Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:32:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Midia Olinto de Oliveira.pdf: 2902917 bytes, checksum: 9dd5b172edcd7cf660c80dd89e03c2ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work belongs to the teaching formation field and focuses on the study of senior student from the Pedagogy Major of a public university. Under the perspective of the teacher s thought, we aimed to know and characterize those students and their conditions to the teaching profession, looking for understanding the strength of the initial formation at the preparation and acquisition of knowledge necessary to a good professional performance at the teaching profession. We also intended to identify the reasons underneath the decision for the attendance in the Pedagogy Major, the changes shaped by this formation in processes of thought related to the teaching profession, to being a teacher and to the difficulties that future teachers anticipate and expect to face in the teaching profession. The data, collected in 2012, by means of previously built and tested questionnaires, applied to 50 students, enabled a profile outline of this major seniors, based on the family, social and school dimensions, as well as the selection of three students who had not had teaching previous experience, to be interviewed in order to reveal their understanding in relation to simulated situations of the school routine data collected by means of Interview Guide and Narration of Teaching Situations, also previously built and tested. According to the theoretical contributions, mainly by Marcelo García and Lee Shulman and researchs from the 1970s about the teaching formation, the analysis of the results indicates to some tendencies already highlighted in other studies, such as the prevalence of very young students, composed mainly by women, from regular public schools. For the matter of the decision for the Pedagogy Major, in spite of the emphasis for the interest in the teaching profession and the children, there are signs that this choice had been made by social pressure and easier attendance to Higher Education and the field of work, rather than by the desire to be a teacher. Regarding to the initial formation, data revealed that the students do not feel prepared to deal with the classroom diversity and to be literacy teachers and also have little knowledge about the specific contents that must be taught in the initial grades of Primary School. They believe, however, in the inclination to study in order to compensate those gaps at the moment of the professional practice. They still asseverate their fear and insecurity related to the possibilities of well performing the profession and guarantee their future students learning, not only on account of the gaps realized at the formation course, but also the personal weakness due to the basic school which could not be totally compensated or overcome during the professional initial formation / Esta pesquisa insere-se no campo da formação docente e tem como foco de estudo o aluno concluinte do curso de Pedagogia de uma universidade pública. Sob a perspectiva do pensamento do professor procurou-se conhecer e caracterizar quem são esses alunos e quais as condições que manifestam para o exercício da docência, com o objetivo de compreender a força da formação inicial no preparo e na aquisição de conhecimentos considerados necessários para uma boa atuação profissional no magistério. Pretendeu-se identificar também as razões que permearam a decisão de ingresso no curso de Pedagogia, as mudanças configuradas por essa formação em processos de pensamentos relativos à profissão docente, ao ser professor e às dificuldades que os futuros professores antecipam e esperam enfrentar no exercício da docência. Os dados, coletados no ano de 2012, por meio de aplicação de questionário previamente construído e testado, a uma turma de 50 alunos possibilitaram a construção de um perfil dos concluintes desse curso, com base nas dimensões familiar, social e de escolaridade, bem como a seleção de três alunas, que não possuíam experiência prévia na docência, para serem entrevistadas e para se manifestarem em relação a situações simuladas do cotidiano escolar dados estes coletados por meio de Roteiro de Entrevista e Relatos de Situações de Ensino, também previamente construídos e testados. À luz das contribuições teóricas, principalmente, de Marcelo García e Lee Shulman e de pesquisas realizadas desde a década de 1970 acerca da formação docente, a análise dos resultados obtidos aponta para algumas tendências já destacadas nos estudos realizados, tais como a predominância de um alunado bastante jovem, composto majoritariamente por mulheres, provenientes de escolas públicas regulares de ensino. Quanto à decisão pelo curso de Pedagogia, apesar de destacarem o gosto e o interesse pela profissão docente e pelas crianças, há indicativos de que essa escolha se dá mais por pressões sociais e por facilidades de acesso ao ensino superior e ao mercado de trabalho, do que pelo desejo de ser professora. Com relação à formação inicial, os dados revelam que as alunas sentem-se despreparadas para lidar com a diversidade em sala de aula e para alfabetizar e têm pouco domínio dos conteúdos específicos que devem ser trabalhados nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. Possuem, no entanto, a crença de que a disposição para estudar pode suprir essas lacunas no momento em que a prática profissional solicitar. Afirmam ainda ter medo e insegurança quanto às possibilidades de desempenhar bem a profissão e garantir a aprendizagem de seus futuros alunos, em razão não apenas das lacunas percebidas no curso de formação, mas também das fragilidades pessoais decorrentes da escolarização básica, que não puderam ser totalmente compensadas ou superadas durante a formação inicial profissional

