Previous research using future time perspective or possible selves frameworks provided evidence that learners with definite and elaborate goals, and future self-guides are more motivated in school tasks (Reeve, 2009; Yowell, 2000), exert more effort, demonstrate persistence, and show greater performance (De Volder & Lens, 1982; Lens et al., 2002; Simons et al., 2000), and learners with positive possible selves were better able to face failure, demonstrated better performance, had higher levels of self-esteem, showed more persistence on tasks, and depicted greater motivation (Cross & Markus, 1994; Oyserman et al., 2004; Unemori et al., 2004). The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of future orientation constructs, future time perspective and possible selves, on Turkish college level learners' motivation to learn English and their identity construction, and how future projections of themselves as L2 users (the ideal L2 self, the ought-to L2 self, and feared L2 self) impacted their motivation to learn English and their identities. A total of 299 Turkish graduate students studying in the United States participated in the study. Also, this study examined the extent to which adding a measure of the feared L2 self construct contributed to explaining motivation to learn English and identity construction. The data were collected via surveys and interviews, and they were analyzed quantitatively, using qualitative data for triangulation. Findings suggested that the L2 motivational self-system (Dornyei, 2005, 2009) contributed to explaining Turkish learners' motivation to learn English and their oriented identities. Also, adding a feared L2 self variable to measures of the L2 motivational self system could help explain learners' identity construction but not their language learning motivation. In addition, future time perspective connectedness and value were not useful in explaining the L2 motivation, but future connectedness was found to be related to the ideal L2 self and feared L2 self, and valuing the future goals was related to the ought-to L2 self. Qualitative data showed that learners presented combination of several identities, including national and oriented. They imagined themselves as professional and successful English users, and their L2 related worries included losing their native language and being seen as "assimilated" or as "showing off" individuals. / text

Denna studie syftade till att utvärdera effekter av ett webbaserat mindfulness– och medkänslabaserat program (MMSU: mindfulness och medkänsla för stressade unga) på upplevelser av stress och tidsperspektiv. Av 93 unga vuxna mellan 18-25 år identifierades 84 som stressade och fördelades slumpmässigt till MMSU eller väntelista (VL). Totalt slutförde 35 deltagare (15 i interventionsgruppen, 20 i kontrollgruppen) för– och eftermätningen av Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale Revised (CAMS–R), Self–compassion Scale short form (SCS–SF), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS–14), och Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory short version (S–ZTPI). Interventionsgruppen genomförde dagliga 15-minuters övningar i mindfulness och medkänsla som pågick i två veckor. Hypotesen var att MMSU i jämförelse med VL ökar mindfulnessnivåer och självmedkänsla, samt reducerar upplevd stress, självkyla och avvikelser från en balanserad tidsperspektivprofil. Resultatet av grupp (MMSU, VL) X tid (förmätning, eftermätning) visade på interaktioner för självmedkänsla, självkyla, upplevd stress och nutid hedonistisk. Hög effektstorlek (Cohens´d) för ökad självmedkänsla dppc2=1.00 och medelhög effektstorlek för reducerad självkyla dppc2=–0.65, reducerad upplevd stress dppc2=–0.67 och förbättring av nutid hedonistisk dppc2=0.61 påträffades. Programmet i mindfulness och medkänsla ökade deltagarnas självmedkänsla och reducerade deltagarnas upplevda stress signifikant. Mindfulnessnivåer och tidsperspektiv förbättrades inte signifikant. Vi föreslår ytterligare studier som följer upp resultatet för att fortsätta studera programmets effektivitet. / This study aimed to evaluate effects of a web-based mindfulness and compassion program (MMSU: mindfulness and compassion for emerging adults) on perceived stress and time perspectives. Of 93 emerging adults between 18-25 years, 84 were identified as stressed and randomly distributed to MMSU or waiting list (VL). In total, 35 participants (15 in the intevention group, 20 in the control group) completed the follow-up of Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale Revised (CAMS–R), Self–compassion Scale short form (SCS–SF), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS–14), and Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory short version (S–ZTPI). The intervention group conducted daily 15-minutes exercices in mindfulness and compassion that lasted for two weeks. The hypothesis was that MMSU compared to VL would increase mindfulness levels and self-compassion, as well as decreased levels of percevied stress, self-coldness and deviation from a balanced time perspective profile.  The result of the group (MMSU, VL) X time (pre, post) declared on interactions for self-compassion, self-coldness, percevied stress and present hedonistic. Strong effect size (Cohens´d) for increased self-compassion dppc2=1.00, and medium effect size for decreased self-coldness dppc2=–0.65, reduced perceived stress dppc2=–0.67 and medium effect size on improvement of present hedonistic dppc2=0.61 were found. The program in mindfulness and compassion increased participants self-compassion and reduced their levels of perceived stress significantly. Mindfulness levels and time perspective did not significantly improve. We propose additional studies that follow up the results to continue studying the program´s effectivness.

