Le système de santé libanais connait une évolution chaotique de son secteur sanitaire, dans un univers en concurrence croissante. De plus, dans l’organisation de ce système, divers groupes d’acteurs évoluent et influencent directement ou indirectement les prises de décisions stratégiques dans les établissements de santé libanais. Voilà pourquoi, dans un contexte où évolue une pluralité d’acteurs qui sont interdépendants et poursuivent des objectifs divergents, la prise de decision stratégique semble un défi de taille. La présente étude vise donc à comprendre et à analyser les processus dynamiques des décideurs ayant une influence sur la prise de décision stratégique dans une organisation de santé, en contexte pluraliste, où diverses forces externes et internes exercent une influence sur ce processus décisionnel. Pour y arriver, la prise de décision stratégique est analysée selon une perspective de relations de pouvoir, en partant des acteurs de l’organisation de santé et du contexte dans lequel ils évoluent. Cette recherche propose un modèle conceptuel qui s’appuie sur les concepts généraux de l’analyse stratégique de Crozier et Friedberg (1977) jumelés au modèle de la poubelle « Garbage Can ». Les éléments proposés de ce cadre conceptuel sont pertinents pour expliquer l’interaction entre la liberté des acteurs et les relations de pouvoir qui en ressortent, la présence fortuite des courants menant à la prise de décision et l’environnement dans lequel baignent les acteurs et l’organisation, qui influencent de façon majeure l’élaboration de la prise de décision stratégique dans un établissement de santé pluraliste. Afin de répondre à l’objectif de cette recherche, nous nous sommes basés sur une revue de littérature sur la prise de décision stratégique en contexte hospitalier pluraliste. Ensuite, nous avons procédé à une démarche qualitative basée sur les entrevues semi-structurées et l’analyse documentaire, dans le cadre de deux hôpitaux libanais, représentatifs du bassin hospitalier libanais. Cette étude de cas a permis de retracer 4 cas traceurs à partir desquels les comportements stratégiques mobilisés par les acteurs concernés par le processus décisionnel ont été mis en évidence. Pour ne citer que quelques stratégies répertoriées, nous prenons l’exemple des stratégies d’adaptation à l’environnement, d’implication des acteurs externes ainsi que de collaboration et de négociation qui prennent en considération l’environnement turbulent dans lequel baignent ces établissements de santé. En outre, l’interprétation des résultats a mis l’accent sur les stratégies d’acteurs internes et externes qui ont mené à la formation d’une constellation de leadership élargie, composée d’acteurs stratégiques multiples en constante interaction. Ces jeux de pouvoir ont influencé le processus décisionnel et ont permis la rencontre des processus formels et « informels » de prise de décision, menant à une meilleure compréhension du cheminement décisionnel stratégique dans les établissements de santé pluralistes. En conclusion, des recommandations concrètes sont formulées à l’intention des décideurs en santé. De plus, la rencontre théorique développée pour la première fois dans cette thèse, apporte une contribution intéressante aux théories des organisations. Ultimement, la thèse ouvre la voie à des pistes de réflexion prometteuses sur la prise de décision stratégique, en contexte pluraliste. / The Lebanese health system is experiencing a chaotic evolution of its health sector, in a world of increasing competition. In addition, in the organization of this system, various groups of actors evolve and influence directly or indirectly the strategic decision-making of the Lebanese healthcare establishments. In a context in which evolves a plurality of actors who are interdependent and pursue divergent objectives, strategic decision-making seems a major challenge. Therefore, the present study aims to understand and analyze the dynamic processes of decisionmakers having an influence on strategic decision-making in a healthcare organization, in a pluralistic context, where various external and internal forces exert an influence on this strategic decision-making. To achieve this, strategic decision-making is analyzed from a power relation’s perspective, starting with the players in the health organization and the context in which they operate. This research proposes a conceptual model based on the general concepts of strategic analysis of Crozier and Friedberg (1977) combined with the garbage can model. The proposed elements of this conceptual framework are relevant for explaining the interaction between the freedom of actors and the power relations that emerge from it, the fortuitous presence of the currents leading to decision-making and the environment in which the actors are immersed which have a major influence on the development of strategic decision-making in a pluralistic healthcare establishment. To meet the objective of this research, we started with a literature review on strategic decisionmaking in a pluralistic context. Then, we used a qualitative approach based on semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis, within two Lebanese hospitals that are representative of the Lebanese hospital basin. This case study made it possible to trace 4 decisions from which the strategic behaviors mobilized by the actors were highlighted. To cite only a few listed strategies, we take the example of strategies of adapting to the environment, involving external actors as well as collaboration and negotiation that take into consideration the turbulent environment in which these establishments are surrounded. The results of this thesis show how the strategies developed by internal and external actors led to the formation of a broad constellation of leadership. This constellation is composed of multiple strategic actors who are in constant interaction, thus influencing the decision-making process through their power relations and strategic plays. Also, the results of this thesis highlight the 7 political decision-making process that takes place in a pluralistic health care organistion, leading to a better understanding of the strategic decision-making process in these establishments. In conclusion, concrete recommendations are made for decision-makers, to better manage health care organisations. In addition, the theoretical encounter developed for the first time in this thesis, makes an interesting contribution to the theories of organizations. Ultimately, the thesis opens the way to promising lines of reflection on strategic decision-making, in a pluralistic context.