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:32:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Oliveira Costa Gomes.pdf: 739973 bytes, checksum: d621c2379f9de4891d828b38feeae6e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This research aims to analyze the relation between initiation into career and didactic difficulties faced. To understand this question some aims were established: identifying difficulties encountered by teachers to teach in the initial phase of their career and also identifying the reactions and exceedances of these teachers face of these difficulties. Therefore, the subjects of this research are teachers that is working in the early years of elementary school; they are two beginning teachers; one of them starting her first year in the teaching profession working in state schools, in the arrangements of contracting temporary in the East Zone São Paulo. The second one acts in municipal, in the East Zone of the city of São Paulo, by two and a half years. Besides these two beginning teachers participated in the study two experienced teachers, who reported on the difficulties of the profession in their initial career. The procedures used for the research are composed of four instruments developed for this study: a questionnaire scale, an interview, observation in the classroom and an online questionnaire. This research was performed in 2013, and had as its theoretical basis the authors Michael Huberman, with the concepts relating to the beginning of the profession, Pierre Bourdieu; with the concepts of habitus and school cultural capital and Alda Marin with the concepts related to the area of didactics. Such concepts allow us to understand this stage of professional life and issues related to the formation and performance of teachers. The hypothesis established to guide the study is that the current situation may be repeated the previously existing difficulties that might lead to problems in basic education and add others on features of the current training that teachers fail to realize themselves in the teaching situation, therefore there is relationship between training and professional difficulties / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre iniciação à carreira e dificuldades didáticas enfrentadas. Para atender a esse questionamento foram estabelecidos como objetivos: identificar dificuldades para ensinar encontradas pelos professores, na fase inicial da carreira e ainda, identificar as reações e superações desses professores diante dessas dificuldades. Portanto, os sujeitos desta pesquisa são professores atuantes nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental; são dois professores iniciantes, sendo uma professora iniciando em seu primeiro ano na profissão docente, atuando na rede Estadual de Ensino, no regime de contratação temporária, na Zona Leste da cidade de São Paulo, o segundo professor iniciante, atua na rede municipal, na Zona Leste na cidade de São Paulo, há dois anos e meio. Além destes dois professores iniciantes participaram da pesquisa duas professoras experientes, que relataram sobre as dificuldades da profissão no seu início de carreira. Os procedimentos utilizados para a realização da pesquisa são compostos por quatro instrumentos construídos para este estudo: um questionário com escala, entrevista, observação em sala de aula e um questionário online. Esta pesquisa foi realizada em 2013, tendo como base teórica os autores, Michael Huberman com os conceitos relativos ao início da profissão, Pierre Bourdieu com os conceitos de habitus e capital cultural escolar e Alda Marin com os conceitos relativos à área da Didática. Tais conceitos permitem a compreensão dessa etapa da vida profissional e as questões relativas à formação e o desempenho dos professores. A hipótese estabelecida para orientar o estudo é a de que na situação atual reiteram-se as dificuldades anteriormente existentes que ocasionam problemas na educação fundamental e acrescentam outras diante das características da formação atual em que os professores não conseguem se perceber na situação de ensino, havendo, portanto relação entre formação e dificuldades profissionais

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:32:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Anoel Fernandes.pdf: 1592972 bytes, checksum: dfbbe26a2369e0a7ef55b04fb9e10b9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work aims to investigate conceptions and perceptions by a group of teachers working in Cycle I of Fundamental Teaching São Paulo State‟s public school chain about education and teaching organization into cycles with continued progression. That was the focusing basis for teachers and objective working conditions development for exercising teaching, relating subjectiveness and objectiveness. A questionnaire was applied as the research procedure to 37 female teachers working at schools located in the city of Campinas. The chosen data-analysis theoretical referential is the critical theory of society, especially the formation concept by Theodor W. Adorno and the notions of political universe closing and that of the one-dimensional expression and thought by Herbert Marcuse, in addition to the concept of alienation just as developed by Karl Marx. Set objectives are: 1) examine how the researched teachers‟ background is carried through, having as a reference their conceptions about education and teaching organization (in cycles with continued progression); 2) identify and analyze the teachers‟ awareness regarding the conditions to exercise teaching, from the alienation concept; 3) relate teaching working conditions and the teacher‟s background. As for the hypotheses, they were so stated: 1) the educational models, the norms and rules imposed by the policy promoted by the São Paulo State Education Secretariat (SEE/SP), associated with the teachers‟ aversion to the theoretical knowledge enhance pseudo-formation, and, on account of this situation, there tend to prevail one-dimensional thought patterns; 2) the alienating working conditions make awareness difficult for the teachers regarding the objective situations they undergo, and the investment in their formation process. The first hypothesis could be confirmed almost to its entire extent since the teachers‟ opinion about education and teaching organization are shaped up to a great extent by the educational system itself, which implies