Les déterminants psychologiques de la qualité de vie des patients atteints de métastases cérébrales traités par des techniques de neurochirurgie sont peu connus, et en particulier la contribution du fonctionnement cognitif et émotionnel. Des auteurs encouragent la prise en compte de la temporalité pour mieux saisir le concept de qualité de vie. Zimbardo et ses collaborateurs ont développé une théorie du temps psychologique qui permet de relier la qualité de vie et la dépression, nommée la « perspective temporelle ». La thèse vise à confirmer le rôle prédicteur du fonctionnement cognitif dans la qualité de vie de patients traités chirurgicalement pour tumeur(s) cérébrale(s) métastatique(s) et à mieux comprendre les relations entre la perspective temporelle, la dépression et la qualité de vie. Une première étude a comparé le profil sociocognitif en inter-sujets (patients versus témoins) et en intra-sujets (avant traitement neurochirurgical versus après), et a exploré des déterminants de la qualité de vie (i.e., fonctionnement cognitif, symptomatologie dépressive et perspective temporelle). Les résultats principaux sont que les patients présentent un dysfonctionnement cognitif global qui impacte négativement leur autonomie fonctionnelle et qu’une symptomatologie dépressive, même légère, est un important prédicteur de leur qualité de vie globale. Les patients sont plus orientés vers le « présent fataliste » que des témoins, et les dimensions « passé » de leur perspective temporelle sont liées à leur qualité de vie, notamment à travers leur influence sur l’état émotionnel. Une deuxième étude a examiné les relations entre la dimension « passé négatif » de la perspective temporelle en particulier, la dépression et la qualité de vie chez un groupe de patients. Les résultats suggèrent que la symptomatologie dépressive des patients est un médiateur des effets de la dimension « passé négatif » sur leur qualité de vie. Une troisième recherche a exploré, via une étude de cas, les dynamiques du profil de perspective temporelle, de la symptomatologie dépressive, de « l’incertitude vers le futur » et de la qualité de vie au cours du suivi médical. Le principal résultat de cette étude est que les dynamiques des deux dimensions « présent » évoluent conjointement à celle de l’incertitude vers le futur. La thèse encourage la mise en œuvre d’études interventionnelles destinées à évaluer l’efficacité d’interventions psychologiques centrées sur la perspective temporelle chez des patients atteints de métastases cérébrales. / Little is known about the psychological determinants of quality of life in brain metastases patients treated with neurosurgical techniques, in particular the contribution of cognitive and emotional functioning. Authors encourage the consideration of temporality in order to better understand the concept of quality of life. Zimbardo and his collaborators developed a psychological time theory that links quality of life and depression, called the "time perspective". The thesis aims to confirm the predictive role of cognitive functioning in the quality of life of patients treated surgically for metastatic cerebral tumors and to better understand the relationships between time perspective, depression and quality of life. A first study compared the sociocognitive profile in inter-subjects (patients versus controls) and in intra-subjects (before neurosurgical treatment versus after), and explored determinants of quality of life (ie, cognitive functioning, depressive symptomatology and time perspective). The main results are that patients have a global cognitive dysfunction that negatively impairs their functional autonomy and that a depressive symptomatology, even minimal, is an important predictor of their overall quality of life. Patients are more oriented towards the "present-fatalistic " than the controls, and the "past" dimensions of their time perspective are related to their quality of life, notably through their influence on the emotional state. A second study examined the relationship between the "past-negative" dimension of the time perspective in particular, depression and quality of life in a group of patients. The results suggest that the depressive symptomatology of patients mediate the effects of the "past negative" dimension on their quality of life. A third study explored, through a case study, the dynamics of the time perspective profile, depressive symptomatology, "uncertainty towards the future" and quality of life during medical follow-up. The main result of this study is that the dynamics of the two "present" dimensions evolve jointly with the future uncertainty. The thesis encourages the implementation of interventional studies to evaluate the effectiveness of psychological interventions centered on the time perspective in brain metastases patients.

