This thesis was written on the constitutional changes of contemporary China, with the 1982 Constitution as the object of researches. This constitution is the currently valid constitution in China, and is expected by constitutional scholars to be put in “juridification”. However, for thirty years since its birth, this task is yet to be realized. What is more, the claim of “judicialization of the constitution” as Chinese legal constitutionalists held especially during the 1990s, is now contested by emergent constitutional schools as one of many constitutions in China. They are arguing that China’s constitutional reality should not be colonized by the Western-originated constitutional science –classical constitutionalism. Having perceived the critical merits of China’s new constitutional schools, this thesis is wary of confirming unconditionally the other end of arguments, namely, applying critical theories to condense into “constitutionalism with Chinese characteristics”. The use of “constitutionalism” to describe the Chinese model, however, should be examined against whether it has indeed resolved the material problems in China’s constitutionalization, or is merely an inflationary application of the terminology. If China’s legal constitutionalism is seen as implanting formalism of Hayekian theory in service of global capitalism, in the second-generation constitutional discourse, have we opted out of this mentality and re-constituted ourselves? Constitutionalization in contemporary China hence is a complex issue covering the grounds of institutional, political as well as conceptual controversies, more than a practical issue of applicable mechanisms. The conceptual arguments on “what is constitutional” are especially challenging to classical constitutionalism, when combined with “identity politics” and “constitutional pluralism”. Between the material and conceptual level, I am insisting that the ‘democratic deficit’ caused by China’s 1990s economic reforms and the market mentality still needs a redress, before we could render its hybrid outcomes as “constitutionalism with Chinese characteristics”.

This thesis shows that Gram's Law and the Rosser Rule (methods for locating zeroes of the Riemann zeta-function) fail in a positive proportion of cases. A weaker version of Gram's Law is shown to be true in a positive proportion of cases. Also included are theorems on Turing's Method and its extensions to Dirichlet L-functions and Dedekind zeta-functions.

In his thesis, the author thoroughly deals with the issue of the co called case positivism in the Czech penal courts decision practice, i.e. an issue that so far has not been paid attention to in the professional penal law literature. The case positivism can be defined as an unwelcome phenomenon, when during their decision the courts indiscriminately apply certain interpretation conclusions, to which, in connection to the decisions in specific cases, came the previous judicial practice, while these conclusion are effectively treated as legal norms, and, as such, they therefore have influence on the result of the court decision. In the first chapter, the author deals with the sources of the case positivism, notably with the prime source, which is the legal sentence of a judicial decision, i.e. the sentence that precedes the very text of the published decision, and which is to contain the basis of the legal problem dealt with in the decision. The second chapter is dedicated to individual specific examples from the decision practice of the Czech penal courts, and the explanation of the term decontextualization of the legal sentence. In the next chapter the reason why the case positivism is an unwelcome phenomenon in the practice is dealt with thoroughly. According to the author, inter alia, it is the...

O presente trabalho teve por finalidade dissertar sobre o tema das normas jurídicas tributárias sancionadoras, estudo elaborado sob a perspectiva da teoria geral do direito. Isto porque, apesar da recente proliferação das previsões sancionatórias com gênese no descumprimento direito ou indireto de normas jurídicas tributárias, são escassos os trabalhos científicos aprofundados a tratar do tema. Poucas investigações lhe definem um conceito, discorrem sobre sua estrutura enquanto homogeneidade sintática, estabelecem limites objetivos à sua imputação aos contribuintes ou se voltam a propor repartições do tema em categorias de estudo, entre outras das tarefas a que se dedicaria uma pesquisa generalizante. Desta forma, esta dissertação objetivou organizar e sistematizar os estudos científicos sobre o tema de forma coerente e harmônica, aprofundando-os naquilo que possível. Para tal, após definir seu conceito, delimitando o objeto das pesquisas, cuidou do histórico, das finalidades e dos veículos introdutores destas normas, providências respectivamente necessárias a apontar quais foram as suas origens histórico-normativas e qual foi seu percurso evolutivo, a que finalidades mediata e imediata se prestam e quais são os instrumentos capazes de veicularem suas previsões gerais e abstratas e individuais e concretas no repertório do ordenamento jurídico. Em sequência, tratou-se de classificar as sanções que elas veiculam, identificando as características comuns que possibilitam agrupá-las para fins didáticos de pesquisa, para depois expor em detalhes suas espécies mais recorrentes. O momento seguinte foi dedicado a definir a regra-matriz de incidência destas normas, investigação necessária à compreensão de sua homogeneidade sintática. E, por fim, tratou-se dos limites à instituição e à aplicação destas normas, cuidando da heterogeneidade semântica destas normas ao fornecer subsídios ao legislador e ao aplicador do Direito nos seus respectivos labores de criá-las e de positivá-las, finalizando-se o trabalho pelas derradeiras conclusões. / This paper aims to study and discuss the issue of punitive tax legal standards, a study commissioned by the prospect of General Theory of Law. Despite the recent proliferation of sanctioning forecasts with its genesis in the right tax or indirect breach of legal rules, there are few scientific studies to address the issue in-depth. Only few investigations will define a concept, discuss about its structure as syntactic homogeneity, set goals to its limits or charging taxpayers turn to propose allocations of topic categories in the study, among other tasks to which they devote one generalizing research. In this way, this thesis aimed to organize and systematize the scientific studies on the subject in a coherent and harmonious way, deepening them as much as possible. To this end, after defining the concept and the object of this research, this paper took care of the historic, of the purposes and of the vehicles responsible for introducing the legal standards, measures that were necessary to, respectively, point out which were its historical-normative origins and its evolutionary path, and, also, which were its mediate and immediate purposes and the instruments capable to transmit its abstract and general and also specific and concrete previsions in the repertoire of legal forecasts. In sequence, the penalties transmitted by these standards were classified, making possible for the identification of common characteristics that enable the allocation of these standards in groups for educational research purposes, and then spell out in detail their most frequent species. The next moment was dedicated to define the main rule of incidence of these standards, necessary investigation for the understanding of its syntactic homogeneity investigation. Finally, this paper took care of the limits to the institution and implementation of these standards by providing subsidies to the legislator and to the enforcer of law for their respective labors of creation and positivization of these standards, ending this work with the conclusions.