saying that the political dimension to the formation is quite harmed. This situation seems to get more acute as aversion prevails towards the theory or principle of pragmatism. Just the same, it was verified that the conditions in which continued formation takes bring forth pseudo-formation. In addition, engulfed by the official discourse which becomes the reference the teachers show difficulties to be apart from the one-dimensional thought, which brings about acceptance of the official policy as the expression of truth. Nonetheless, in the school‟s day-by-day aspects, the same teachers showed counterpoising ability, chiefly criticizing how the learning evaluation is carried out. Although such criticism is measured through the obstacles which on their judgment make the pedagogical work difficult, the teachers, in this feature, show dissonance towards the thought pattern imposed by the SEE/SP. The second hypothesis, however, could not be confirmed. Alienation is present in the teachers‟ lives; the data indicate that the lack of relationship with culture (or precarious relationship therewith) shows itself in the aversion presented in the theoretical knowledge. The verified trend was lack of willingness and openness to formation (brought to life in courses offered and in readings about educational issues) not immediately presenting the solution to the problems faced by them at school and in treating the students. Therefore, submitted to the logic practice superposition to theory imposes, the analyzed teachers do not invest in their own formation, and this difficulty seems to be enhanced by them as they reproduce the expected conduct pattern and do not relate the pedagogic problems to the general structure of society / O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as concepções e percepções de um grupo de professoras atuantes no ciclo I do Ensino Fundamental, da rede pública estadual paulista, sobre a educação e a organização do ensino em ciclos com progressão continuada. Esta foi a base para focalizar a formação docente e as condições objetivas de trabalho para o exercício do magistério, relacionando subjetividade e objetividade. Como procedimento de pesquisa foi aplicado um questionário para 37 professoras que atuam em escolas localizadas na cidade de Campinas. O referencial teórico adotado para análise dos dados é a teoria crítica da sociedade, especialmente o conceito de formação de Theodor W. Adorno e as noções de fechamento do universo político e da locução e pensamento unidimensional de Herbert Marcuse, além do conceito de alienação tal como elaborado por Karl Marx. Os objetivos estabelecidos foram: 1) examinar como se realiza a formação das professoras pesquisadas, tendo como referência suas concepções sobre educação e organização do ensino (em ciclos com progressão continuada); 2) identificar e analisar a consciência das professoras acerca das condições para o exercício da docência, a partir do conceito de alienação; 3) relacionar condições de trabalho docente e formação do professor. Quanto às hipóteses foram assim formuladas: 1) os modelos educacionais, as normas e regras impostas pela política promovida pela Secretaria de Educação do Estado de São Paulo (SEE/SP), associadas à aversão das professoras aos conhecimentos teóricos, fortalecem a pseudoformação e, por conta dessa situação, tendem a prevalecer padrões de pensamento unidimensional; 2) as condições alienantes de trabalho dificultam a tomada de consciência, pelas professoras, das situações objetivas a que estão submetidas e o investimento no seu processo de formação. A primeira hipótese pôde ser confirmada quase em sua totalidade, pois a opinião das professoras sobre educação e organização do ensino são conformadas, em grande medida, pelo próprio sistema educacional, o que implica dizer que a dimensão política da formação é bastante prejudicada. Essa situação parece se agudizar à medida que prevalece a aversão à teoria ou o princípio do pragmatismo. Da mesma maneira, verificou-se que as condições em que acontece a formação continuada concorrem para a pseudoformação. Além disso, engolfadas pelo discurso oficial, que se torna referência, as professoras apresentam dificuldades para fugir do padrão de pensamento unidimensional, o que leva a aceitação da política oficial como expressão da verdade. No entanto, nos aspectos do cotidiano da escola, as mesmas professoras demonstraram capacidade para a contraposição, criticando, principalmente, como a avaliação da aprendizagem é realizada. Embora essa crítica seja mediada pelos obstáculos que, a seus juízos, dificultam o trabalho pedagógico, as professoras, nesse quesito, apresentam dissonância com o padrão de pensamento imposto pela SEE/SP. Já a segunda hipótese pôde ser confirmada. A alienação está presente na vida das professoras; os dados indicaram que a ausência de relação com a cultura (ou a relação precária com ela) está expressa na aversão apresentada aos conhecimentos teóricos. A tendência verificada foi a da falta de disposição e abertura para a formação (materializada em cursos oferecidos e em leituras sobre questões educacionais) que não apresente de modo imediato a resolução dos problemas enfrentados por elas na escola e no trato com os alunos. Portanto, submetidas à lógica que impõe a sobreposição da prática à teoria, as professoras analisadas não investem na própria formação; e essa dificuldade parece ser reforçada por elas à medida que reproduzem o padrão de conduta esperado e não relacionam os problemas pedagógicos com a estrutura geral da sociedade