寬恕是一種跨文化人類共通的美德、是一種正向的心理特質，一種真正的生命智慧。因其有益於人際和諧、幸福感與身心健康，寬恕在近年來成為心理學所關注的議題。本研究旨在探究反芻思考、未來時間觀與寬恕之現況，以及反芻思考與未來時間觀如何影響寬恕的建構，藉以深入瞭解反芻思考、未來時間觀與寬恕之關係。 本研究採用問卷調查法，以「多向度反芻焦點量表」、「未來時間態度量表」與「特質寬恕量表」為研究工具，研究對象為20歲以上成人共1,413位。所得有效問卷資料經描述統計、多變量變異數分析、區別分析、結構方程式模型等統計方法處理，研究發現如下： 1.20歲以上成人之反芻思考、未來時間觀與特質寬恕現況尚佳。 2.不同背景變項之成人在反芻思考整體及其分向度上有部分差異。 （1）女性在「情緒焦點反芻」與「意義焦點反芻」上之得分顯著高於男性。 （2）高齡者的反芻思考整體與各向度之得分明顯較低。 3.不同背景變項之成人在未來時間觀整體及其分向度上有部分差異。 （1）成人早期（20-30歲）與高齡者（60歲以上）在「未來時間觀點」沒有顯著差異，高齡者在「未來目標價值」與「對未來的準備與行動」上則顯著高於20-30歲之成人。 （2）年長、高教育水準、已婚且有宗教信仰者，有較佳的未來時間觀。 4.不同背景變項之成人在特質寬恕整體及其分向度上有部分差異。 （1）男性在「寬恕命運」上之得分顯著高於女性。 （2）男性、年長、高教育水準、已婚且有宗教信仰者，有較高的寬恕傾向。 5.探討不同類型反芻思考與未來時間觀、特質寬恕之關係，研究發現：情緒焦點與評價焦點此兩種類型反芻思考，與未來時間觀、特質寬恕呈負相關；而意義焦點反芻與未來時間觀、特質寬恕呈正相關。 6.未來時間觀在反芻思考與特質寬恕間扮演中介角色，亦即，未來時間觀在情緒焦點反芻思考、評價焦點反芻思考與未來時間觀、特質寬恕之間有部分中介效果，在意義焦點反芻思考與未來時間觀、特質寬恕之間有完全中介效果。 本研究根據上述研究發現，分別對寬恕教育、諮商輔導提出建議，以作為教育工作者及後續研究之參考。 / Forgiveness is a kind of cross-cultural universal virtue of human, positive psychological strength, and authentic wisdom of life. Forgiveness has become an important topic of psychological researches in last decades, due to the benefits of interpersonal harmony, well-being, physical and mental health. The study aimed to investigate the current condition of the adults in Taiwan of their rumination, future time perspective, and dispositional forgiveness, and furthermore addressed the relationships among these variables. The present study adopted the questionnaire investigation, comprising “Multidimensional Focused Rumination Scale”, “Attitude toward Future Time Scale”, and “Dispositional Forgiveness Scale” was conducted. Participants were 1,413 adults aged 20 and over in Taiwan. The effective data based on the questionnaire were then analyzed by using the descriptive statistics, MANOVA, discriminant analysis, structural equation modeling and bootstrapping. The findings were summarized as follows: 1.The present condition of Taiwan aged 20 and over adults’ rumination, future time perspective, and dispositional forgiveness was generally fine. 2.In terms of rumination, gender and age had a significant difference in overall rumination and its dimensions. I.The female participants had higher “emotion-focused rumination” and “meaning-focused rumination” scores than the male participants. II.The elder participants reported less ruminative thinking than other age groups. 3.In terms of future time perspective, age, educational level, marital status and religion had a significant difference in overall future time perspective and its dimensions, while gender had no significant difference. I.There is no difference between younger and elder participants on “the perception of future time”, however, the elder participants reported higher “the valence of future goal” and “preparation and action for the future” than younger participants. II.The elder, high educated, married and religious believer, had better future time perspective. 4.In terms of dispositional forgiveness, gender, age, educational level, marital status and religion had a significant difference in overall dispositional forgiveness and its dimensions. I.The male participants had higher “forgiveness of fate” scores than the female participants. II.The male, elder, high educated, married and religious believer had a strong tendency to forgive. 5.In terms of different kind of rumination relate to future time perspective and dispositional forgiveness: Emotion-focused rumination and evaluation-focused rumination were negatively related to future time perspective and dispositional forgiveness, while meaning-focused rumination was positively related to future time perspective and dispositional forgiveness. 