Le tourisme et le patrimoine sont créés ou renouvelés par le biais de systèmes complexes qui se nourrissent d'enjeux politiques, économiques et idéologiques. Les recherches menées sur l'instrumentalisation de la relation entre tourisme et patrimoine dans des pays non-occidentaux constituent un champ de recherche intéressant et encore insuffisamment exploré. Ainsi, cette thèse a pour objectif d'identifier le mécanisme d'activation et d'exécution des logiques de mutations touristiques en étudiant le rôle et la relation «tourisme / patrimoine» à travers une analyse spatio-temporelle. Nous l'avons interprété avec les trois paradigmes: colonial, postcolonial, et de 1'« au-delà » postcolonial. Forte d'une histoire dynamique au XXIème siècle avec une colonisation, une décolonisation, un développement économique spectaculaire et une entrée en force dans la mondialisation, la Corée du Sud représente un cas d'étude approprié. Plus particulièrement, les sites de Bulguksa et de Seokguram, premiers sites coréens inscrits sur la Liste de patrimoine mondial, localisés à Gyeongju, la ville la plus représentative en termes de « pro-coréanité » et la destination touristique la plus connue, ont été maintes fois au cœur de projets territoriaux. Cette thèse expose d'une part l'évolution du tourisme et du patrimoine dans leurs interrelations et, d'autre part, leurs interprétations depuis le début de XXe siècle en tenant compte des acteurs majeurs et des projets territoriaux. / Tourism and heritage are created or renewed by complex systems which are fed with political, economical, and ideological issues. But, the researches on the instrumentalization of « tourism / heritage» in a non-occidental country seemed interesting and still insufficiently explored. Thus, this thesis aims to identify the mechanism of activation and execution of tourism transformations observing the role and the relationship of « tourism / heritage» through a spatial-temporal analysis. We interpreted this mechanism of each transformation with the three paradigms: colonial, postcolonial, and the "beyond" postcolonial. South Korea having the dynamic twentieth century's history through colonization, independence, war, economic development and globalization seemed one of the most appropriate sites for our case study. Especially, Bulguksa and Seokguram sites of Gyeongju city, the most representative of «Pro-Koreanity», the most famous tourism destination and the first Korean sites inscribed on the World Heritage List, which placed several times in the center of territorial projects, have been selected as our field. Through our analysis, this thesis demonstrates not only the evolution of the evolution of « tourism / heritage» in their inter-relationship but also their interpretation from the beginning of the twentieth century in the relationship with major stakeholders and territorial projects.

Le projet de thèse consiste à analyser comment le tourisme a investi la ville de Beijing. Parti d'une base théorique, ce mémoire a éclairé en partie le cas de la ville de Beijing concernant le fonctionnement de la centralité touristique de la ville, les acteurs du tourisme et leurs relations avec les territoires. L'investissement des touristes dans la ville se présente avec L'émergence de la CTD. L'évolution des pratiques des touristes fait accroitre ce CTD en discontinuité. Les enquêtes et les entretiens sur les pratiques touristiques des touristes à Beijing nous apportent une clarification sur des origines et des influences de ces pratiques des touristes. Il nous mène à penser que l'augmentation de touristes sur certains espaces extra centrés permet une redynamisation des lieux en y amenant des acteurs du tourisme. Ceci est un effet positif pour l'économie car cela stimule le système d'économie local en y implantant des infrastructures du tourisme (Le Hu Tong par exemple). D'après les enquêtes, nous avons aperçu une discordance entre les espaces fréquentés par des touristes et les lieux d'hébergement. Ce fait est dû à la priorité de la logique d'hébergements en CBD des entrepreneurs. Les inventaires des acteurs professionnels nous amène à clarifier la situation actuelle des acteurs professionnels ainsi que leurs stratégies de développement en rapport avec le tourisme. Ce travail de thèse nous a permit de d'apporter une clarification sur le développement du tourisme à Beijing et la recherche peut toujours continuer, en effet la politique et les stratégies des acteurs publics comme des acteurs privés se font avec le temps. Certaines mesures ont commencé et d'autres non. En analysant des documents mis à jours nous pouvons effectuer un suivi de ces politiques et de ces stratégies, nous permettant ainsi d'étudier leur évolution.

Depuis les années 1990, le phénomène de mondialisation a transformé les espaces urbains. Les villes se repositionnent en relais et pivots compétitifs de réseaux mondialisés. De plus, le phénomène de métropolisation coïncide avec une nouvelle économie urbaine pour susciter une patrimonialisation urbaine qui transforme les villes en destinations touristiques. Cependant, la relation entre mondialisation, métropolisation et touristification est rarement articulée en une réflexion singulière. En outre, les recherches ont privilégié des villes européennes et américaines, inscrivant une perspective occidentale à des dynamiques mondiales. Les études de villes non-occidentales, notamment du sud-est asiatique restent relativement marginales. La proposition de cette étude est de s'intéresser aux dynamiques du tourisme et de la métropolisation à Kuala Lumpur. La capitale malaisienne, à la fois modèle urbain et multiculturel, a l'ambition de devenir une ville d'influence " globale " malgré des contradictions que les composantes du tourisme mettent en relief. Les pratiques de la ville et ses représentations renvoient à des critères qualitatifs, d'urbanité et de mise en scène urbaine, auquel le tourisme participe. L'analyse de la métropole cosmopolite, avec des lieux-mondes, connectés à d'autres métropoles, navigue entre échelles locales et globales. Cette recherche s'organise en trois parties. Les fondements théoriques sont revus dans une première partie, avant de s'intéresser plus spécifiquement aux spécificités de Kuala Lumpur dans la deuxième partie. La dernière partie s'interroge sur les dynamiques du projet urbain face à la touristification dans une perspective multiscalaire.

