The diploma thesis deals with the orthography problems and the use of Czech language overview worksheets for the 5th grade of primary school. The thesis is divided into three parts. The theoretical part contains the definition of the subject matter in RVP ZV, the definition of orthography, its meaning, spelling functions and principles, types of spelling exercises, their classification and correction. A discussion of new changes and approaches in contemporary orthography is also in the theoretical part. The research part of the thesis contains a pilot verification of the Czech language overview worksheets and asks several questions. The aim was to find out the pupils' attitude to orthography, to reveal their most common spelling mistakes and to verify whether there was an improvement in the spelling while pupils were using the Czech language overview worksheets for the 5th grade of primary school. The practical part of the thesis contains created overview sheets for the 5th grade of elementary school.

A produção do texto escrito depende, além do domínio básico do código alfabético, de conhecimentos a respeito das normas ortográficas, bem como de conhecimentos relacionados à estrutura de diferentes gêneros textuais. Considerando a complexidade da aprendizagem da escrita, que envolve o desenvolvimento de habilidades metalinguísticas, e a permanência de dificuldades apresentadas por muitas crianças ao longo da escolaridade, esta pesquisa teve como objetivos principais investigar as relações entre conhecimento ortográfico e produção escrita de textos, além de analisar em que medida diferentes condições de produção afetam a qualidade dos textos escritos. Participaram do estudo 72 alunos do 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública. A coleta de dados foi feita através da aplicação coletiva de um ditado de palavras para avaliação da competência ortográfica e três produções de texto: livre, a partir de sequência de figuras e reconto. Os dados foram analisados em função da natureza e frequência dos erros ortográficos, e da classificação das produções de texto em diferentes categorias. Análises estatísticas descritivas permitiram verificar que os alunos possuíam um domínio precário da ortografia, sendo os erros ortográficos mais frequentes aqueles envolvendo regularidades contextuais ou morfossintática, além de casos irregulares. As produções mais elaboradas estruturalmente foram aquelas realizadas a partir de suportes visuais (figuras) e orais (reconto). Análises inferenciais mostraram que há correlação positiva moderada entre escrever ortograficamente correto e produzir textos mais elaborados. Discute-se a importância de um ensino explícito das regras ortográficas, que envolva o desenvolvimento de habilidades metafonológicas e metamorfossintáticas, favorecendo o domínio da ortografia e colaborando para a liberação de recursos cognitivos a serem utilizados na produção de textos mais elaborados. Estes, por sua vez, podem beneficiar-se de intervenções educativas voltadas para o desenvolvimento de habilidades metatextuais, bem como da produção de textos apoiados em suportes que sugiram uma estrutura (narrativa) mais elaborada. / The production of written texts depends, beyond the basic understanding of alphabetic code, also of knowledge about the orthographic rules as well as knowledge about the structure of different textual genres. Considering the complexity of learning of writing, which involves the development of metalinguistic abilities such as phonological, morphosyntactic and metatextual awareness, and the permanence of writing difficulties experienced by many children throughout schooling, this research aimed to investigate the relationship between the orthographic knowledge and text productions skills and analyze how different conditions affect the quality of the written texts. Participants were 72 students in the 5th grade of an elementary public school. Data collection was done through a request to write words for assessing the competence of spelling and a request for write narrative texts in three situations: free theme, from a sequence of figures from a story previously read (retelling). Data were analyzed according to the nature and frequency of spelling errors and by the classification of written productions in different categories. Descriptive statistical analyzes showed that the students presented poor spelling achievement and that the most frequent misspellings involved contextual or morphosyntactic regularities and irregular spellings. The more elaborate written texts productions were those made from visual (figures) and oral (retelling) supports. Inferential analyzes showed that there was a positive and moderate correlation between spelling correctly and writing more elaborated texts. We discuss the importance of explicit teaching of spelling rules, which involves the development of metaphonologic and metamorphosyntactic abilities, favoring the performance of spelling and collaborating to release cognitive resources to be used in the production of more elaborated texts. These, in turn, can benefit from educational interventions aimed at development of metatextual abilities, as well by the request of written texts supported by models suggesting a (narrative) structure more elaborated.

