A confiabilidade do tempo de viagem é atualmente considerada como um fator de elevada importância nos estudos de demanda por transportes, com base no reconhecimento que sistemas congestionados são uma realidade inevitável nos grandes centros urbanos, gerando incertezas nas estimativas do tempo de viagem e tornando sua representação através de uma variável de tempo médio excessivamente simplista. O acesso terrestre aos aeroportos em São Paulo constitui um contexto interessante para o estudo da confiabilidade, considerando os altos custos atribuídos à eventual perda do voo e o ambiente de alta variabilidade de tempos de viagem na região. O estudo da confiabilidade do tempo de viagem tem sido em geral desenvolvido com um enfoque exclusivamente quantitativo, usando modelos matemáticos que se baseiam em teorias de maximização da utilidade estimados a partir de dados de preferência declarada. Em geral, são ignorados: (i) os efeitos de fatores latentes no comportamento, (ii) o fato de que o comportamento nem sempre reflete as intenções, (iii) a complexidade dos fatores envolvidos nas escolhas e (iv) os fatores que descrevem o contexto em que ocorre a decisão. O trabalho utiliza métodos mistos para a coleta e análise dos dados, procurando obter um conjunto abrangente de informações sobre o comportamento. Tanto a coleta de dados como os modelos estimados baseiam-se nos fundamentos da Teoria do Comportamento Planejado, que afirma que o comportamento revelado pode ser estimado a partir de uma intenção que, por sua vez, pode ser estimada a partir de atitudes, normas subjetivas e controle percebido. O controle percebido representa a percepção individual quanto à facilidade em desempenhar um comportamento. Neste estudo, a confiabilidade do tempo de viagem é incluída como um fator de controle percebido, assim como outros indicadores de controle não comumente considerados. A análise é conduzida usando-se uma técnica de Modelos de Equações Estruturais denominada Mínimos Quadrados Parciais. O uso desta técnica permitiu uma descrição abrangente dos mecanismos envolvidos no processo de escolha de acesso terrestre ao aeroporto e confirmou a importância dos fatores latentes na escolha, particularmente os relacionados ao controle percebido e real. Foi possível também verificar que conjuntos distintos de fatores influenciam a formação da intenção (e portanto a preferência declarada) e o comportamento propriamente dito (e portanto o comportamento revelado). / Travel time reliability is now considered a major factor in explaining travel demand since its underlying cause congestion seems to be an unavoidable reality in large urban centers. This brings uncertainty to travel time estimates, rendering its representation through travel time averages excessively simplistic. Ground access to airports serving the city of São Paulo makes an interesting context to study reliability, given the considerable annoyance and cost associated with the possibility of missing a flight and the high variability of travel times prevailing in the area. Studies of the reliability of travel time have generally been based on a purely quantitative approach, using utility-based mathematical models, mostly estimated with stated preference data. They usually ignore: (i) the effects of latent factors on behavior, (ii) the fact that behavior does not always reflect intentions, (iii) the complexity of factors involved in choice processes and (iv) the factors describing the choice context. This study uses mixed methods for data collection and analysis, aiming to gather a comprehensive set of information about behavior. Both data collection and modeling are based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, which states that behavior can be predicted from intention; intention, by its turn, can be predicted from attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. The latter refers to peoples perception of the ease or difficulty of performing the behavior of interest. In this study, we include travel time reliability as a perceived behavioral control factor, in addition to other indicators of control that are not commonly considered. Analysis is conducted using Partial Least Squares, a technique from the family of Structural Equations Models. The use of this technique allowed for a more complete description of the mechanisms involved in the choice process of ground access to airports and confirmed the importance of latent factors on choice, particularly those related to perceived and actual control. The results also indicate that different sets of factors affect the formation of intention (and thus the stated choice) and the behavior itself (and thus actual behavior).