O presente estudo tem como objeto o modelo jurídico da reincidência, a ser analisado, na esteira da teoria tridimensional do Direito de Miguel Reale, em sua três dimensões - normativa, fática e axiológica. Serão pressupostos desta dissertação, além do tridimensionalismo concreto e dinâmico de Reale, a fenomenologia existencial de Martin Heidegger que tem o Dasein como ser fundamentalmente livre, embora desde logo situado e a criminologia crítica, a qual, embora tenha superado o labelling approach em inúmeros aspectos, manteve o interesse deste em tomar como objeto o próprio funcionamento do sistema punitivo. Na dimensão normativa do modelo será exposto o instituto jurídico da reincidência e será feito o juízo de sua adequação constitucional, mormente com relação aos princípios do ne bis in idem, proporcionalidade e, principalmente, culpabilidade. Este guiará o estudo à dimensão fática do tema, em que serão vistos os principais aspectos da prática penal, sobretudo suas características de seletividade e estigmatização, com ênfase no ponto central de todo o sistema punitivo, a pena privativa de liberdade. A seguir, a dimensão axiológica do modelo da reincidência comportará a análise dos valores que subjazem à dimensão normativa, os positivados contextualizados na teoria dos fins da pena e os latentes, embora difundidos em todo o corpo social o medo e a construção dos inimigos da sociedade. Por fim, serão unidas as três dimensões do modelo, em sua interação dialética e complementar, a fim de que este se mostre em sua plenitude. / This dissertation focuses on the legal model of recidivism, to be analyzed, based on Miguel Reales Three-dimensional Theory of Law, in its normative, factual and axiological dimensions. The hypothesis behind this work is apart from Realess concrete and dynamic three-dimensionality Martin Heideggers existential analytic according to which the Dasein is a fundamentally free being, although situated from the beginning and the New Criminology that, despite surpassing the labelling approach in several aspects, kept its focus on taking the performance of the punitive system as an object of study. In the normative dimension of the model, the recidivisms legal provision and its constitutional compatibility will be discussed, with the latter being analyzed according to the legal principles of ne bis in idem, proportionality and culpability. The principle of culpability will guide the work to the factual dimension of the object, that will underlie the study of the most important aspects of the punitive system, such as its main characteristics of selectivity and stigmatization, with emphasis on the core of the whole punitive system, the imprisonment. Then, the third dimension of the model will base the discussion of the values that support the normative dimension, the legal presented in the theory of punishment and the latent, despite widespread through the social fabric the fear and the construction of societys enemies. In the end, the three dimensions of the model will be united, in their dialectic and complementary interaction, so that the model can fully reveal itself.