A paralisia cerebral é um distúrbio do movimento e da postura, decorrente de disfunção permanente e não progressiva do cérebro em desenvolvimento. As crianças com este tipo de patologia apresentam alterações do tônus dos músculos dos membros, do tronco e do pescoço prejudicando entre outros a grafia. Para auxiliar a reabilitação, visando principalmente a formação das letras, foi desenvolvido um aparelho que exercita os movimentos finos envolvidos na grafia. O dispositivo proporciona o deslocamento de uma caneta seguindo padrões e graus de dificuldades definidos. Na caneta foi montado um freio, dificultando ou facilitando seu deslocamento em função da força exercida para movimenta-la. O freio foi implementado com dois estágios intermediários até chegar ao livre movimento. Quando a força está excessiva para a atividade, um aviso sonoro é acionado. Dois sensores FSR e um dispositivo eletrônico baseado em um microcontrolador HC908Q Motorola proporcionam o controle do freio e o disparo do sinal sonoro. O dispositivo foi testado por voluntários e sua atuação na realização dos exercícios correspondeu ao esperado, sendo que o freio foi liberado nos pontos de maior dificuldade dos traçados, dando maior mobilidade e facilitando o movimento da caneta. O dispositivo vem de acordo às solicitações dos pesquisadores da clínica de fisioterapia da Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes atendendo as dificuldades encontradas por esses na reabilitação de crianças com comprometimento motor dos membros superiores, principalmente no que se refere a grafia. / Cerebral paralysis is a posture and movement disorder, due to a permanent and non-progressive disfunction of a brain in development. Children with this kind of pathology show disturbance of the limbs, trunck and neck muscle\'s tonus damaging, between others, the spelling. To help out in the rehabilitation, intending mainly in the formation of the letters, an equipment that exercises the thin movements engaged in the spelling was created. The gadget provides the displacement of a pen following defined standards and degrees. A brake was put in the pen, making difficult or easy its dislocation depending on the strength done in order to move it. The brake was inserted with two intermediate stages before the free movements. When a excessive strength is done, a sounding warning is activated. Two sensorial equipments FSR and an eletronic gadget based in a micro controller HC908Q Motorola provide the control of the brake and the sounding warning activate. The gadget were tested by voluntary people and its operation corresponded to our hopes, it means that the brake was set free in the places of most difficult of the drawing, giving mobility and making easier the movement of the pen. The gadget comes according to the requests of the University of Mogi das Cruzes physiotherapy clinic researches, attending to the difficulties found by these professionals in the rehabilitation of children with motor disfunction of the upper limbs, mainly in what refers to the spelling.

In 2 experiments, I tested the effects of a behavioral momentum blending procedure on the accuracy of component and composite textual and spelling responses emitted by 11 preschool students with disabilities, including autism and speech and language delays, using multiple probe designs across participants. The participants were between 3 and 4 years old and were selected to participate because they were receiving reading instruction, but they emitted low numbers of correct textual responses to words comprised of previously mastered phoneme-grapheme correspondences. Dependent measures in the experiment included blending responses to novel text stimuli, composite vocal blending responses in which no textual stimuli were used, and spelling responses. In addition, in Experiment 2, I tested the effects of the procedure on the reinforcing properties of textual stimuli. Prior to the intervention, the participants were taught to textually respond to a set of known, regular words comprised of up to five phonemic sounds represented by corresponding graphemes at a target rate (number per min). During the behavioral momentum blending intervention, participants responded to these words that were presented in rapid succession by the experimenter, followed by the immediate presentation of novel words. The experimenter provided a vocal model of the component phonemes which was systematically faded during each phase of the intervention. Results for Experiment 1 showed increases in textual, spelling, and vocal blending responses for five participants. In addition, results indicated that the participants textually responded to novel words and emitted more composite textual responses, or responses without emitting the component sounds prior to textually responding, when composite blending was modeled at the beginning of the probe session. In Experiment 2, I altered the intervention procedure to require composite only responding as a final step in the instructional sequence. Six new preschool students were selected to participate, and the dependent measures were the same as Experiment 1; however, I also tested for the presence of conditioned reinforcement for observing print prior to and following BMBI. Results showed significant effects for four of the participants following up to two phases of intervention but were less significant for two of the participants. Additionally, results indicated the establishment of conditioned reinforcement for observing print for the participants who textually responded at criterion level. These findings are discussed with regard to the educational significance of blending as a prerequisite for textual responding and the importance of the speaker-as-own-listener verbal repertoire in learning to read phonetically.