A confiabilidade do tempo de viagem é atualmente considerada como um fator de elevada importância nos estudos de demanda por transportes, com base no reconhecimento que sistemas congestionados são uma realidade inevitável nos grandes centros urbanos, gerando incertezas nas estimativas do tempo de viagem e tornando sua representação através de uma variável de tempo médio excessivamente simplista. O acesso terrestre aos aeroportos em São Paulo constitui um contexto interessante para o estudo da confiabilidade, considerando os altos custos atribuídos à eventual perda do voo e o ambiente de alta variabilidade de tempos de viagem na região. O estudo da confiabilidade do tempo de viagem tem sido em geral desenvolvido com um enfoque exclusivamente quantitativo, usando modelos matemáticos que se baseiam em teorias de maximização da utilidade estimados a partir de dados de preferência declarada. Em geral, são ignorados: (i) os efeitos de fatores latentes no comportamento, (ii) o fato de que o comportamento nem sempre reflete as intenções, (iii) a complexidade dos fatores envolvidos nas escolhas e (iv) os fatores que descrevem o contexto em que ocorre a decisão. O trabalho utiliza métodos mistos para a coleta e análise dos dados, procurando obter um conjunto abrangente de informações sobre o comportamento. Tanto a coleta de dados como os modelos estimados baseiam-se nos fundamentos da Teoria do Comportamento Planejado, que afirma que o comportamento revelado pode ser estimado a partir de uma intenção que, por sua vez, pode ser estimada a partir de atitudes, normas subjetivas e controle percebido. O controle percebido representa a percepção individual quanto à facilidade em desempenhar um comportamento. Neste estudo, a confiabilidade do tempo de viagem é incluída como um fator de controle percebido, assim como outros indicadores de controle não comumente considerados. A análise é conduzida usando-se uma técnica de Modelos de Equações Estruturais denominada Mínimos Quadrados Parciais. O uso desta técnica permitiu uma descrição abrangente dos mecanismos envolvidos no processo de escolha de acesso terrestre ao aeroporto e confirmou a importância dos fatores latentes na escolha, particularmente os relacionados ao controle percebido e real. Foi possível também verificar que conjuntos distintos de fatores influenciam a formação da intenção (e portanto a preferência declarada) e o comportamento propriamente dito (e portanto o comportamento revelado). / Travel time reliability is now considered a major factor in explaining travel demand since its underlying cause congestion seems to be an unavoidable reality in large urban centers. This brings uncertainty to travel time estimates, rendering its representation through travel time averages excessively simplistic. Ground access to airports serving the city of São Paulo makes an interesting context to study reliability, given the considerable annoyance and cost associated with the possibility of missing a flight and the high variability of travel times prevailing in the area. Studies of the reliability of travel time have generally been based on a purely quantitative approach, using utility-based mathematical models, mostly estimated with stated preference data. They usually ignore: (i) the effects of latent factors on behavior, (ii) the fact that behavior does not always reflect intentions, (iii) the complexity of factors involved in choice processes and (iv) the factors describing the choice context. This study uses mixed methods for data collection and analysis, aiming to gather a comprehensive set of information about behavior. Both data collection and modeling are based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, which states that behavior can be predicted from intention; intention, by its turn, can be predicted from attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. The latter refers to peoples perception of the ease or difficulty of performing the behavior of interest. In this study, we include travel time reliability as a perceived behavioral control factor, in addition to other indicators of control that are not commonly considered. Analysis is conducted using Partial Least Squares, a technique from the family of Structural Equations Models. The use of this technique allowed for a more complete description of the mechanisms involved in the choice process of ground access to airports and confirmed the importance of latent factors on choice, particularly those related to perceived and actual control. The results also indicate that different sets of factors affect the formation of intention (and thus the stated choice) and the behavior itself (and thus actual behavior).

Objectifs. Le décrochage d’études universitaires est un comportement marquant la sortie d’un cursus avant l’obtention du diplôme le validant. Il est produit par des processus complexes se manifestant sur les lignes de fragilité du rapport entre la singularité psychique de l’étudiant et le cursus d’études dans lequel il s’inscrit et évolue. Cette thèse vise à préciser les déterminants psychosociaux à l’œuvre dans ces processus. / Introduction. Dropping out of university is a behavior related to leaving a study course without a degree. It is produced by complex processes manifested on the lines of fragility in the relationship between the psychic singularity of the student and the enrollment on specific studies. The aim of this thesis is to precise psychosocial determinants at work in these processes.