Náklady vlastního kapitálu, jež jsou ovlivňovány řadou interních a externích činitelů, významným faktorem ovlivňujícím rozhodovací procesy v podnikové sféře. Cílem této disertační práce je na základě primárních a sekundárních dat formulovat původní metodiku řízení nákladů vlastního kapitálu. Zdrojem sekundárních dat je rozsáhlá literární rešerše zahrnující zahraniční a tuzemské vědecké studie a databáze. Primární data, na základě nichž byl zkoumán vztah mezi teoretickými přístupy řízení nákladů vlastního kapitálu a podnikovou praxí, byla získána formou dotazníkového šetření od finančních manažerů působících v podnicích se sídlem na území ČR. Data byla zpracována s využitím statistických metod. Výsledky disertační práce přispívají k hlubšímu porozumění vztahu mezi náklady vlastního kapitálu a jejich determinantů a odhalují rozdíly mezi teorií a manažerskou praxí. Navrhovaná metodika řízení nákladů vlastního kapitálu je určená k použití v podnikové praxi a lze předpokládat její další rozvíjení v rámci navazujících výzkumných aktivit.

The dissertation thesis is focused on a design of new methodology that can be used for selection of optimal variant for the revitalization of light building facade system known as OD-001 “Boletice panel” when current construction solutions and materials are implemented. Thermographic measurement and engineering survey of selected buildings was carried out to determine the defects and insufficiencies that might accompanied these structures and their revitalization. Another point of my thesis was a possibility of revitalization by bonded facade. Mechanical resistance of bonded facade was verified throughout experimental testing and by mathematical calculation. The usability was confirmed on the basis of specific criteria that were stipulated in advance. The selected criteria are focused on areas which are important for investors. These are mainly financial cost, payback period but also the impact on the environment. Simulations and advanced methods of decision making were used.

Das Thema der Nachhaltigkeit hat in dem letzten Jahrzehnt einen spürbaren gesellschaftlichen Aufschwung erfahren. Doch trotz dessen zeigt sich immer noch eine deutliche Diskrepanz zwischen dem Bewusstsein der KonsumentInnen und dem tatsächlichen nachhaltigen Handeln (Pufé 2014). Diesbezüglich wird in dieser Arbeit dem sog. Framing-Effekt von Daniel Kahneman eine entscheidende Rolle zugeschrieben. Er beschreibt eine Möglichkeit, das Entscheidungsverhalten von VerbraucherInnen durch die unterschiedliche Darstellung gleicher Informationen zu steuern (Kahneman 2012). Bisher wurden diese beiden Themenkomplexe kaum in Verbindung gebracht, sodass Framing selten einen Beitrag zur Förderung nachhaltiger KonsumentInnenentscheidungen zugesprochen wird. Die Arbeit versucht mit folgender Forschungsfrage genau diesen Zusammenhang zu ergründen: Wie lässt sich Nachhaltigkeit in ökonomischen Kontexten bei Kaufentscheidungen durch Framing realisieren? Durch ein deduktives Ableiten aus der Theorie sowie einer Analogiebildung mittels einer Beispielstudie, konnten handlungsleitende Schlüsse für das Framing von nachhaltigem Konsum gezogen werden. Die Resultate zeigen auf, dass eine Modifizierung der klassischen Nachhaltigkeitsdimensionen notwendig erscheint. Branchen- und zielgruppenübergreifend sollte die ökonomische Dimension beim Framing ausgeklammert werden, um den vorherrschenden „Bias“ der Kosten zu entkräften. Zudem wurde eine neue Dimension „Individuum“ deduktiv abgeleitet, welche die individuellen Konsum- und Lebensstile und damit eine Differenzierung von Zielgruppen und Branchen beim Nachhaltigkeits-Frame einschließt. Des Weiteren wurde festgestellt, dass sowohl Unternehmen, KonsumentInnen als auch die Wissenschaft jeweils einen Beitrag zur Förderung des nachhaltigen Konsums mittels Framing leisten können.