Pour l’apprentissage de l’accord sujet-verbe, l’élève doit faire face à des difficultés tant linguistiques que psycholinguistiques. Pour pallier ces difficultés, des recherches en didactique font des propositions qui s’appuient sur les modalités explicites d’acquisition, les verbalisations métagraphiques et les manipulations syntaxiques lors d’interactions entre pairs, comme la phrase dictée du jour de Cogis (2005) ou la phrase donnée du jour de Brissaud et Cogis (2011). Cependant, enseigner l’orthographe selon des démarches actives et faire procéder aux verbalisations par les élèves s’avèrent des tâches difficiles et peu mises en œuvre. Etudier les pratiques d’enseignement est par ailleurs une orientation de recherche récente avec un manque de données empiriques sur l’enseignement en classe, notamment pour l’orthographe. L’objectif de cette thèse est alors de documenter les pratiques d’enseignement sur l’orthographe « telle qu’elle s’enseigne », du point de vue des pratiques d’enseignement observées in situ. Nous décrivons et analysons les pratiques de quatre enseignants de fin d’école primaire en situation de classe ordinaire, grâce au recueil d’une séance initiale d’enseignement de l’accord sujet-verbe, et les pratiques de six enseignants de fin d’école primaire, grâce au recueil de plusieurs séances filmées et retranscrites, pendant lesquelles ils mettent en œuvre une ingénierie proposée. A partir du triplet mésogénèse, chronogénèse et topogénèse, nous procédons à une analyse des choix effectués et des interactions en classe sur les tâches, la planification et les supports, le temps de travail disponible, le mode de regroupement, la place laissée à l’engagement des élèves. Nous souhaitons alors croiser ces pratiques d’enseignement avec les tests orthographiques des élèves de ces classes pour dégager quelques caractéristiques saillantes de l’enseignement de l’accord sujet-verbe et tenter de relever des invariants de ces pratiques d’enseignement qui favoriseraient les apprentissages. / To learn subject-verb agreement, pupils have to face both linguistic and psycholinguistic difficulties. To overcome those challenges, didactic researches put forward proposals relying on explicit acquisition ways, metagraphic verbalization and syntaxic manipulations during interactions between pupils, such as the dictated day sentence from Cogis (2005) or the given day sentence from Brissaud and Cogis (2011).However, teaching spelling through active ways and making pupils verbalize turn out to be seldom used difficult tasks. Morever, studying teaching practices is a recent way of research lacking empiric data about teaching, particularly for spelling.The aim of this Ph D is then to document teaching practices concerning spelling « as it is taught » in situ.We describe and analyze four last year primary school teachers ‘practices thanks to an initial subject-verb agreement lesson and six other last year primary school teachers’ practices thanks to filmed and retranscribed lessons during which they implement a proposed engineering. From the triplet mesogenesis, chronogenesis and topogenesis we analyze the choices made by teachers and class interactions on tasks, planning and supports, the available amount of working time, the way of grouping and the scope dedicated to pupils ’commitment. We wish to compare and match these teaching practices with spelling tests made by pupils from these forms in order to draw some key characteristics of subject-verb agreement and to try and list invariants from such teaching practices that could favour learning.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / As normas ortogrÃficas sÃo convenÃÃes sociais criadas para facilitar a comunicaÃÃo escrita. A escola tem o papel de desenvolver atividades que promovam a apropriaÃÃo das regras pelos alunos, e ao professor de lÃngua portuguesa cabe a tarefa de incluir em suas prÃticas de ensino o estudo da correta notaÃÃo da lÃngua escrita, visto que os conhecimentos ortogrÃficos tÃm relevÃncia social e sÃo necessÃrios para o competente uso da lÃngua. No entanto, os aprendizes demonstram dificuldades na ortografia, mesmo nas sÃries finais do ensino fundamental. Muitas dessas dificuldades estÃo relacionadas à oralidade, nÃo raro, seus textos apresentam diversas palavras grafadas conforme sÃo produzidas na oralidade. Observa-se que os alunos nÃo tÃm o domÃnio do sistema ortogrÃfico e desconhecem as diferenÃas entre lÃngua escrita e lÃngua oral. à necessÃrio, portanto, que um trabalho pedagÃgico seja desenvolvido pelo professor para que os estudantes superem tais dificuldades. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo o tratamento de dois problemas ortogrÃficos especÃficos e inter-relacionados: o apagamento do -r em coda final de verbos no infinitivo, erro ortogrÃfico de fonte fonolÃgica e a inserÃÃo desse rÃtico ao final de palavras formando, indevidamente, o infinitivo verbal, o que configura uma hipercorreÃÃo. Tais problemas ortogrÃficos foram os mais frequentes â nos textos de alunos de duas turmas do 8 ano do ensino fundamental II â analisados neste estudo, daà a necessidade de uma intervenÃÃo. Para a fundamentaÃÃo teÃrica deste estudo, foram considerados, principalmente, alguns processos fonolÃgicos apresentados por Seara, Nunes e Lazzarotto-VolcÃo (2015), as reflexÃes e pesquisas de Cagliari (2001, 2002b), bem como, os estudos de Morais (2007a, 2007b, 2007c, 2008), Bortoni-Ricardo (2004a, 2004b), Bortoni-Ricardo e Oliveira (2013), Callou, Serra e Cunha (2015). Trata-se de uma pesquisa-aÃÃo de carÃter quanti-qualitativo. Primeiramente, foi realizado um diagnÃstico com aplicaÃÃo de redaÃÃes para a identificaÃÃo dos erros mais recorrentes nos textos dos alunos da primeira turma; e um ditado de frases para verificaÃÃo, apenas, dos erros em foco, na segunda turma, visto que tais problemas jà haviam sido selecionados a partir do diagnÃstico inicial na turma 1. Para o tratamento, foram realizadas intervenÃÃes pedagÃgicas periÃdicas, dentro do tempo pedagÃgico destinado Ãs aulas de lÃngua portuguesa. As atividades aplicadas foram baseadas na reflexÃo da escrita com o apoio de textos nos diversos gÃneros. Os resultados apontaram melhoria considerÃvel na escrita correta dos verbos no infinito. Chegou-se à conclusÃo de que atividades ortogrÃficas planejadas e aplicadas com regularidade geram resultados positivos. / Orthographic norms are social conventions designed to facilitate written communication. The school has the role of developing activities that promote the appropriation of the rules by the students, and the Portuguese teacher is responsible for including in their teaching practices the study of the correct notation the written language, since knowledge of spelling has social relevance and are necessary for the competent use of the language. However, learners show difficulties in spelling, even in the final grades of middle school. Many of these difficulties are related to oral language, often their texts present several words written as they are pronounded. It is clear that the students do not have the mastery of the orthographic system and they do not know the differences between written language and oral language. It is necessary, therefore, that a pedagogical work be developed by the teacher so that the students overcome these difficulties. Thus, this work has as objective the treatment of two specific and interrelated orthographic problems: deletion of -r in the final codas of verbs in the infinitive, orthographic error of phonological source and the insertion of this rhotic at the end of words forming, unduly, the verbal infinitive, which constitutes an overgeneralization of the rule. Such spelling problems were the most frequent - in the texts of students from two classes of the 8th grade of middle school - analyzed in this study, hence the need for an intervention. For the theoretical basis of this study, some phonological processes presented by Seara, Nunes and Lazzarotto-VolcÃo (2015), the reflections and researches of Cagliari (2001, 2002b), as well as the studies of Morais (2007a, 2007b, 2007c, 2008), Bortoni-Ricardo (2004a, 2004b), Bortoni-Ricardo and Oliveira (2013), Callou, Serra and Cunha (2015) were considered. This study is a quantitative-qualitative action research. Firstly, a