La reconversion des friches urbaines est unepriorité pour préserver les sols. Ce sont souvent des sitespollués ; ce qui engendre de nombreux obstacles pour lesreconvertir. Les bénéfices découlant de la reconversionsont sous-estimés tandis que les coûts sont surestimés parles opérateurs techniques et fonciers. L’impact de lastigmatisation du site amène les riverains à ne pass’approprier les nouveaux usages. Le choix de ces usagespeut être à l'origine de conflits entre les parties prenantes.Cette thèse s'intéresse à la reconversion des frichespolluées en tenant compte à la fois de lamultidimensionnalité des parties prenantes, de leurspréférences, et de leurs perceptions. Nous étudions lesobstacles et les leviers pouvant être mobilisés pourpromouvoir leur reconversion à partir d’une enquête auprès de 76 opérateurs techniques et fonciers dans unepremière partie.Dans la seconde, nous analysonsl’importance des stigmates associés aux friches polluéesauprès des riverains et futurs usagers. Une premièreenquête, menée au niveau national (803 observations)analyse leurs perceptions, représentations et préférencesvis-à-vis de ces sites. Ces dernières sont précisées à l’aided’une expérience à choix discrets (338 observations)administrée sur cinq communes impactées par ce type desite. Dans une troisième partie, nous appliquons unedémarche d’aide multicritère à la décision participativedans le cas d’une friche urbaine polluée. Elle identifie lesprojets les plus consensuels en regroupant l’ensemble desparties prenantes. Ils corresponde / Brownfield redevelopment is a key priority topreserve soils. Brownfields are often contaminated yet.Therefore, it creates numerous obstacles to reuse them.Firstly, brownfields redevelopment’s benefits areunderestimated whereas costs are overestimated bydevelopers. Secondly, brownfields are plagued with thestigma effect. This effect persists even after remediationprocess (e.g., individuals may not use facilities on aformer contaminated brownfield). Thirdly, new uses cancause conflicts between the stakeholders. As such, thisthesis deals with contaminated brownfieldredevelopment taking into account both themultidimensionality of stakeholders, their preferencesand their perceptions. developers. In a first part, we study barriers to brownfieldredevelopment and how to tackle them using a surveyamong 76 French developers.In a second part, weanalyse the importance of the stigma associated withcontaminated brownfields. A first survey (803observations), conducted at national level, investigatesindividuals’ perceptions, representations and preferencesregarding brownfield redevelopment. A second survey(338 observations), conducted among five municipalitiesimpacted by such sites, specifies their preferences usinga discrete choice experiment. In the third part, we applya participatory multicriteria decision aid. It determinesthe most consensual projects in the case of acontaminated site. They correspond to individuals’preferences that were previously analysed.

During the past decade, the environmental issue has been an important concern of public affairs because the problems generating from the physical environment are the main focus of local development. Generally, the most effective work of community development is to encourage people to participate in environmental improvement actions. For example, the literature has indicated that individual is the most important factor for environmental improvement actions. Thus, people who highly participate in the community affairs often have better performances on community improvement actions. Base on an efficient society and the budget of government downsizing, promoting community residents to actively participate in environmental improvement actions would help the community environment management to be more sustainable and indirectly leading the local development. Concerning community environment, the responsibility for the community, knowledge of environmental action, and the ability of self-control might be correlated with the community residents¡¦ participation behavior in environmental improvement actions. The purpose of study is to explore the relationships among sense of community, the knowledge of environmental action, environmental moral obligation, and participating environmental improvement actions. Four objectives are mainly specified: first, to develop a sense of community scale of Taiwanese population; second, to integrate theories to test a community participation behavior model in environmental improvement actions; third, to understand the influential factors of community residents participation in environmental improvement actions; finally, to compare and interpret community residents participation in environmental improvement behavior model and ¡§Theory of Planned Behavior¡¨. This study surveyed community residents who ever participated in ¡§urban community landscape renaissance project¡¨ supported by Construction and Planning Agency, and ¡§rural community landscape renaissance project¡¨ founded by Soil and Water Conservation Bureau. A total of 616 community residents were administrated a self-report questionnaire. Further analysis of the data based on comparing respondent¡¦s residence, respondents were grouped into to urban planning district group and non-urban planning district group. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method was then employed to test a conceptual model. There were nine domains proposed in the conceptual model. Five of nine domains adopted from planning behavioral theory included ¡§attitude¡¨, ¡§subjective norm¡¨, ¡§perceived behavioral control¡¨, ¡§behavioral intention¡¨ and ¡§behavior¡¨. One of nine domains, ¡§self-efficacy¡¨, was chosen from social cognition theory. Two of nine domains from environmental citizen behavioral model were ¡§knowledge of environmental action¡¨, ¡§environmental moral obligation¡¨. ¡§Sense of community¡¨ was referenced to the last domain. The findings provided support for eight hypotheses and two hypotheses were partial supported. The detailed descriptions of hypothesis-testing results were as below. Eight hypotheses supported, they included: (1) After residents reflected on the ¡§subjective norm¡¨, the ¡§attitude¡¨ toward participating environmental reform behaviors was remarkably promoted. (2) Resident¡¦s ¡§attitude¡¨ significantly influenced their ¡§behavioral intention¡¨ of participating environmental improvement behaviors. (3) Resident¡¦s ¡§perceived behavioral control¡¨ significantly impacted their ¡§behavioral intention¡¨ of participate in environmental improvement behaviors. (4) Resident¡¦s ¡§sense of community¡¨ significantly impacted their ¡§behavioral intention¡¨ of participating environmental improvement behaviors. (5) Resident¡¦s ¡§knowledge of environmental action¡¨ significantly impacted their ¡§self-efficacy¡¨. (6) Resident¡¦s ¡§self-efficacy¡¨ significantly effected their ¡§perceived behavioral control¡¨. (7) Resident¡¦s ¡§environmental moral obligation¡¨ significantly impacted their ¡§attitude¡¨ of participating environmental improvement behaviors. (8) Resident¡¦s ¡§behavioral intention¡¨ significantly impacted their participating environmental improvement ¡§behaviors¡¨. Two hypotheses were partial supported: (1) Only in non-urban planning district resident¡¦s ¡§subjective norm¡¨ significantly impacted their ¡§behavioral intention¡¨ of participating environmental improvement behaviors. (2) Only in urban planning district and all districts resident¡¦s ¡§perceived behavioral control¡¨ significantly impacted their ¡§attitude¡¨ of participating environmental improvement behaviors. Additionally, the findings confirmed that Italian Sense of Community Scale (ISCS) was an appropriate scale to measure Taiwanese population¡¦s sense of community. These findings provide researchers and practitioners for insight of resident¡¦s participation in environmental improvement, which is better than ¡§Theory of Planned Behavior¡¨.

Ursprünglich wurde die Theorie des geplanten Verhaltens (TPB) als suffizient bezeichnet, das heißt: 1.) Alleinige Determinanten der Einstellung, der subjektiven Norm und der wahrgenommenen Verhaltenskontrolle seien Überzeugungen und Bewertungen. 2.) Alleinige Determinanten der Intention seien die Einstellung, die subjektive Norm und die wahrgenommene Verhaltenskontrolle. 3.) Alleinige Determinanten des Verhaltens seien die Intention und für den Fall, dass sie gut mit der tatsächlichen Verhaltenskontrolle übereinstimmt, die wahrgenommene Verhaltenskontrolle. Das Kernziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war ein umfassender Test der Suffizienzannahme der TPB bezüglich der Vorhersage der Verhaltensintention, weil diese aufgrund einer Vielzahl von Untersuchungen, die unabhängige Effekte jeweils einzelner, zusätzlicher Prädiktoren erbracht hatten, zunehmend in die Kritik geraten war. Für einen umfassenden Test mussten alle wesentlichen in der Forschungsliteratur im Sinne potentiell zusätzlicher Intentionsprädiktoren diskutierten Konstrukte gemeinsam untersucht werden. Konkret waren dies die wahrgenommene moralische Verpflichtung, das antizipierte Bedauern, die soziale Identität, mehrere Selbstidentitäten und Erfahrung mit Aspekten des Zielverhaltens. Außerdem wurde das Konzept der wahrgenommenen Verhaltenskontrolle in Selbstwirksamkeit und wahrgenommene externe Hindernisse als interne und externe Aspekte von Verhaltenskontrolle ausdifferenziert. Eine Stichprobe deutscher Studierender der Forstwirtschaft (N = 149) wurde per Fragebogen hinsichtlich ihrer Karriereintention (für oder gegen die Aufnahme einer Tätigkeit in der sub-/tropischen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit) untersucht. Bezüglich der Suffizienz der Intentionsvorhersage ergab sich: 1.) Alle bislang nur getrennt untersuchten zusätzlichen Intentionsprädiktoren konnten in konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalysen mit zwei eher weniger bedeutsamen Ausnahmen empirisch klar voneinander und von den klassischen Konstrukten der TPB unterschieden werden. Hinter ihnen verbirgt sich also nicht jeweils ein und derselbe Wirkfaktor. 