Depuis les années 1990, le phénomène de mondialisation a transformé les espaces urbains. Les villes se repositionnent en relais et pivots compétitifs de réseaux mondialisés. De plus, le phénomène de métropolisation coïncide avec une nouvelle économie urbaine pour susciter une patrimonialisation urbaine qui transforme les villes en destinations touristiques. Cependant, la relation entre mondialisation, métropolisation et touristification est rarement articulée en une réflexion singulière. En outre, les recherches ont privilégié des villes européennes et américaines, inscrivant une perspective occidentale à des dynamiques mondiales. Les études de villes non-occidentales, notamment du sud-est asiatique restent relativement marginales. La proposition de cette étude est de s’intéresser aux dynamiques du tourisme et de la métropolisation à Kuala Lumpur. La capitale malaisienne, à la fois modèle urbain et multiculturel, a l’ambition de devenir une ville d’influence « globale » malgré des contradictions que les composantes du tourisme mettent en relief. Les pratiques de la ville et ses représentations renvoient à des critères qualitatifs, d’urbanité et de mise en scène urbaine, auquel le tourisme participe. L’analyse de la métropole cosmopolite, avec des lieux-mondes, connectés à d’autres métropoles, navigue entre échelles locales et globales. Cette recherche s’organise en trois parties. Les fondements théoriques sont revus dans une première partie, avant de s’intéresser plus spécifiquement aux spécificités de Kuala Lumpur dans la deuxième partie. La dernière partie s’interroge sur les dynamiques du projet urbain face à la touristification dans une perspective multiscalaire. / Since the 1990’s, the globalization phenomenon has transformed urban spaces. Cities are repositioned as competitive pivotal nodes in globalized networks. Moreover, the metropolization phenomenon coincides with a new urban economy that activates a growing commodification of cities thus becoming tourism destinations. However, the relationship between globalization, metropolization and touristification is seldom articulated in a singular reflection. Besides, academic research has focused on European and American cities, giving it a much Western perspective to global dynamics. Studies on non-Western cities, especially in Southeast Asia remain relatively marginal. The proposal of this study is to look at the dynamics of tourism and the metropolisation in Kuala Lumpur. The Malaysian capital, appears to be both an urban and a multicultural model, aims at becoming a "global" city despite its contradictions mirrored through the tourism components. The practices of the city and its representations refer to urbanity, branding and qualitative criteria, in which tourism plays a key role. The analysis of the cosmopolitan metropolis, with global enclaves, connected to other cities, navigates between local and global scales. This research is organized into three parts. The theoretical underpinnings are reviewed in the first part, then, in the second part the focus moves on to the context of Kuala Lumpur. The last part addresses the urban project dynamics in the light of the touristification through a multiscalar perspective.

Este trabalho iniciou-se a partir das inquietações que surgiram por ocasião da primeira visita ao município de Itacaré, no litoral sul da Bahia, onde trabalhamos com alfabetização de jovens e adultos, em função das muitas vozes que se fizeram ouvir. Itacaré, rica em belezas naturais, com praias, rios e cachoeiras lindíssimas, vem sofrendo, segundo a população nativa da região, muitas transformações em nome do progresso e da globalização, via processo de turistificação. Precisamente, nos últimos cinco anos as mudanças são tantas, com a chegada dos turistas das mais variadas regiões, que moradores já se percebem desterritorializados, bem como já se torna visível por intermédio das vozes ouvidas, que o processo de desconstrução de identidades é uma realidade inconteste. Desta forma, tentando entender o processo de desterritorialização que se generaliza, como também o de desconstrução de identidades, nos propusemos a entender as especificidades deste município permeadas pelos desdobramentos do turismo e suas consequências, desvelando as memórias coletivas e as representações sociais, através das histórias da população local que apontam, de certa forma, a usurpação daquilo que, segundo eles, são os seus maiores bens: a dignidade e o respeito aos filhos da terra, pois que boa parcela da população local está perdendo o seu espaço na medida em que as preocupações do poder público local se solidificam nos privilégios aos estrangeiros. Buscou-se o Serviço Social como o lugar da discussão na medida em que neste vislumbramos de forma mais adensada a preocupação com políticas sociais que deem conta de grande parcela da população excluída ou incluída perversamente. / This work was initiated from the concerns that arose during the first visit to the town of Itacare on the coast south of Bahia, where literacy work with young people and adults, according to many voices were heard. Itacare, rich in natural beauty, beaches, beautiful rivers and waterfalls, is suffering, according to the native population of the region, many changes in the name of progress and globalization, via the process of touristification. Just in the last five years the changes are many, with the arrival of tourists from different regions, residents who already perceive themselves deterritorialized and has become visible through their voices heard, that the deconstruction of identities is a reality unchallenged. Thus, trying to understand the process of "deterritorialization " is becoming mainstream, as well as the "deconstruction" of identities, we set out to understand the specifics of this town permeated by the developments of tourism and its consequences, revealing the collective memories and social representations , through stories that link the local population somewhat, usurpation of what they say are their greatest assets: the dignity and respect to the "sons of the earth ", since a good portion of local people are losing their space to the extent that the concerns of local government solidify the privileges to foreigners. Searched the Social Service as a place of discussion in that we see this more dense the concern with social policies that take account of large number of people excluded or included wickedly.