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:33:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BENISE DE NAZARE DOS REIS SOUTO.pdf: 619850 bytes, checksum: 16a44f9c35f0a2c55b5efa44f8c1daf0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation aims to contrast the educators and the undergraduate senior students representations on being a teacher, in an attempt to identify their conceptions about the learning of the teaching profession. In order to achieve such objectives, we accomplished interviews with four professors of the academic discipline of Didactics and used 115 questionnaires answered by the undergraduate students of Major s Degree in Teaching in Language, Mathematics, History and Geography, who were attending the 7th semester, in June 2005, at the Federal University of Amapá (UNIFAP). This institution is still in its structuring and developing phase, and shelters, in those courses, professors with much experience on teachership, as much on the exercise of teaching as on technical-pedagogical functions in primary and secondary schools, whose formation levels vary (from graduate studies in lato to strictu sensu), working in a regime of exclusive dedication, with 40-hour weekly contract and also young pupils, the majority from 20 to 25 years old, who had not been teaching yet. Having as theoretical reference the notions of social construction of reality, proposed by Peter Berger and Thomas Luckman, and representation in Pierre Bourdieu s and Roger Chartier s perspective, understood as the cognitive instruments of apprehension of reality, from which teaching and learning behavior are structured, it was verified that educators and undergraduate senior students from Teaching courses have divergent conceptions regarding the needs which should be acomplished in the formation process: while the later revendicate the offer of activities of practice, the former believe it is necessary to offer the undergraduate senior students a consistent theoretical-methodological reference, in a way that, understanding the present, they could act in a perspective of changing the future. Yet the analyzed educators and undergraduate senior students representations on being a teacher are built up with ambiguity, revealing that the teacher is seen as a compound entity, sometimes a professional of education, sometimes a missionary of education, whose diverse images are constituted and associated, for instance, to the paradigms of the educated teacher, the technical teacher, the missionary teacher, the social actor and the reflexive practice teacher / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo contrastar as representações que os professoresformadores e os licenciandos possuem sobre ser professor, numa tentativa de identificar as concepções que eles possuem sobre o aprender da profissão docente. Para atingir tais objetivos, foram realizadas entrevistas com quatro professoras da disciplina Didática e utilizados 115 questionários respondidos pelos alunos dos cursos de licenciatura em Letras, Matemática, História e Geografia, que estavam cursando o 7º semestre, em junho de 2005, na Universidade Federal do Amapá (UNIFAP). Trata-se de uma instituição que ainda está em fase de estruturação e desenvolvimento e abriga, nesses cursos, professoras com bastante experiência no magistério, tanto no exercício da docência quanto em funções técnicopedagógicas no ensino fundamental e médio, com níveis de formação variados (pósgraduação lato e stricto sensu), que trabalham em regime de dedicação exclusiva, com contrato de 40 horas semanais, e alunos jovens, a maioria na faixa etária de 20 a 25 anos, que ainda não exercem o magistério. Tendo como principal referencial teórico as noções de construção social da realidade, no sentido proposto por Peter Berger e Thomas Luckmann, e de representação na perspectiva de Pierre Bourdieu e Roger Chartier, entendida como instrumentos cognitivos de apreensão da realidade, a partir dos quais são estruturados os comportamentos de ensino e de aprendizagem, constatou-se que formadoras e formandos têm concepções divergentes a respeito das necessidades que devem ser atendidas no processo de formação: enquanto eles reivindicam o oferecimento de atividades práticas, elas acreditam que é necessário lhes oferecer um referencial teórico-metodológico consistente, de maneira que, compreendendo o presente, possam agir na perspectiva de transformar o futuro. Já as representações das professoras e dos graduandos sobre ser professor analisadas caracterizaram-se pela ambigüidade, revelando que o professor é visto como um ente composto, ora como profissional do ensino, ora como missionário da educação, a respeito do qual se constituem imagens diversas que estão associadas, por exemplo, aos paradigmas do professor culto, do professor técnico, do professor missionário, do ator social e do prático reflexivo

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:33:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marieta Gouvea de Oliveira Penna.pdf: 1577975 bytes, checksum: 90f75a15c1de5b0315589887a7cd372c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The theme of this research is the teachers educational exercise from the early education of elementary school in public schools of the state of São Paulo, from a sociological perspective. Based on Pierre Bourdieu s theory of the action, the teaching profession is understood as a social function, with the objective of analyzing the material conditions which the teachers are submitted to and their position in the space of the social relationships. For this reason, aspects related to the teachers social origin, trajectory and class belonging are analyzed, with the intention of detecting facets of the agents family habitus who have been dedicating themselves to the exercise of that function. We also analyze aspects of the conditions of the teachers work; of the cultural capital; of the relationships they establish with the knowledge in the exercise of the function; as well as of the practices accomplished by them which were explicited in their depositions, that constitute and are constituted by facets of the habitus related to the teaching profession in that part of the educational instruction that express the school culture historically instituted. Interviews were accomplished with ten teachers, two parents, four students, one coordinator and one principal; over questionnaires with 16 teachers. The research data evidenced that, for their origin, the majority of the teachers belong to the popular classes, but the educational exercise represented possibility of social ascension, positioning them in the middle classes. It was possible to realize existent regularities in the