2.) Bei simultaner Untersuchung aller Prädiktoren verbesserten die direkte Erfahrung mit Aspekten des Zielverhaltens und die persönliche Norm die Intentionsvorhersage signifikant. Der durch sie zusätzlich aufgeklärte Anteil an Kriteriumsvarianz fällt mit 3% jedoch gering aus. Die anderenorts prädiktionsstarken Identitätskonzepte leisteten keine weiteren Vorhersagebeiträge. Dies wird aus dreierlei Perspektive diskutiert: a) Publication Bias, b) Priming-Effekte durch die Befragung selbst und c) Kontextabhängigkeit der Vorhersagekraft der einzelnen Prädiktoren. 3.) Neben den oder anstelle der Haupteffekte der verschiedenen Konstrukte gab es bei der Vorhersage der Verhaltensintention keinerlei Interaktionseffekte der potentiell zusätzlichen Prädiktoren untereinander und mit den klassischen Prädiktoren der TPB. Bezüglich der exemplarisch mituntersuchten Suffizienz der Vorhersage der globalen Intentionsprädiktoren ergab sich: 4.) Im Widerspruch zu den Annahmen der TPB trugen Werthaltungen als theorie-externe Variablen direkt, also nicht durch Überzeugungen und Bewertungen vermittelt, zur Vorhersage der Einstellung zum Verhalten und der subjektiven Norm bei. Direkte Beiträge theorie-externer Variablen zur Vorhersage der Verhaltenskontrolle waren hingegen nicht zu konstatieren. / Initially the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was considered sufficient, that is: (1) The only determinants of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control be beliefs and evaluations. (2) The only determinants of intentions be attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control. (3) The only determinants of behavior be intention and?if in accordance with objective behavioral control?perceived behavioral control. The main objective of the work presented here was a comprehensive test of the TPB's sufficiency assumption regarding the prediction of intention since it is this aspect that has come under growing critisism due to a large number of studies yielding independent effects of single additional predictors. A comprehensive test required all potentially additional predictors discussed in the literature to be included. Those were social identity, several self-identities, perceived moral obligation, anticipated regret, and experience with aspects of the target behavior. Furthermore perceived behavioral control was decomposed into self-efficacy and perceived external barriers as internal and external aspects of behavioral control. German forestry students (N = 149) were surveyed by means of questionnaires regarding their career intention to take up or not take up a development aid job in (sub-)tropical forestry. With respect to prediction of intention the following could be shown: (1) All so far only separately examined additional predictors of intention were empirically clearly distinguishable from one another and from the classical TPB predictors of intention by means of confirmatory factor analyses. Two exceptions were of just minor importance. (2) Simultaneous examination of all predictors produced a significant increase in explained variance in intention attributable to direct experience with aspects of the target behavior and to personal norm. The 3% increase in explained variance is to be assessed as small yet. The identity constructs, which had been strong predictors elsewhere, produced no contributions. This is discussed from three perspectives: a) publication bias, b) priming effects due to the survey itself, and c) context dependence of the respective constructs' prediction power. (3) There were no interaction effects between any two predictors of the classical and the additional set above or instead of any main effect. Investigation of the sufficiency of beliefs and evaluations as the only determinants of the global intention predictors' was exemplarily included in the study. (4) Contrary to TPB's assumptions, values as theory external variables contributed directly, i. e. not mediated by beliefs or evaluations, to the prediction of attitude and subjective norm but not so to the prediction of behavioral control.

