intention de mettre en œuvre du CBCC pour la promotion de la cessation tabagique, l’adoption de saines habitudes alimentaires et l’adhésion aux traitements médicamenteux (H1) ; 2) les changements dans les variables de la Théorie du Comportement Planifié (H2 à H7) ; 3) la charge cognitive (H8 à H10) ; et 4) l’engagement (H11, H12). Les analyses de covariance n’ont indiqué aucune différence significative dans les scores de changement dans l’intention de mettre en œuvre du CBCC entre deux groupes de l’étude. Cependant, le score de changement dans l’intention était plus élevé dans le groupe expérimental (10,22 ± 3,34) que dans le groupe contrôle (9,04 ± 2,80) (p = 0,787). Il n’y avait pas de différence significative entre les groupes quant aux changements sur le plan des autres variables de la Théorie du Comportement Planifié. Dans les deux groupes, les scores d’intention (H1), d’attitude (H2), de normes subjectives (H3), de contrôle comportemental perçu (H4), de croyances comportementales (H5) et de croyances de contrôle (H7) se sont tous améliorés de manière significative entre les mesures de base et finales. Aucune différence significative n’a été observée entre les groupes concernant la charge cognitive et l’engagement. Cette étude a permis de développer un programme de formation numérique adaptatif basé sur la théorie (E_MOTIVA) portant sur le CBCC destiné aux infirmières et aux étudiantes en sciences infirmières. Les résultats suggèrent que les programmes E_MOTIVA et E_MOTIVB ont eu des effets positifs similaires sur le plan de l’intention de mettre en œuvre du CBCC chez les infirmières et les étudiantes. Des recommandations sont formulées à l’effet d’orienter la recherche vers la distinction entre l’approche basée sur la théorie et le processus d’adaptation et d’explorer des avenues de recherche visant la transformation de l’intention de mettre en œuvre du CBCC en sa mise en œuvre effective en pratique. / In industrialized countries such as Canada, chronic noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease are the cause of most premature mortality. Unhealthy behaviors, such as smoking, have a major impact on the development of these diseases. Nurses can support patients in initiating and sustaining health behavior change through a motivational and collaborative approach called brief behavior change counseling (BBCC). However, studies highlight several barriers to nurses’ implementation of BBCC in hospitals, including lack of skills and unfavorable social norms. This thesis by articles presents the result of a study aiming to (1) develop a theory-based adaptive e-learning program on BBCC for the promotion of smoking cessation, the adoption of healthy eating habits and medication adherence (E_MOTIVA), and then (2) to evaluate its effect with nurses and nursing students in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) compared with a standardized e-learning program partially based on theory (E_MOTIVB). The E_MOTIVA program was developed following a systematic approach and informed by empirical data and theory, including the Theory of Planned Behavior, Cognitive Load Theory and the concept of engagement. The content of the E_MOTIVA program has been developed in such a way as to target the barriers and theoretical determinants of BBCC implementation in nurses and nursing students (e.g., attitude, subjective norms, knowledge, intention). The adaptation of the E_MOTIVA program was operationalized at different times during learning to optimize cognitive load and engagement in nurses and students. The E_MOTIVA program included three training sessions lasting respectively a maximum of 50, 60 and 20 minutes. It could be completed over the Internet from a smartphone, tablet or computer. We then conducted a two group, single blind, RCT with 102 nurses and students enrolled in a baccalaureate nursing program in Canada to evaluate the E_MOTIVA program (experimental group; n = 51) compared to the E_MOTIVB standardized e-learning program partially based on theory (control group; n = 51). The effect of the programs was assessed on: 1) change in intention to implement BBCC for promoting smoking cessation, adoption of healthy eating habits, and medication adherence (H1); 2) changes in the theoretical variables of the Theory of Planned Behavior (H2 to H7); 3) cognitive load (H8 to H10); and 4) experiential and behavioral engagement (H11, H12). Analyzes of covariance indicated no significant difference in the scores of change in intention to provide BBCC between the two study groups. However, the change in intention score was higher in the experimental group (10.22 ± 3.34) than in the control group (9.04 ± 2.80) (p = 0.787). There was also no significant difference between the two groups in the changes in the other variables of the Theory of Planned Behavior. In both groups, scores for intention (H1), attitude (H2), subjective norms (H3), perceived behavioral control (H4), behavioral beliefs (H5) and control beliefs (H7) all improved significantly between baseline and final measures. No significant difference was observed between groups in cognitive load and engagement. This study led to the development of a theory-based adaptive e-learning program (E_MOTIVA) on BBCC for nurses and nursing students. The results suggest that the E_MOTIVA and E_MOTIVB programs had similar positive effects in terms of intention to implement BBCC in nurses and students. Recommendations are made to guide future research towards the distinction between the theory-based approach and the adaptation process and to explore research avenues related to the transformation of the intention to provide BBCC into its actual provision in clinical practice.

No description available.

This bachelor’s thesis is a quantitative study examining the factors influencing the Green Purchase Intention of (green) skincare among European consumers. The underpinning theory for this paper was the Theory of Planned Behavior and its influencing constructs such as Attitude, Subjective Norm, and Perceived Behavioral Control, as well as various selected determinants such as Environmental Concern, Environmental Knowledge, Health Concern, Injunctive Norm, Descriptive Norm, Electronic Word-of-Mouth, Price Sensitivity, Availability, and Perceived Consumer Effectiveness. The determinants were selected after conducting a literature review that primarily consisted of secondary data in the form of research articles dealing with the same research area of Green Purchase Intention. In order to collect primary data relevant to this study, an online survey in the form of a questionnaire was employed. Overall, 385 respondents from various European countries took part in this study. The survey sample was statistically tested using the SPSS AMOS and SPSS software. This was done in order to utilize the data collected fully. Therefore, two hypothesis models were constructed for this study. The results of Model 1, which were tested using SPSS AMOS denoted that Attitude had a significant relationship with Green Purchase Intention of green skincare products. The results of Model 2, which were tested using SPSS showed that Environmental Concern, Environmental Knowledge, Health Concern, and Perceived Consumer Effectiveness had a significant positive relationship with Green Purchase Intention. Thus, as a result, this study offers findings that manufacturers and retailers of green skincare could use to advance their marketing strategies. Primarily, it can be argued that green skincare brands should focus on targeting consumers who are already environmentally conscious rather than trying to gain over consumers with no environmental knowledge and concern. However, we do not deem our results sufficient enough to allow us to provide further managerial contributions.