teachers' family habitus, concerning the valorization of the work and the educational instruction as strategy of social ascension, besides the submission of the women to the masculine universe, which join the practices accomplished by the teachers in the school, at the same time expressed in them. We could also verify the conditions of the teachers work related to the space of the social relationships, leading them to establish distinction strategies in relation to their students and the students family, expressed in their view of the world. The practices accomplished by the teachers and informed in their depositions were centered in the moralization and the children s training, expressing aspects of the school culture and the habitus related to the exercise of that function. We can stand out that the educational exercise, even being socially depreciated, facilitates the teachers to establish distinction strategies and bargain symbolic capital, besides meaning improvements in their life conditions in terms of cultural and economic capital / O tema desta pesquisa é o exercício docente de professores do ciclo I do ensino fundamental em escolas públicas do estado de São Paulo, a partir de perspectiva sociológica. Tendo por base a teoria da ação elaborada por Pierre Bourdieu, a docência é compreendida como função social, com o objetivo de analisar as condições materiais às quais os professores estão submetidos e a posição ocupada por eles no espaço das relações sociais. Para tanto, são analisados aspectos relacionados à origem social, trajetória e pertença de classe dos professores, com o intuito de detectar facetas do habitus familiar dos agentes que têm se dedicado ao exercício dessa função. São analisados também aspectos das condições de trabalho dos professores; do capital cultural; das relações que estabelecem com o conhecimento no exercício da função; bem como das práticas por eles realizadas e que foram relatadas em seus depoimentos, que constituem e são constituídos por facetas do habitus relacionado à docência nesse segmento da escolarização que, por sua vez, expressam a cultura escolar historicamente instituída. Foram realizadas entrevistas com dez professores e respondidos questionários por outros 16, além de entrevistas com dois pais, quatro alunos, um coordenador e um diretor. Os dados da pesquisa evidenciaram que por sua origem, a maioria dos professores pertence às camadas populares, mas que o exercício docente representou possibilidade de ascensão social, posicionando-os nas classes médias. Foi possível captar regularidades existentes no habitus familiar dos professores, no que diz respeito à valorização do trabalho e da escolarização como estratégia de ascensão social, além de submissão das mulheres ao universo masculino, que vão ao encontro de práticas realizadas pelos professores na escola, ao mesmo tempo em que nelas se expressam. Permitiu também verificar de que forma as condições de trabalho dos professores os posicionam no espaço das relações sociais, levandoos a estabelecer estratégias de distinção em relação a seus alunos e familiares destes, expressas em sua visão de mundo. As práticas realizadas pelos professores e informadas em seus depoimentos estavam centradas na moralização e disciplinarização das crianças, expressando aspectos da cultura escolar e do habitus relacionado ao exercício dessa função. Destaca-se que o exercício docente, mesmo desvalorizado socialmente, possibilita aos professores estabelecerem estratégias de distinção e amealharem capital simbólico, além de significar melhorias em suas condições de vida em termos de capital cultural e econômico

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T14:30:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria do Carmo Custodio.pdf: 1700987 bytes, checksum: 8d438671ba4fde82cf931f71a7947be7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This research aims to understand and analyze the implications of educational policies for improving the teaching, post LDB 9394/96, in the process of professionalization of teaching in basic education, especially in kindergarten and early years of elementary school. Considering the professional differences between teachers in initial and final stages of basic education, research is directed toward the analysis of teacher s professional development of kindergarten and early years of elementary school in the municipal schools of Uberaba-MG. Like a conceptual cutout, the study focuses on two axes of discussion and analysis: first, the theoretical debate on the issues related to teaching and professionalization of teaching, and second, the management of public policies aimed at valorization of teaching in the context of the educational reforms arising from the LDB 9394/96, focusing fundamentally training and career. These axes allow us to think the complexity of links and interpenetrations within the process of professionalization of faculty teaching, the tension between public policy of valorization of teaching, when taking the dimensions of training and career as a unit and the implications for the teacher s professional valorization in kindergarten and early years of elementary school. This is a qualitative research with a descriptive and exploratory mold, with the principles of Freire's epistemology dialectic. For the survey, was used as procedures: a bibliographical and documentary research, application of questionnaires and semistructured interviews. For the research of lifting of empiric data were investigated educational managers and teachers working in kindergarten and early years of elementary schools of the municipal school of Uberaba-MG. This study allowed us to realize that policies for valorization of teaching, in those matters which relate to training and career are historically intertwined with the problem of quality of public education. With regard to the teaching profession, we can see a split between those who possess knowledge or not a socially recognized knowledge. In this sense, teaching in kindergarten and early years of primary education is still not recognized as a profession by society and governments in its training