新科技的變遷總是為傳播產業帶來新的變革，智慧型手機掀起全球通訊產業的熱潮，造就了行動應用程式新經濟，進而帶動行動應用程式廣告的發展。有鑑於過去研究缺乏以解構計畫行為理論的角度，來探討近年才趨於熱門的行動意用程式，更缺少應用在某特定行動應用程式類型之行為意圖。本研究將以Taylor & Todd（1995)解構計畫行為理論，聚焦於社群媒體廣告研究，並以在社交類型App的龍頭Facebook為研究對象，試圖釐清Facebook行動用程式廣告之行為意圖。 本研究採線上問卷調查法，以非隨機抽樣中的立意抽樣（purposive sample）為蒐集資料的方法，以結構方程模式（Structural Equation Modeling, SEM）為資料的統計分析方法。問卷發放於Facebook以及台大批踢踢實業坊（ptt.cc）符合研究主題的討論區進行資料蒐集，問卷連結日期自二0一五年一月一日至一月十六日，為期十六天，有效問卷共計五百一十一份。研究結果發現：(1) Facebook App的知覺有用性、相容性和知覺娛樂性，與廣告整體態度無顯著關係。(2)廣告內容的「娛樂性」與「個人化」有助於廣告態度的影響；「資訊性」與廣告態度無顯著影響，「煩躁性」與廣告態度則呈現負相關。(3)人際影響、自我效能和廣告態度，與行為意圖皆呈現正相關。 本研究證實，對於使用者來說，相較於電腦版使用經驗與習慣，Facebook App仍有改善空間。此外，Facebook App的廣告內容是否具有完整的廣告資訊已不再首要因素，重要的是，該廣告是否具有娛樂性質和符合個人需求，在不讓使用者感到困擾的情況前提之下，吸引使用者的注意、滿足使用者的需求。同時，本研究證實人際影響、自我效能和廣告態度對行為意圖的正向影響性。 / Technology advancement has brought many new changes to the mass media communication industry. Smartphones revolutionized the communication industry by creating the mobile app economy, which lead to the development of mobile app advertisement. Past studies have not taken the decomposed theory of planned behavior into consideration when examining mobile applications that have gained popularity in recent years, let along behavioral intentions, which apply to certain types of mobile applications. Keeping that in mind, this study will focus on advertising within the current social networking industry leader, Facebook, using the above theory by Taylor & Todd (1995), in order to determine the behavioral intention behind Facebook’s mobile application advertisement. Data used in this study was collected through online questionnaires using the purposive sampling method, and analyzed using structural equation modeling. The questionnaires were distributed on Facebook and sections within ptt.cc that fit the research purpose of this study. Online questionnaire was open from January 1st to January 16th of 2015, spanning a total of 16 days. A total of 511 valid questionnaires were collected. The results of this studies revealed that (1) the perceived usefulness, compatibility, and enjoyment of Facebook app are not related to attitude towards advertisement within the app. (2) Entertainment value and personalization of the content of the advertisement positively affects attitude toward advertisement. Informativeness has no significant impact, while irritation negatively affects attitude towards advertisement. (3) Social influence, self-efficacy and attitude towards advertisement all show positive relation with behavioral intention. This research has proven that when examining user experience, Facebook app still has room for improvement in comparison with the computer version of Facebook. Also, whether Facebook app advertisement contains complete information is no longer the most important factor. Entertainment value and personalization, whether the advertisement can satisfy the above needs without troubling users, are now the most important points of consideration. Finally, this study has proven the positive effect social influence, self-efficacy and attitude towards advertisement have on behavioral intention.