6.Future time perspective mediated the relationship between the rumination and the forgiveness. Furthermore, future time perspective partly mediated the relationship between the emotion-focused rumination and the dispositional forgiveness, partly mediated the relationship between the evaluation-focused rumination and the dispositional forgiveness, and completely mediated the relationship between the meaning-focused rumination and the dispositional forgiveness. According to the above findings, this study proposes suggestions for forgiveness education, counseling and guidance, and future studies.

Le présent travail développe une approche sociocognitive de la Perspective Temporelle Future (PTF), tel que ce construit est mesuré par l’échelle ZTPI (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999). L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser la normativité de ce construit et d’explorer les dimensions liées à l’expérience du temps psychologique futur. Une démarche de triangulation a été menée dans une double perspective : produire une analyse multi-niveaux de la normativité associée à la PTF et développer une réflexion théorico-méthodologique concernant la mesure de ce construit. Une première série d’études expérimentales mobilisant l’approche sociocognitive des normes sociales (Dubois, 2003) démontre une valorisation importante de la PTF dans des contextes évaluatifs. Une seconde série d’études utilisant une méthodologie mixte (paradigmes des juges et construits socio-représentationnels) analyse les dynamiques normatives de la PTF dans des situations socialement marquées (i.e. contexte de santé). Enfin, une recherche socio-représentationnelle par entretien étudie l’expérience du temps psychologique futur en tant que forme d’expérience sociale (Jodelet, 2006). En envisageant la PTF sous différentes perspectives sociocognitives, ces travaux apportent une contribution au domaine de recherche du rapport au temps (mesure de la PTF et fonctionnements idéologiques). D’autre part, ce travail pose les bases d’une approche sociocognitive de la PTF en tant que norme sociale. / The present work develops a sociocognitive approach of Future Time Perspective (FTP), as this construct is measured by the ZTPI scale (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999). The aim of this thesis is the analysis of this construct’s normativity and the exploration of the dimensions related to future psychological time experience. A triangulation approach has been conducted in a double perspective: its aim is to produce a multi-level analysis of normativity associated to FTP as well as to develop a theoretical and methodological thought on this construct’s measurement. A first series of experimental studies using the sociocognitive approach to social norms (Dubois, 2003) reveals an important value of FTP in evaluative contexts. A second series of studies using mixt methodology (judge paradigms and socio-representational constructs) analyses FTP’s normative dynamics in socially relevant situations (i.e. health context). Finally, a socio-representational research with interviews focuses on future psychological time experience as a form of social experience (Jodelet, 2006). Considering FTP under several sociocognitive perspectives, this thesis contributes towards the research field on relation to time (FTP measurement and ideological logics). This work lays also the foundation of a sociocognitive approach of FTP as a social norm.