and career policies. The discourse of professionalism has been constituted as a contradictory set of values in the articulation of production and reproduction that has served to maintain the devaluation of the teaching profession and to legitimize the control and the reforms sought by the State. Thus, the discourse of the professionalization of the educational policies converges in practices against the professionalization / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender e analisar as implicações das políticas educacionais de valorização do magistério, pós LDB 9394/96, no processo de profissionalização do magistério na educação básica, especialmente na educação infantil e nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental. Considerando as diferenciações profissionais existentes entre os professores das etapas iniciais e finais da educação básica, a investigação está direcionada para a análise da valorização profissional do professor da educação infantil e anos iniciais do ensino fundamental na rede municipal de ensino de Uberaba-MG. Como recorte conceitual, o estudo centra-se em dois eixos de discussão e análise: primeiro, a discussão teórica em torno dos aspectos relativos ao trabalho docente e profissionalização do magistério, e segundo, a gestão das políticas públicas direcionadas à valorização do magistério no contexto das reformas educacionais decorrentes da LDB 9394/96, enfocando fundamentalmente a formação e a carreira. Esses eixos permitem pensar a complexidade das relações e interpenetrações existentes no processo de profissionalização do magistério docente, a tensão entre as políticas públicas de valorização do magistério, quando se toma as dimensões da formação e da carreira como unidade e as implicações na valorização profissional do professor da educação infantil e anos iniciais do ensino fundamental. Trata-se de uma investigação de natureza qualitativa, com caráter descritivo-exploratório, tendo como princípios a epistemologia dialética freireana. Para a realização da pesquisa, foi utilizado como procedimentos: a pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e a aplicação de questionários e entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Para a pesquisa de levantamento de dados empíricos foram investigados gestores educacionais e professores que atuam na educação infantil e anos iniciais do ensino fundamental de escolas da rede municipal de ensino de Uberaba-MG. Este estudo possibilitou perceber que as políticas de valorização do magistério, nos aspectos que se referem à formação e a carreira estão, historicamente, entrelaçadas à problemática da qualidade do ensino público. No que diz respeito ao magistério como profissão percebe-se uma fratura entre os que possuem ou não um conhecimento reconhecido socialmente e, nesse sentido, o magistério na educação infantil e anos iniciais do ensino fundamental ainda não é reconhecido como profissão pela sociedade e pelos governos em suas políticas de formação profissional e carreira. O discurso da profissionalização tem se constituído em um jogo contraditório de valores na articulação das esferas da produção e da reprodução que tem servido para a manutenção da desvalorização do magistério e para legitimar o controle e as reformas pretendidas pelo Estado. Assim, o discurso da profissionalização das políticas educacionais se convergem em práticas desprofissionalizantes

In the past two decades the Swedish compulsory school for students aged 7 to 16 has undergone major processes of reform and change. On a structural level these have ushered in a new era with a fundamentally changed assignment for the schools and its teachers. In this thesis, however, it is assumed that the teachers as individual actors and as groups have agency to accomplish change and alter structures. The thesis has been written within a several years’ inter­active research project with teachers from three compulsory schools. Based on data created in the project on how new and changing groups and working groups within teachers’ work lead to an extended assignment, the study focuses teachers’ negotiation of professional identities regarding the entire work situation. Etienne Wenger’s (1998) social theory on identity, entitled “Communities of Practice”, is used to deepen the understanding of the data. In the framework of an interactive research project the overall aim of the thesis is to describe and analyze how teachers negotiate professional identities in compulsory school. The aim is also to describe and analyze teachers’ learning and development of knowledge in the project. The central research question is: How and about what do teachers negotiate professional identities in different communities of practice? By using the interactive research approach the goal has been to develop a democratic dialogue and learning processes together with the participating teachers. One ambition is to enhance the knowledge of teachers as co-researchers within research projects and as teacher-researchers at work in school. The fora of the interactive project were informal talks, dialogues for learning, individual interviews and focus groups. The results of the study show that teachers negotiate professional identities in a flexible expanding multimembership of communities of practice. As brokers of information and knowledge between and within communities of practice at school, and from various identity positions, the teachers negotiate overlapping identities. Memberships in communities for adults only are growing in relation to teachers’ work regarding the entire work situation. The study’s main conclusion is that teachers in the new era negotiate identities within a web of tensions between fragmentation and coherence of the complexity of the work in its entirety through the multimembership in communities of practice. The thesis proposes that an awareness of complexity is fundamental, and that such an understanding can be enhanced by the teachers by developing themselves as brokers and by their reification of boundary objects within a complex multi­membership. Analysis of data shows that teachers in the interactive project have had the opportunity to further develop competences to negotiate identities as teacher-researchers at work in school. Data from the project are moreover analyzed within the context of globalized and diversified structural changes such as decentralization, economic transformations, cultural standardization, the individua­­­­lized knowledge society and the reflective society. A conclusion is that teachers seem to operate within an increasing globalization of the teaching profession and towards identities as globalized teachers. / Lärare i en ny tid: Om kunskapsbildning mellan lärare och forskare