資訊與通訊科技的發達，公部門將其應用在公民參與，形成電子化參與。然而，由於政策議題的複雜使得一般大眾對其不甚了解而選擇冷漠，一般大眾將此種複雜的議題交給公部門中的行政菁英作決策，長久以來形成菁英文化。雖然近年來，文官致力於推展電子化參與，但電子化參與所獲得的網路民意，多半具有非理性、瑣碎、情緒化等特性，可能促使公部門菁英文化更加顯著，而影響電子化參與的推展。為了解公部門菁英文化是否會影響文官電子化參與的推展，利用計畫行為理論為研究架構。然而，由於計畫行為理論經常用於非組織內行為的研究，因此忽略組織無形因素的影響（例如：組織文化），因此本研究在利用計畫行為理論為研究架構檢視文官推展電子化參與時，特別納入菁英文化。本研究以文官推展網路民意論壇為研究範圍，採用問卷調查法，以非隨機抽樣，發放250份問卷，回收185份，回收率為74%，有效問卷為179份。 本研究主要發現為，第一、以計畫行為理論檢視組織內個體行為，雖然皆有顧及資源和機會等組織有形的影響因素，然而，許多研究忽略組織抽象的影響因素，如組織氣候，組織文化等。第二、菁英文化對於文官推展民意論壇的行為意圖有其影響性，只是僅有菁英文化其中之一的概念－公務人員相對於民眾對本身知識的看法對於行為意圖有影響，另一概念－公務人員相對於民眾對本身主導與影響力的看法則無影響。第三、計畫行為理論預測行為意圖僅考量態度、主觀規範、認知行為控制，然而，本研究認為在檢視文官推展民意論壇行為意圖時，更需考量菁英文化對行為意圖的直接影響。 為了改善菁英文化對於文官推展民意論壇的影響，本研究對此提出的實務建議有三，第一、利用願景工作坊改善文官對於菁英文化的看法，第二、促使電子化參與制度化使得網路民意品質提升，第三、文官民意分析能力提升以及機關資源的有效利用，促使文官提高推展民意論壇的行為頻率。而本研究後續研究建議有五，第一、樣本代表性的改善，第二、檢驗電子化參與的不同個案，第三、應用結構方程模型及質化研究方法，第四、檢視菁英文化與主觀規範之間的中介變項，第五、檢視菁英文化與行為意圖之間的調節變項。 / The civil servants have set into e-participation due to the fast development of information communication technologies (ICTs). However, because the public can’t understand policy domain knowledge in decision making, they expect the civil servants to cope with these professional matters. This long-term dependence on the civil servants and their expertise may foster the elite culture in the public sector and the elite culture has also impact on the civil servants’ intention for e-participation. In my thesis, the theory of planned behavior (TPB) is used to design and survey the above-mentioned elite culture situation for the public servants dealing with e-participation. The survey focuses on the civil servants’ intention and behavior of handling e-forum. 250 copies of questionnaires (non-probability sampling) are distributed and 185 copies returned, with 179 valid responses. Through data analysis, there are three key research findings. First, the majority of the existing research includes the physical organizational factors such as organizational resources. However, many previous studies do not include the implicit organizational factors such as organizational climate, organizational culture. Second, elite culture has general impact on the civil servants’ intention of setting into e-forum. However, only the civil servants’ evaluation of citizens’ policy expertise has impact on the intention; the other concepts fail to affect their attitude. Third, the study proposes to add elite culture to the existing TPB framework when we study the civil servants’ intention of setting into e-forum. To change elite culture’s impact on the civil servants’ intention, my thesis addresses three pragmatic suggestions. First, the civil servants can change their perspectives of elite culture through the scenario workshop. Second, the institutionalization of e-participation can enhance the quality of public opinions. Third, the enhancement of the civil servants’ ability of public opinions analysis and efficiency of organization resources can contribute to their performance of e-participation. The following research suggestions are recommended, including improving the representative of samples, studying multiple cases of e-participation, applying structural equation modeling and qualitative methods, studying the potential mediating variables between elite culture and subjective norm, and studying the moderating variables between elite culture and intention.