diagnosis was conducted with the use of essays to identify the most recurrent errors in the texts of the students in the first class; and a dictation of sentences to verify only the errors in focus in the second group, since such problems had already been selected from the initial diagnosis in class 1. For the treatment, periodic pedagogical interventions were carried out within the pedagogical time allotted to the Portuguese lessons. The activities were based on the reflection of writing with the support of texts in the different genres. The results pointed out considerable improvement in the correct writing of verbs in the infinitive. It was concluded that regularly scheduled orthographic activities generate positive results.

A tese divide-se em duas partes: 1) Relações entre leitura orofacial e leitura alfabética, vocabulário auditivo, consciência fonológica, memória de reconhecimento visual de figuras e de pseudofiguras, e compreensão de leitura de sentenças; 2) Escrita sob ditado e relações com leitura orofacial. Na Parte 1, 157 crianças de 6, 7 e 8 anos de idade de NSE muito elevado, foram avaliadas em leituras orofacial e alfabética, vocabulário auditivo, consciência fonológica, memória de reconhecimento visual, e compreensão de leitura de sentenças. Foram empregados: Prova de Leitura Orofacial, Teste de Vocabulário por Leitura Orofacial versão 1A computadorizada, Teste de Competência de Leitura de Palavras e Pseudopalavras, Teste de Vocabulário Auditivo Usp, Prova de Consciência Fonológica por Escolha de Figuras (PCFF-o), Teste Computadorizado de Memória de Reconhecimento de Figuras, e Teste de Compreensão de Leitura de Sentenças. Resultados revelaram que: 1) O léxico ortográfico aumenta sistematicamente de modo de modo monotônico desde o acaso aos 6 anos para 7 anos e daí para 8 anos; 2) A competência mais fortemente associada à leitura orofacial é a leitura de itens escritos; 3) O desenvolvimento das competências de leitura fonológica e lexical é diretamente proporcional ao desenvolvimento das habilidades metafonológicas no nível fonêmico; 4) Os subtestes de leitura fonológicos (decodificação) são mais fortemente associados com leitura orofacial. Assim, quanto maior a habilidade de converter grafemas em fonemas (rota fonológica de leitura por decodificação), maior a habilidade de converter optolalemas em fonemas para compreeder fala por leitura orofacial; 5) O desenvolvimento da leitura orofacial correlaciona-se mais fortemente com habilidades metafonológica de Transposição e Adição Fonêmicas. Logo, consciência fonêmica é precursora da leitura orofacial. Transposição Fonêmica correlaciona-se mais fortemente com rotas de leitura fonológica e lexical. De fato, a correlação com os subtestes logográficos foi não significativa, ou foi menos significativa que com subtestes fonêmicos (Transposição e Subtração Fonêmicas, e Trocadilho). Assim, o desenvolvimento de habilidades metalinguísticas no nível fonêmico (Transposição e Subtração Fonêmica e Trocadilhos) associa-se ao desenvolvimento de mais eficientes habilidades de leitura (inicialmente pela rota fonológica de decodificação grafema-fonema, convertendo grafemas em fonemas para compreender a escrita, e subsequentemente, pela rota lexical de reconhecimento visual direto das formas ortográficas, que, por sua vez, está associado com o desenvolvimento de mais eficientes habilidades de leitura orofacial (converter optolalemas em fonemas para compreender a fala lida nos lábios). Subtestes logográficos (de pré-leitura) não predizem confiavelmente nem bom nível de habilidade metafonológica nem bom nível de leitura orofacial (conversão de optolalemas em fonemas). Dados apoiam a interpretação de que a leitura orofacial (conversão de optolalemas em fonemas) depende de leitura alfabética que, por sua vez, depende de habilidades metafonológicas. Foram normatizados oito testes, e cinco subtestes de leitura, e nove subtestes de consciência fonológica. Na Parte 2, 154 alunos (61 do Ensino Superior e 93 do Ensino Fundamental) foram submetidos a uma prova de escrita sob ditado de 560 palavras de baixa frequência de ocorrência. Anovas