L’hypothèse traitée dans les travaux internationaux récents est celle d’un effet médiateur de la perspective temporelle entre insertions sociales et comportements de santé, en faisant ainsi un objet d’étude central dans l’analyse et la prévention des inégalités sociales de santé. L’arrêt du tabagisme, pris comme modèle d’addiction, constitue une situation exemplaire pour analyser les freins à la mise en œuvre de comportements de santé chez les publics en situation de précarité. Le sevrage, comme d’autres comportements de réduction et/ou d’arrêt de consommation de substances addictives ne peut s’opérer sans une gestion du temps et de la temporalité du sevrage, mais cette gestion est profondément impactée par la nature de la relation que l’individu entretient avec le temps. Ce croisement des temps est considéré dans cette recherche comme déterminant dans les possibilités d’édification et de maintien des changements cognitifs et comportementaux engagés par le sevrage. L’objectif de cette recherche est donc d’introduire les avancées récentes de la recherche en psychologie sociale sur le temps dans l’étude de la démarche de sevrage tabagique et plus particulièrement celle de publics en situation de précarité. Elle tente plus généralement de comprendre et de modéliser comment, et dans quelle mesure, la précarité et le rapport au temps peuvent influencer les résultats du sevrage tabagique. L’objectif final est de développer l’intégration des dimensions temporelles dans l’étude des mécanismes du sevrage tabagique, mais aussi plus largement d’accroître les connaissances des déterminants psychosociaux de la réussite du sevrage et ainsi d’optimiser la prise en charge des populations en situation de précarité. / Recent international works deal with the hypothesis of a mediation effect of time perspective in the link between social insertions and health behaviours, making it a key factor in the analysis and prevention of social inequalities in health.Smoking cessation, as a model of addiction, constitutes an exemplary situation to analyze the impediments in health behaviours implementation in socially deprived populations. Stopping tobacco, as well as other behaviours of reduction and/or cessation of addictive substances cannot operate without time management and the temporality of cessation, but this management is deeply impacted by one’s relationship with time. This crossing of times is considered in this research as a determinant in the possibilities to edify or maintain behavioural and cognitive changes needed by the cessation.The aim of this research is to introduce recent advances of time in social psychology in the field of smoking cessation and more precisely in socially deprived populations. It more generally attempts to understand and modelize how, and to what extent, precariousness and time perspective may influence the results of smoking cessation. The final goal is to develop the integration of temporal dimensions in the study of smoking cessation mechanisms, and to increase the knowledge about psychosocial determinants of success in order to optimize the care of socially deprived populations.

This dissertation addresses the relationship pupils and students to the future, the relationship between time perspective and achievement motivation. The close relationship between the given issue and volitional qualities of a person is also discussed. The theoretical part concentrates on the scientific views of a person's life time dimension, the relationship between the time perspective and the achievement motivation and the relation of these concepts to the issues of volition. The main emphasis is on cognitive and personality concepts of motivation of the time perspective (Gjesme, Nuttin, Lens, Zimbardo, from Czech publications on the concepts of perspective orientation by Pavelková) and on the traditional works about achievement motivation of Atkinson, Raynor and Heckhausen. In our analysis of the aforementioned theoretical concepts we concentrated primarily on finding overlaps, close relations and continuities within the described systems. The practical part represents a structured research of the time perspective, the achievement motivation and will of primary school pupils and secondary school students. One of the fundamental aims is to obtain a basic description of the relationship of pupils and students to the future across the individual areas of study, to empirically verify the relation...