Studiens övergripande syfte är att belysa och gestalta det sociala stöd respektive sociala tryck personer sjukskrivna för utmattningsdepression anser sig uppleva från omgivningen, vad gäller både att vara sjukskriven och att återgå till arbete. Undersökningen genomfördes med hjälp av kvalitativ metod, och sex personer som var sjukskrivna för utmattningsdepression intervjuades individuellt. Resultatet visar att de sjukskrivna upplever en komplex blandning av både press och stöd i processen att ta sig tillbaka till arbetslivet. Stödet, oftast i form av förståelse och undvikande av press, upplevs främst från personer i individens nära omgivning, medan pressen att återgå till arbete oftast relateras till personer och grupper på längre avstånd. Störst press att återgå till arbetet upplevdes från den "samhälleliga" normen "att göra rätt för sig", men även omgivningens okunskap och brist på förståelse upplevdes som en press. / The overall aim in this essay is to highlight and describe the social support and social pressure, people on sick leave for burnout feel they experience by their environment, both in terms of being on sick leave and in terms of return to work. The survey was conducted using qualitative methodology, and six people being sick for burnout were interviexed individually. The result shows that people on sick leave for burnout are experiencing a complex mixture of both social pressure and social support in the process of returning to work. Social support, often in the form of understanding for the disease and avoidance of pressure, are mostly experienced by people in the individual's near environment, while the pressure usually is related to individuals and groups at longer distances. The strongest pressure to return to work was experienced from the "societal" norm "to do the right thing", but also lack of krowledge and lack of understanding were experienced as a pressure to return to work.

電子化民主強調公民參與的重要性，政府亦積極投入推動的工作，值得我們注意的是，就政府所設置的電子化民主機制而言，民眾在使用上的觀感和意願可能是重要的，本研究想要了解對於已使用過的民眾而言，哪些因素會影響他們持續使用該機制的意願？本研究以計畫行為理論為研究架構之基礎，並依據文獻整合假設自覺風險性對態度、持續使用意願有顯著影響。 本研究主要的目的有二：一是透過文獻探討以了解電子化民主起源與實行目標，並藉此了解電子化民主對民眾而言，扮演何種角色與提供哪些功能和效益。二是透過實證研究來對計畫行為理論進行模式檢測，檢視該理論是否適用於解釋持續使用意願的影響因素，並藉此了解影響民眾持續使用意願的因素。 實證研究的結果顯示影響民眾持續使用網路公共論壇意願的因素為態度和認知行為控制，僅主觀規範較無顯著影響。由此可知，計畫行為理論並不能完全解釋「持續使用意願」的影響因素，但仍有部分論點可以適用於解釋「持續使用意願」的影響因素。再者，對民眾持續使用網路公共論壇之意願的影響力最大為民眾對使用論壇的態度。此外，本研究發現在網路公共論壇使用上，由於個人資料外洩或侵犯隱私的機率低，故對已使用過的民眾而言，風險問題可能並無影響，故自覺風險性對「網路公共論壇持續使用意願」的影響並不顯著。 / Issues concerning e-Democracy emphasize the importance of citizen participation. Governments in the worldwide invest much in pushing e-Democracy. Specifically, citizens’ attitude and intention are crucial for e-Democracy institutions of Governments. The central theme in this research is: which factors will affect their continuance usage intention for citizens who have been using online public forums? The research model based on Theory of Planned Behavior supposes that attitude and continuance usage intention will be affect by perceived risk. There are two purposes in this research. Firstly, it attempts to realize the origin and the goal of e-Democracy according to some related literatures. Secondly, it also conducts a model-testing to examine the applicability of the theory through the investigation. Results of the investigation indicated that citizens’ continuing usage intention of online public forums is affected by the attitude and perceived behavior control. Further, subjective norm didn’t have any obvious influence. These largely show that Theory of Planned Behavior based model is partly suitable to explain the factors of the citizens’usage intention. Overall, the most crucial factor affecting citizens’usage intention is their attitude toward using online public forums. In addition, perceived risk had no obvious influence on the usage intention as expected. This may be due to lower probabilities that individual data or privacy being damaged in online public forums.