[ES] Los humedales son uno de los ecosistemas más importantes del planeta. En los distintos hábitats que albergan convive un gran número de especies, siendo un reservorio de biodiversidad. Además, al ser sumideros de carbono (CO2, ) son un aliado natural en la lucha contra el cambio climático. Los humedales resultan imprescindibles para el cumplimiento de los objetivos de sostenibilidad de la Agenda 2030. Desgraciadamente, la desaparición de estos espacios naturales es alarmante, especialmente acelerada durante el siglo XX y lo que llevamos de siglo XXI. Uno de los motivos más importantes que causa su pérdida y degradación es la falta de recursos hídricos. En general, en situaciones de estrés hídrico, es necesario aportar agua procedente de fuentes externas. La elección de las fuentes de recursos hídricos supone un complejo problema de decisión. La calidad del agua debe ser la adecuada para garantizar la sostenibilidad del humedal. En esta tesis se elabora una metodología para resolver ese problema. Se ha aplicado al caso de las Tablas de Daimiel, pero puede ser utilizada en cualquier otro humedal. A partir de los valores de referencia del humedal se han elaborado unas funciones de rating que permiten asignar puntuación a los distintos valores de los parámetros fisicoquímicos. Hay una función de rating para cada uno de los parámetros. Las funciones son específicas del humedal cuya regeneración hídrica se pretende. Se ha asignado un peso a los distintos parámetros fisicoquímicos para considerar la diferente repercusión de cada uno de ellos en la calidad del agua. Para ello se ha llevado a cabo un análisis mediante el Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP). Agregando las funciones de rating con los pesos obtenidos se ha diseñado un índice de sostenibilidad (WRSM). Las fuentes de agua más adecuadas toman valores más altos del índice, en contraposición con las menos aconsejables.Todo el proceso descrito se ha aplicado a las Tablas de Daimiel, comprobándose su utilidad y eficacia para evaluar diferentes tipos de aguas procedentes de muy diversas fuentes. La metodología desarrollada es novedosa, completamente reproducible y además es aplicable a cualquier otro humedal, por lo que puede constituir una nueva herramienta para abordar la importante y compleja tarea que supone la restauración hídrica de humedales. / [CA] Els aiguamolls són un dels ecosistemes més importants del planeta. En els diferents hàbitats que alberguen conviu un gran nombre d'espècies, sent un *reservorio de biodiversitat. A més, en ser embornals de carboni (CO¿, ) són un aliat natural en la lluita contra el canvi climàtic. Els aiguamolls resulten imprescindibles per al compliment dels objectius de sostenibilitat de l'Agenda 2030. Desgraciadament, la desaparició d'aquests espais naturals és alarmant, especialment accelerada durant el segle XX i el que portem de segle XXI. Un dels motius més importants que causa la seua pèrdua i degradació és la falta de recursos hídrics. En general, en situacions d'estrés hídric, és necessari aportar aigua procedent de fonts externes. L'elecció de les fonts de recursos hídrics suposa un complex problema de decisió. La qualitat de l'aigua ha de ser l'adequada per a garantir la sostenibilitat de l'aiguamoll. En aquesta tesi s'elabora una metodologia per a resoldre aqueix problema. S'ha aplicat al cas de les Taules de Daimiel, però pot ser utilitzada en qualsevol altre aiguamoll. A partir dels valors de referència de l'aiguamoll s'han elaborat unes funcions de ràting que permeten assignar puntuació als diferents valors dels paràmetres fisicoquímics. Hi ha una funció de ràting per a cadascun dels paràmetres . Les funcions són específiques de l'aiguamoll la regeneració hídrica del qual es pretén. S'ha assignat un pes als diferents paràmetres fisicoquímics per a considerar la diferent repercussió de cadascun d'ells en la qualitat de l'aigua. Per a això s'ha dut a terme una anàlisi mitjançant el Analytical *Hierarchical *Process (*AHP). Agregant les funcions de ràting amb els pesos obtinguts s'ha dissenyat un índex de sostenibilitat (*WRSM). Les fonts d'aigua més adequades prenen els valors més alts de l'índex, en contraposició amb les menys aconsellables. Tot el procés descrit s'ha aplicat a les Taules de Daimiel, comprovant-se la seua utilitat i eficàcia per a avaluar diferents tipus d'aigües procedents de molt diverses fonts. La metodologia desenvolupada és nova, completament reproduïble i a més és aplicable a qualsevol altre aiguamoll, per