revelaram que a precisão da cifragem das palavras ouvidas foi função positiva da média aritmética dos índices de cifrabilidade das relações fonografêmicas componentes dessas palavras, conforme modelo de Capovilla. Análise de erros de escrita (paragrafias) indicam efeito de leitura orofacial visual, pois os grafemas produzidos nas paragrafias mapearam mais concentradamente os fonemas dos mesmos pontos de articulação daqueles componentes das palavras ouvidas / The dissertation is divided into two parts. Part 1 assessed the relationships holding among alphabetical reading, speech reading, auditory vocabulary, phonological awareness, recognition memory, and sentence reading comprehension in a sample of 157 children aged 6- 8 years. Part 2 assessed writing under dictation: error analyses based on cyphering precision measures and phonetics underlying speech reading (articulation points of the phonemes corresponding to the writing errors) in 154 college and elementary school students.Part 1 used the following tests: Speech Reading Skill Test (SRST), Computerized Speech Reading Vocabulary Test (CSRVT), Alphabetic Reading Skill (Word Decoding-Recognition) Test (ARST); Auditory Vocabulary (AVT), Phonological Awareness Test (PAT), Computerized Picture Recognition Memory Test (CPRMT-112), Computerized Image Recognition Memory Test (CIRMT-180), Reading Comprehension Skill Test, Alphabetic Reading Skill (Word Decoding-Recognition) Test (ARST). Results showed that: 1) The orthographic lexicon (subtest of rejecting Homophone Pseudo-words) increased systematically in a monotonic way from kindergarten to 1st grade to 2nd grade; 2) Speech-reading skill is most strongly associated with the alphabetic reading skill; 3) Reading subtests that demand phonological reading strategy and lexical reading strategy were directly proportional to meta-phonological skills subtests, specially those at the phonemic level; 4) Subtests that demand phonological reading strategy were strongly associated with speech-reading tests. The greater the skill of converting graphemes into phonemes, the greater the skill of converting optolalemes into phonemes in order to comprehend speech via lip-reading. 5) Speech-reading skill was most strongly correlated with the meta-phonological skills of Phonemic Transposition and Addition. Thus, meta-phonological skills at the phonemic level seemed to foster speech-reading skill. Phonemic Transposition skill was most strongly correlated with phonological and lexical reading strategies. Alphabetic Reading Test subtests that demanded just basic logographic strategy were not correlated or were only very weakly correlated with Phonological Awareness Test subtests that demand high phonemic processing. There was a positive correlation between phonemic skills on one hand and, on the other hand, phonological reading skills and lexical reading skills. Also, there was a positive correlation between phonological and lexical reading skills on one hand and speech-reading skills on the other hand. Alphabetic Reading Skill Test subtests that require only a basic logographic reading strategydo not predict reliably neither meta-phonological skills, nor speech-reading skills. Such data give support to the interpretation that the speech-reading skill of converting optolalemes into phonemes relies on the alphabetic reading skills. In turn, such alphabetic reading skills rely on meta-phonological skills. In Part 2, 154 participants (61 college students and 93 elementary school students) were assessed in a spelling under auditory dictation test of 560 extremely rare words. ANOVAS revealed that the encoding precision of the spoken words to be spelled under dictation was a positive function of the encoding index mean of the phoneme-grapheme relationships that make up those words, according to Capovillas model. Spelling error (paragraphia) analyses suggest visual speech reading effects in spelling under auditory dictation: The unconventional spelling units produced in the paragraphias matched the articulation points of the phonemes to be mapped