La réflexion sur l’intégration au travail des nouvelles enseignantes touche de plus en plus la communauté des chercheurs en éducation. Avec la valorisation de la pratique réflexive, l’enseignante se voit plus que par le passé autorisé à exercer une grande liberté d’action dans son travail, ainsi qu’une grande autonomie en ce qui à trait à l’exécution de sa tâche. Cette liberté peut être lourde à porter, surtout lorsqu’on entre dans le métier. Aussi, pour soutenir cette liberté et la diriger, la référence aux valeurs demeure fondamentale. Dans le présent mémoire, nous tentons d’en savoir plus sur les valeurs qui animent ces nouvelles venues, et comment celles-ci les aident à vivre leur intégration et à concevoir leur place dans le métier. La cueillette des données effectuée à partir de leurs réflexions, souvent profondes, sur les valeurs personnelles, les valeurs au travail et le rapport au métier, permet une analyse du discours basée sur le ressenti et l’expérience. C’est en puisant dans les thèses de la modernité et de la postmodernité, toutes deux parlantes quant à l’époque actuelle, que nous tentons de mieux cerner et induire les valeurs propres aux enseignantes ayant participé à notre étude phénoménologique de type exploratoire. Grâce à l’analyse de contenu, nous sommes à même de constater que malgré une ligne de partage présente entre certaines valeurs dites modernes et postmodernes, il n’en demeure pas moins qu’une tendance se dessine : nos nouvelles enseignantes désirent être fidèles d’abord et avant tout à elles-mêmes, même si cela implique l’abandon du métier qu’elles envisagent toutes comme une possibilité, sans exception. Cela en dit long sur leurs priorités et leurs valeurs au travail. Il est clair qu’elles travaillent de manière à se sentir authentiques, toujours avec le souci de savoir s’adapter aux nouvelles situations. Cependant, même si certaines d’entre elles trouvent plus ardu de s’adapter à une demande en matière de flexibilité professionnelle à la hausse, il n’en demeure pas moins que la flexibilité au travail est un élément désormais bien intégré à l’habitus professionnel des enseignantes pratiquant depuis dix ans et moins. Si postmodernes que ça nos nouvelles enseignantes? Oui. / The integration of new teachers in their working environment is more and more the focus of interest in the education research community. With the upcoming of reflexive practice methods, there is a large space for autonomy in nowadays teaching environments, which can be heavy to handle especially at the beginning of professional practice. Facing this freedom implies a reference to certain values in order to handle well educational tasks. This master focuses on those values which are inspiring young teachers and help them deal with the beginning of their profession. Furthermore this work provides an analysis, based on deep reflections of new teachers, which gives an intuitive sense of their values and relations concerning their workplace. The interpretation of our data is done through the perspectives of modernity and postmodernity, which presently seem to have an important impact on young educators professional values. The analysis of the survey underlying this work shows, in spite of the presence of common modern and postmodern values, a significant interesting tendency. The interrogated teachers seem to be foremost true to themselves, even if it leads to the abandonment of their profession, a fact which seems to be a reflection of the balance between their professional priorities and their personal values. It is obvious that these young teaching professionals aspire to work in the most possible authentic way. Even if some of them deal with difficulties in facing work flexibility and adaptation, the analysis confirms that these values are well integrated in their professional habitus.

Cette thèse porte sur le processus de décision, exécution, régulation et évaluation des projets d'école réalisés par des enseignants des écoles en France. Cette recherche, géographiquement située dans le département du Val d'Oise, a été menée sous les principes de la recherche ethnographique. Toutes les informations recueillies ont été analysées selon les préceptes de la méthode de la Théorie enracinée. Cela a permis de décrire la portée des travaux des enseignants lors de l'exécution de cette tâche imposée par le ministère de l'Education nationale depuis 1989. Ainsi l’usage que les enseignants font de ce dispositif révèle de nombreux paradoxes. Alors que pour beaucoup d’enseignants, il n’est rien de plus qu'un exercice bureaucratique, le projet est également une opportunité pour innover sur le plan pédagogique et d’installer de nouvelles formes d'interaction sociale au sein de la communauté éducative. La principale difficulté réside dans le fait que le processus projet d'école met en lumière un certain nombre de questions transversales pours lesquelles les enseignants ne se considèrent guère compétents. Cela motive, dans de nombreux cas, une série d'initiatives, une sorte d’activisme, que par la suite les enseignants ne parvenaient plus à évaluer. Le sentiment d’expérimenter en aveugle et de ne pas alimenter les processus de changement laisse chez les enseignants une forte frustration professionnelle et une grande démotivation à l’heure d’envisager des nouvelles actions. Le projet d’école met en évidence la nécessité des enseignants de disposer des outils professionnels pour, d’une part, interpréter les différents aspects de phénomènes éducatifs auxquels ils sont confrontés et, d'autre