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar, frente às visões de igualdade das correntes da Teoria Feminista do Direito, qual delas melhor explica a sub-representação feminina nos Conselhos de Administração das empresas. Também busca-se descobrir, dentre os argumentos que costumam embasar as políticas legais de quotas para mulheres em Conselhos, quais deles estão em consonância com o ideal de igualdade feminista identificado. Para tanto, no primeiro capítulo do trabalho, apresentaremos as principais noções da Teoria Feminista do Direito, visando delinear a base teórica da pesquisa. No segundo, apresentaremos as mais importantes correntes feministas e a forma como estas entendem o princípio da igualdade entre os sexos. No terceiro capítulo, avaliaremos a teoria geral das ações afirmativas. No quarto, confrontaremos os ideais de igualdade feministas com o caso específico da sub-representação das mulheres nos Conselhos, buscando responder as perguntas orientadoras da tese. / In face of the equality views within the currents of Feminist Theory of Law, the objective of this study is to analyze which one best explains the female under-representation on companies Boards of Directors. We also seek to discover, from among the arguments that tend to base the legal policy of quotas for women on Boards, which of them are in line with the identified feminist equality ideal. Therefore, the first chapter of the work will present the main notions of Feminist Theory of Law, aiming to outline the theoretical basis of the research. In the second chapter, we present the most important feminist strands and how they understand the principle of gender equality. In the third chapter, we evaluate the general theory of affirmative action. In the fourth, we confront the feminist equality ideals with the specific case of under-representation of women on Boards, seeking to answer the guiding questions of this thesis.

The thesis endeavours to show the interdependence of political theories, the social sub-structure, and the formal structure of the legal system in competitive society.

Univ., Diss. u.d.T.: Sauer, Klaus: Haftung für sekundärmarktbezogene Informationspflichtverletzungen--Frankfurt am Main, 2004.

Cette thèse cherche à analyser de manière critique le débat sur la fragmentation du droit international tel qu'il est apparu à la fin des années 1990. Débattre de la fragmentation, c'est débattre du sort réservé au droit international en raison de la prolifération des institutions et des modes de pensée spécialisés. De l'extérieur, le droit international public semble dépassé par les structures dynamiques et informelles de gouvernance privée tandis que de l'intérieur, la croissance continue de ses branches spécialisées pose la question de savoir s'il existe encore un tronc commun ou un noyau dur autour duquel la discipline serait unifiée. Du point de vue interne, donc, la multiplication des règles et des institutions spécialisées l'ont perçue comme un danger qui doit -et qui peut- être évité, tant et aussi longtemps que l'on assure la cohérence ou l'unité d'interprétation du droit international général et de ses branches spécialisées, travail qui incombe à la dogmatique juridique ainsi qu'à la pratique juridictionnelle. Du point de vue externe, l'apparition des régimes de régulation fonctionnels témoigne plus simplement de l'impact de la mondialisation sur le droit (international) et de la façon dont celui-ci s'adapte à celle-là au travers de nouveaux processus déformalisés de juridisation. L'objectif de cette thèse est de montrer qu'aucune des positions ne peut l'emporter de manière décisive sur les autres, de comprendre pourquoi et d'analyser les conséquences de cette indétermination. / The aim of this PhD is to critically analyse the debate on the fragmentation of internationallaw as it émerged in the late 1990s. This debate is a debate about the fate of international law in light of the proliferation of specialised institutions and multiple modes of thinking. From the outside, public international law seems sidelined by the informaI structures of private governance while, from the inside, its functional differentiation raises the question of whether there is a centre around which the discipline would still be unified. From an internaI viewpoint, thus, the multiplication of specialised mIes and institutions looks like a dangerous evolution that should -and can- be avoided, as long as international lawyers ensure a consistency in the interpretation ofboth general internationallaw and specialised regimes. From an external viewpoint, the growth of regulatory regimes seems to reflect the impact of globalisation on (international) law and the way law responds to the functional difTerentiation of global society. The objective of this the sis is to show that none of the positions can prevail decisively over the others, to understand why, and to analyse the consequences of such an indetermination.

[pt] A dissertação tem por objetivo analisar a evolução do conceito de norma jurídica na Teoria Pura do Direito, de Hans Kelsen, tendo como marcos principais as seguintes obras: i) Problemas Fundamentais da Teoria do Direito Público, de 1911; ii) Teoria Geral do Estado, de 1925; iii) Teoria Pura do Direito (1ª edição), de 1934; iv) Teoria Geral do Direito e do Estado, de 1945; v) Teoria Pura do Direito (2ª edição), de 1960; e vi) Teoria Geral das Normas, de 1979. Após uma breve introdução, onde se define a norma jurídica como o objeto da ciência proposta por Kelsen, será analisada a contribuição dada por cada uma destas obras para a construção do referido conceito, bem como dos conceitos correlatos. / [en] The present work has as its main purpose to analyze the evolution of the concept of legal norm in Hans Kelsen´s Pure Theory of Law, as given by the follow main works: i) Main Problems of Public Law, from 1911; ii) General Theory of State, from 1925; iii) Pure Theory of Law (1st edition), from 1934; iv) General Theory of Law and State, from 1945; v) Pure Theory of Law (2nd edition), from 1960; and vi) General Theory of Norms, from 1979. After a brief introduction, where legal norm is established as the object of Kelsen´s legal science, will be analyzed the contribution given for each of these works for the construction of this concept, and so for other nearby concepts.