Les organisations ont un besoin croissant de compétences de communication écrite et plébiscitent donc les compétences orthographiques de leurs salariés, composante essentielle de l’écrit professionnel. Pourtant, l’étude de la littérature confirme une baisse significative des performances des élèves en compétences orthographiques. Ce problème initialement circonscrit au domaine scolaire devient donc aujourd’hui une préoccupation pour les organisations, tant les déficiences orthographiques sont sources de conséquences négatives. Lors du recrutement, c’est au cours de la phase de présélection que les recruteurs se trouvent confrontés à ces déficiences. Peu d’études académiques ont analysé l’impact des fautes contenues dans le dossier que ce soit sur les perceptions ou les décisions des recruteurs. Notre travail souhaite donc rendre compte de la façon dont les compétences orthographiques sont jugées en contexte francophone par les recruteurs au cours de cette phase. Nous souhaitons également mettre en exergue les perceptions de justice des candidats à l’embauche quand la décision de présélection est fondée sur le critère de la qualité orthographique du dossier de candidature. Nous avons mené une quasi-expérimentation afin de collecter des données auprès de candidats à l’embauche et de recruteurs. Elles ont fait l’objet de deux études : une étude des données qualitatives à partir de restitutions verbales obtenues grâce à la méthode des protocoles verbaux auprès de 20 recruteurs ; une analyse mixte, combinant un traitement des données quantitatif puis lexical après de 422 candidats et 536 recruteurs. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de mettre en lumière l’impact des fautes sur l’appréciation des dossiers de candidature et sur la décision de présélection des recruteurs (un dossier présentant une expérience professionnelle importante et des fautes d’orthographe a, par exemple, 3.1fois plus de chances d’être rejeté qu’un dossier sans fautes, à expérience égale). Nous avons également identifié des variables modératrices de la relation entre les fautes et l’évaluation des dossiers de candidature (le niveau en orthographe du sujet, sa génération d’appartenance, son statut de recruteur ou de candidat). Nous avons par ailleurs adapté l’échelle de Steiner & Gilliland (1996) dédiée initialement à l’évaluation de techniques de sélection ; nous l’avons transposée de façon à évaluer deux critères de présélection. Nos résultats indiquent que les candidats considèrent plus juste l’usage du critère de l’orthographe pour présélectionner une candidature, que celui de l’expérience. / Organizations have a growing need for written communication skills and they demand therefore from their employees spelling skills, which are an essential component of professional writing. However, literature confirms a significant decrease in students’ spelling performance. This problem, first limited to education, is becoming today an organizational concern because spelling deficiencies have such negative consequences for them. Very few academic studies have analyzed the impact of spelling errors on application forms’ evaluation and on recruiters’ decisions. Our goal is to show the way recruiters assess spelling skills in France when they make a decision (select or reject application forms). We also want to highlight the applicants’ perceptions of fairness when the selection decision is based on the spelling criterion. To answer these questions, we have lead an experiment to collect data among applicants and recruiters. Data were analyzed in two different studies : a qualitative study –lexical and thematic- of 20 recruiters’ verbal reports thanks to the verbal protocol method ; then a mixed analysis combining quantitative and lexical analysis was conducted with 536 recruiters and 422 applicants. Results indicate that spelling errors affect both recruiters’ evaluation and decisions concerning applicants. We have also identified moderating variables between the factor «errors »and the application forms’ evaluation. Our results allow us to conclude that applicants perceive more positively the use of the spelling criterion to make a decision than the professional experience criterion.