la qual cosa pot constituir una nova eina per a abordar la important i complexa tasca que suposa la restauració hídrica d'aiguamolls. / [EN] Wetlands are one of the most important ecosystems on the planet. A large number of species coexist in the different habitats that are home to wetlands. They are a reservoir of biodiversity. Furthermore, being carbon sinks (CO2, ), wetlands are a natural ally in the fight against climate change. Wetlands are essential to meet the sustainability goals of the 2030 Agenda. Unfortunately, the disappearance of these natural spaces is alarming, especially accelerated during the 20th century and so far in the 21st century. One of the most important reasons that causes its loss and degradation is the lack of water resources. In general, in situations of water stress, it is necessary to obtain water from external sources. The choice of sources of water resources is a complex decision problem. The quality of the water must be adequate to guarantee the sustainability of the wetland. This thesis develops a methodology to solve this problem. It has been applied to the case of the Tablas de Daimiel wetland, but it can be used in any other wetland. Based on the reference values of the wetland, qualification functions have been developed. These functions evaluate the physicochemical parameters. There is a rating function for each of the parameters. The functions are specific to the wetland whose water regeneration is intended. A weight has been assigned to the different physicochemical parameters to consider the different impact of each of them on water quality. For this, an analysis has been carried out using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Adding the rating functions with the weights obtained, a sustainability index (WRSM) has been designed. The most suitable water sources take the highest values of the index, compared to the least recommended. The entire process described has been applied to the Tablas de Daimiel wetland, demonstrating its usefulness and effectiveness for evaluating different types of water from very diverse sources. The methodology developed is novel, completely reproducible and also applicable to any other wetland, so it can be a new tool to address the important and complex task of hydrological restoration in wetlands. / Benítez Navío, A. (2023). Metodología para la toma de decisiones estratégicas en la asignación sostenible de recursos para la recuperación hidrológica de humedales en situación de estrés hídrico [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/192828

The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 set Europe in sorrow, distress, and emergency. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is something Sweden has refrained from joining due to the country’s neutral stance. However, despite Sweden's long-standing neutrality of over 200 years, it was abandoned within only weeks. The short timeframe of decision-making raised questions about the level of rationality in the decision of the Swedish NATO application. Scholars and researchers have through different methods and theories attempted to explain this unpredictable shift, but still, the process appears to lack a clearly defined rationale. This case study seeks to understand the decision-making process of the government in times of crisis, examining how the rationality of such decisions may have been compromised by analyzing secondary data. The aim is to address the research gap, concerning the rapid and framed process for Sweden to join NATO. Analyzing the decision through the lens of Bounded Rationality Theory, applying variables such as (1) time pressure, (2) cognition, and (3) access to information (Simon, 1947), the possibility arises to shred light on the factors contributing to Bounded Rationality in the Swedish NATO process. These aspects were all present in the Swedish NATO process. In combination with characteristics of a government in crisis (Boin, Hart, Stern & Sundelius, 2005), one can to a great extent understand the significant shift in stance towards NATO membership, given that governments tend to act differently when being subject to a crisis. It can be concluded that rationality was significantly bounded by limited access to information, to some extent by the ability to process information, and comprehensively by the constraints of time pressure. The Swedish NATO process, consisting of a government amid a crisis, was subject to and exemplifies Bounded Rationality in decision-making.