The purpose of my investigation is to see if and, if so, how teachers for the younger ages work with local history as a resource in history teaching. And if the teachers believe that the use of local history gives a greater historical awareness and makes it easier to remember the knowledge when the teaching becomes closer to the students compared to the more nationally adapted textbook.The focus is on the concepts of historical awareness, time perspective and place identity.The method I used is semi-structured interviews with teachers. I even took part in their planning, how they carried out the teaching and assessed it, based on the teachers' own stories. I have also analyzed the curriculum for the history subject and the textbook used as a basis.The results of the work are linked to previous research results and strengthen the previous theories that concrete teaching where the students are more involved and can relate to their local environment strengthens their awareness of history and gives a greater interest in their own history and in their home village.The survey is important when teachers plan their teaching in the subject of history and can give inspiration to how the teaching can be carried out to increase students' knowledge and commitment to the subject in both a national and a local context.

Syftet med denna artikel var att undersöka sambandet mellan efterlevnad av covid-19 restriktioner och tidsperspektiv hos universitetsstudenter. För att undersöka sambandet användes Swedish Zimbardo time perspective inventory (S-ZTPI), utvecklad av Carelli et al(2011) och ett frågeformulär som vi utformat för att gradera efterlevnad av covid-19 restriktioner och rekommendationer (α >.9). Frågeformuläret bestod av 28 frågor där deltagare svarade på en femstegs likertskala. Varje fråga hörde till en av sex kategorier: fysisk distansering, social distansering, vårdbelastning, munskydd, handhygien och personligt ansvar. 92 (54 kvinnor, 38 män) universitetsstudenter från svenska universitet i åldrarna 18-30 besvarade enkätfrågorna. Pearssons korrelationstest visade signifikanta positiva samband mellan framtid positiv (FP), framtid negativ (FN), kvinnligt kön och grad avefterlevnad restriktionerna. Vid en stepwise regressionsanalys kvarstod det signifikanta sambandet mellan FP och totalpoäng för restriktionerna. Framtid positiv verkar vara den starkaste prediktorn för att svenska universitetsstudenter ska följa covid-19 restriktioner och rekommendationer. Därav bör en kommunicera restriktionerna på ett sådant sätt som visar på en positiv framtid vid efterlevnad av restriktioner och rekommendationer. / The aim of this study was to investigate the association between compliance with covid-19 restrictions and the time perspective of university students. Time perspective was established using the Swedish Zimbardo time perspective inventory (S-ZTPI), developed by Carelli et al(2011). In order to gauge participants compliance to restrictions, a set of 28 questions were developed in which participants answer on a five point Likert-scale (α >.9). Every question belonged to one of six categories: physical distancing, social distancing, healthcare load, face masks, hand hygiene and personal responsibility. This survey was answered by a total of 92 (54 women, 38 men) Swedish university students. A Pearson's test showed significant positive correlation between the time perspective future positive (FP) and likeliness to follow covid-19 restrictions. There were two other factors that were also significant in likeliness to follow covid-19 restrictions to a lesser degree. The first of these two factors were the time perspective future negative (FN). The second factor being gender, women were shown to follow covid-19 restrictions significantly better than men. After a stepwise regressionanalysis, future positive remained as a strong predictor of likeliness to follow covid-19 restrictions. Future oriented time perspectives are a strong predictor for likeliness to follow covid-19 restrictions. Future communication of restrictions should focus on a positive future if people comply with the restrictions and recommendations.

In this study the ownership, governance and funding of schools in South Africa are examined in time perspective in order to show the development of the above-mentioned aspects in South Africa through the ages, and to provide recommendations for the future. In the historical survey the ownership, governance and funding of schools in South Africa from 1652 to 2004 are indicated. This has been done for the Whites, Coloureds, Indians and Blacks. The historical pattern of the provision of education in South Africa has often changed during the period under discussion. The education of Whites, Coloureds, Indians and Blacks was provided, and funded separately (1652 to 1993). Imbalances and inequities were common phenomena. Attempts to address the above issues (1994 to 2004) are also indicated. Finally, some recommendations for redressing the present imbalances and inequities with regard to the above three aspects are provided. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (History of Education)