Student Number : 0006815V - MA research report - School of Human and Community Development - Faculty of Humanities / In South Africa, the majority of children are bilingual and little research exists on the cognitive processes bilingual children use to spell. This has far-reaching and challenging implications for cognitive models of spelling. Specifically, bilingualism exhibits a pervasive influence on children’s literacy development (Bialystok, 2002). The majority of research on children’s spelling has been conducted internationally with monolingual English children. From international literature, cognitive processing (simultaneous processing and sequential processing) has been identified as an important area for consideration in the spelling acquisition process of English children (Kaufman & Kaufman, 1983b). Simultaneous processing is important for whole word spelling, whilst sequential processing is important for decoding letter sound correspondences. Cross-linguistic research demonstrates a bias towards one or the other spelling strategy may be tied to the depth of a language’s orthography, possibly due to the different demands the language orthography places on how children learn to spell (Frost et al., 1987; Wimmer & Hummer, 1990, 1994; Goswami et al., 1998). The present study examined the relationship between simultaneous and sequential processing and spelling in Grade 3 monolingual English-speaking children and bilingual Afrikaans-English speaking children at one point in time. Thirty bilingual Afrikaans-English children (Afrikaans first language, English second language) and were learning to spell in Afrikaans and in English simultaneously, and thirty monolingual (English first language) learning to spell in English. Simultaneous and sequential processing subtests of the Kaufman Assessment Battery (K-ABC) were administered to the monolingual and to the bilingual children. Monolingual Englishspeaking children received the English word and non-word spelling tests, while the bilingual Afrikaans-English children were asked to spell English and Afrikaans words and non-words (Klein, 1993). The results suggest that lexical (logographic or simultaneous) and non-lexical (alphabetic or sequential) routes are available in English and Afrikaans, but orthography did exert an influence on cognitive processing strategies. Sequential processing demonstrates a higher relationship than simultaneous processing with spelling in English and Afrikaans, although sequential processing contributes more to spelling in a shallow orthography, because the reliable relationship between spelling supports easier and faster computation than in an opaque orthography. Additionally, the results demonstrate that in the bilingual Afrikaans-English children spelling in a second language (L2) rely on spelling skills in a first language (L1), even when the same teaching strategies are used for spelling instruction. Orthography as a tool of academic literacy instruction, influences whether the transfer of spelling skills has a positive or negative influence on spelling in English as a second language in bilingual Afrikaans-English children with a transparent L1. A dual-route model that incorporates the influence of orthographic depth is supported (Seymour, Bunce & Evans, 1992). The present research study concludes that (1) simultaneous processing and sequential processing influence and predict the production of spelling in L1 and L2 in both English and Afrikaans alphabetic orthographies that differ in orthographic transparency, (2) orthographic demands of learning to spell in different orthographies varies and influences cognitive processing resources and decoding skills, which may provide an indication of a cumulative or challenging development of L2 spelling skills particularly when the L1 is transparent. The present research has implications for assessment, traditional spelling models and teaching bilingual children learning to spell in a second language, which is orthographically opaque relative to their transparent mother tongue.

<p>The aim of this paper is to find out what variety of English pupils in upper secondary schools are using, British English or American English, but also to see if there are any difference between boys and girls and if they are aware of their usage. British English used to be the only variety allowed in school, but now other varieties are taught as well and American English is gaining ground in Swedish schools. According to the curriculum, it is a part of the subject of English in upper secondary schools to study the different varieties and be aware of them. This study took place in Swedish upper secondary schools in the Stockholm area where 108 pupils in university preparing programs translated sentences with words that differ in British and American English, filled in a questionnaire which tested spelling and were also recorded when reading sentences. The survey showed that the tendency among these pupils is that they use American English more than British English in both vocabulary and pronunciation. The study also indicated that many pupils tend to mix their usage between the varieties, especially the girls. It was also seen that boys seem to be more aware of what variety they use.</p>