В работе проведён комплексный анализ информационного сопровождения процесса принятия решения о покупке образовательных онлайн-продуктов дополнительного профессионального образования (ДПО) в интернет-среде. Рассмотрены существующие модели принятия решения о покупке и их развитие, определена сущность информационного сопровождения и факторы цифровой среды, влияющие на процесс покупки. Методом экономико-статистического анализа определены характеристики онлайн-рынка образовательных продуктов и тенденции его развития. С помощью информативно-целевого анализа изучен опыт информационного сопровождения лидеров рынка, а так же определены потребительские предпочтения в организации информационного сопровождения методом глубинных интервью. Результатом работы является усовершенствованная модель принятия решения о покупке образовательного продукта уровня ДПО с учётом особенностей информационного сопровождения в современной интернет-среде, проверенная методом A/B-тестирования. Результаты исследования могут широко применяться при построении маркетинговых и коммуникационных стратегий создателями образовательных продуктов и рекламными агентствами. / The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the informational support of the decision-making process on the purchase in EdTech market. The author considered existing models of customer decision-making process, the definition of informational support and digital era factors that influence a decision-making process. The economic and statistical analysis was held to measure the EdTech market. The author applied an informative and targeted analysis to define how market leaders organize informational support. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted to determine consumer preferences. The result of the work is an improved model of decision-making on the purchase of an educational product on the EdTech market. The model was tested with the A/B-testing method. The results of the study can be widely used in the development of marketing and communication strategies both by EdTech product owners, and advertising agencies.

Millennials har ett starkt avvikande köpbeteende på börsen jämfört med äldre generationer. De har högre riskbenägenhet och är benägna att ta betydligt större risker vid köp av aktier och fonder. Oväntade kursrörelser och en mer oberäknelig börs blir konsekvenser av Millennials oberäkneliga och nyckfulla beteende. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka Millennials köpbeteende när det kommer till aktier och fonder med fokus på deras risktagande. Studien hade en kvalitativ och deduktiv ansats och ett deskriptivt forskningssyfte. Data samlades in genom fallstudier och semistrukturerade intervjuer på ett selektivt urval av Millennials där frågor baserat på portföljsammansättning, informationsinhämtning, urvalskriterier och riskbenägenhet besvarades. Studiens resultat visade att Millennials sparar på lång sikt, gärna i framtidsbranscher inom teknologi eller medicin. Millennials är vinstsökande och högre risk med potentiellt bättre avkastning föredras över att investera med lägre risk och potentiellt lägre avkastning. Teknologiska framsteg i from av internet och nätmäklare är verktyg Millennials använde sig av vid köp av aktier och fonder. Studien bidrar med kvalitativa data och en djupare förståelse om Millennials och hur samspelet mellan informationsinhämtning, urvalskriterier och risk påverkar Millennials portföljsammansättning. Millennials använder sig av peer reviews och word-of-mouth i stor utsträckning vid köp av aktier men har samtidigt en hög grad av källkritik.

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This research study aims to enhance the effectiveness of the architectural design process regarding the exploration and framing of the best visual connections to the outside environment within built environments. Specifically, it aims to develop a framework for developing and integrating an inside-out design approach augmented and informed by digital 3D geospatial data as a way to enhance the explorative ability and decision-making process for designers regarding the visual connection to the outside environment. To do so, the strategy of logical argumentation is used to analyze and study the phenomenon of making visual connections to a surrounding context. The initial recommendation of this stage is to integrate an inside-out design approach that operates within the digital immersion within 3D digital representations of the surrounding context. This strategy will help to identify the basic logical steps of the proposed inside-out design process. Then, the method of immersive case study is used to test and further develop a proposed process by designing a specific building, specifically, an Art Museum building on the campus of Virginia Tech. Finally, the Delphi method is used in order to evaluate the necessity and importance of the proposed approach to the design process and its ability to achieve this goal. A multi-round survey was distributed to measure the consensus among a number of experts regarding the proposed design approach and its developed design tool. Overall, findings refer to a total agreement among the participating experts regarding the proposed design approach with some different concerns regarding the proposed design tool. / Doctor of Philosophy / Achieving a well-designed visual connection to one's surroundings is considered by many philosophers and theorists to be an essential aspect of our spatial experience within built environments. The goal of this research is to help designers to achieve better visual connections to the outside environment and therefore create more meaningful spatial experiences within the built environment. This research aims to enhance the ability of designers to explore the best possible views and make the right design decisions to frame these views of the outdoors from the inside of their buildings. Of course, the physical presence of designers at a building site has been the traditional method of determining the best views; however, this is not always possible during the design process for many reasons. Thus, this research aims to find a more effective alternative to visiting a building site in order to inform each design decision regarding the quality of its visual connection to the outdoors. To do so, this research developed a proposed inside-out design approach to be integrated into the design process. Specifically, it outlines a process that allows the designers to be digitally immersed within an accurate 3D representation of the surrounding context, which will help designers to explore views from multiple angles both inside the space and in response make the most suitable design decision. For further developing the proposed process, it was used during conducting this research to design an Art Museum on Virginia Tech Campus.