part, être en mesure de construire leurs propres dispositifs pédagogiques et évaluatifs. L'autonomie des enseignants est plus que l’autorisation institutionnelle à entreprendre des actions au sein de chaque école, elle revient plutôt à la capacité à comprendre et à rendre intelligibles leurs propres processus de travail pour améliorer la qualité de l'apprentissage et la vie à l'école. Cette thèse prône la nécessité d'associer la formation continue des enseignants et les activités réelles – la réflexion et la prise de décisions - qui concourent dans le lieu de travail des enseignants. / This thesis deals with the process of decision, execution, control and evaluation of educational projects in schools - les projets d'école - conducted by French primary education teachers. This research, geographically located in the department of Val d'Oise, was conducted under the principles of ethnographic research. The data collected was analyzed according to the precepts of the Grounded Theory Method. This allows describing the scope of teachers work when performing this mandatory task imposed by the Ministry of National Education since 1989. The teacher’s use of this obligation reveals many paradoxes. While for many teachers it is nothing more than a bureaucratic exercise, the project is also an opportunity to innovate pedagogically and install new forms of social interaction within the educational community. The main difficulty lies in the fact that the school project process brings to light a number of cross-cutting issues in which teachers do not feel competent. This motivates, in many cases, a series of initiatives, a kind of activism which teachers aren't able to later evaluate. The feeling of experimenting blindly not to feed the change process and leaves a strong professional frustration that declines motivation when teacher are to consider to engage in new activities. The educational project highlights the need for teachers to have professional tools, in order to both interpret the various aspects of the educational phenomena they face, and be able to build their own pedagogical and evaluative settings. The teacher’s autonomy is fare more than the mere institutional authorization to take action, it rather refers to the ability to understand their own work processes to improve the quality of learning and life at school. This thesis advocates the need to associate the continuous training of teachers to the actual activities - reflection and decision-making-that take place in the teacher’s workplace. / Esta tesis aborda el proceso de realización, ejecución, regulación y evaluación de los proyectos educativos de las escuelas – les projets d’école - llevados a cabo por los profesores de la educación primaria en Francia. Esta investigación situada geográficamente en el departamento de Val d'Oise, se realizó bajo los principios de la investigación etnográfica. El conjunto de las informaciones recogidas fueron analizadas según los preceptos de la metodología fundamentada en los hechos. Esto permite describir el panorama de trabajo de los profesores a la hora de realizar esta tarea impuesta por el ministerio de la Educación nacional desde el año 1989. La utilización que los profesores hacen de este dispositivos revela numerosas paradojas. Si bien para muchos no es más que una actividad burocrática, el proyecto es también la oportunidad de innovar a nivel pedagógico y de instalar nuevas formas de interacción social en el seno de la comunidad educativa. La principal dificultad reside en el hecho que el proceso projet d'école saca a luz una serie de problemáticas transversales para las cuales los profesores no se consideran competentes. Esto motiva, en numerosas ocasiones, una serie iniciativas, una especie de activismo, que posteriormente los docentes logran apenas evaluar. El sentimiento de experimentar a ciegas y de no retroalimentar los procesos de cambio dejan en los profesores una fuerte frustración profesional y una consecuente desmotivación para emprender nuevas acciones. El proyecto educativo pone en relieve la necesidad de los profesores de contar con las herramientas profesionales que les permitan por un lado interpretar las distintas dimensiones de los fenómenos educativos a los que se enfrentan y por otro, ser capaces de construir sus propios dispositivos pedagógicos y evaluativos. La autonomía de los docentes es más que la autorización institucional para realizar acciones, ésta se refiere más bien a la capacidad de entender y volver inteligibles sus propios procesos de trabajo para la mejora de la calidad de los aprendizajes y de la vida en la escuela. Esta tesis preconiza la necesidad de asociar la formación continua de los profesores a las actividades reales - a la reflexión y a la toma de decisiones- que se llevan a cabo en el lugar de trabajo de los maestros.

1 Abstract (in English): Development of proffesional competencies The aim of the dissertation thesis is to analyze the needs of development of selected competence and to design a system of measures and methods to support its development in the undergraduate training of future teachers. The theoretical part of this thesis presents current knowledge regarding the issues of professionalisation of teachers and the development of their professional skills. Crucial for this thesis are studies on the standardization of the teaching profession and establishing a framework of professional qualities that the teacher should be equipped with at the beginning and also during his prefessional carrier. Based on empirical studies, the diagnostic competence was identified as the competence in which the trainee teachers feel the greatest handicap in his professional preparedness. Therefore, in this thesis, an extra attention is payed to this competence. The empirical part of this thesis is focused on analysis of needs of diagnostic competence of teachers in primary and secondary schools. The target of the research was made more accurate by formulation of research questions. The empirical part is based on the realization of miscellaneous research where methods of qualitative and quantitative research were combined. The...