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:38:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlexRA_TESE.pdf: 1948113 bytes, checksum: 43305822cf1f66d3344f2742649a9b7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / We seek consistency empirical and analytical rigor to the concept of touristification in the course of the contemporary arrangements of subjectivity and urbanity stations through a landscape of social (dis)encounters between residents and foreigners living in the capital of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal. In the last three decades the city has become a major destination country for national and international tourism, making tourism an important monitor of choreography in search of synchrony between cities and subjectivities, orchestrated by the cyclical crises and the relentless battle for systemic capitalistic expansion and survival. We proceed with an ethnographic and cartographic inspiration in Ponta Negra, where the waterfront redevelopment in 2000 conducted by the government, influenced the implementation of various establishments, services and practices related to the construction of Natal s major industry hub of tourism and entertainment. We proposed an arch-genealogy of touristification inspared on Michel Foucault analytical perspective, increased by authors in confluence or in different theoretical and methodological approaches, among which stand out Karl Marx, Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri. The reflections that initially turned to the advancement of the sphere of consumerism as the issue capable of articulating the developmental trajectory of the capitalist system and the practice of tourism, promoting some effects (un)desirable in the conflictual dynamics of the condition of the district of Ponta Negra, territory each again (re) produces the designs to meet the consumption by affluent portion of the population and foreign, encountering social exclusion and inclusion differentiated a growing trend. We go forward with an analysis of the "liberation of desire" phenomenal features of the process of producing subjective, providing a breakdown of the recent world s financial crisis initially, but proved social and political crisis also, through a plot derived from the operation of real estate speculation, which Natal is mainly caught through touristification, showing the outlines of a generalized crisis in establishing a new order buoyed by the emergence of a context "biopolitical" since it is a major route that uses the capital to survive and expand, while guiding the process of "strategic beautification" held in Ponta Negra, problematized by us. We conclude by assessing the appropriateness of proposing on further analysis to explore the establishment of a "new social ontology in terms of interference touristification ongoing and the constitution of a "new order" local/global, away from that characterize a system's capitalist overcoming, try to give emphasis in the current stage of the radicalization of a capitalistic utopia / Buscamos consist?ncia emp?rica e rigor anal?tico para o conceito de turistifica??o, atrav?s dos arranjos urbanos e subjetivos contempor?neos postos por uma paisagem social de (des)encontros entre os moradores e os estrangeiros que convivem na capital do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal. Nas ?ltimas tr?s d?cadas a cidade transformou-se em um dos principais destinos do pa?s para o turismo nacional e internacional, fazendo do turismo um importante analisador da coreografia em busca de sincronia entre cidades e subjetividades, orquestrada pelas crises c?clicas e sist?micas da incessante batalha por sobreviv?ncia e expans?o capital?stica. Procedemos com uma pesquisa etnogr?fica e de inspira??o cartogr?fica no bairro de Ponta Negra, cuja reurbaniza??o da orla no ano de 2000 conduzida pelo poder p?blico, influenciou a implanta??o de diversos estabelecimentos, servi?os e pr?ticas vinculadas ? constru??o do maior p?lo da ind?stria do turismo e do entretenimento em Natal. Propusemos uma arque-genealogia da turistifica??o inspirada na anal?tica de Michel Foucault, acrescida por autores em conflu?ncia ou de distintas orienta??es te?ricometodol?gicas, entre os quais ganham destaque Karl Marx, Gilles Deleuze e F?lix Guattari, Michael Hardt e Antonio Negri, nas reflex?es que se voltaram inicialmente para o avan?o da esfera do consumismo enquanto inst?ncia capaz de articular a trajet?ria de desenvolvimento do sistema capitalista e a pr?tica do turismo, promovendo alguns efeitos (in)desej?veis na din?mica conflitiva das condi??es de exist?ncia do bairro de Ponta Negra, territ?rio que cada vez mais se (re)produz para atender aos des?gnios do consumo por parcela abastada da popula??o e estrangeira, encontrando na exclus?o social e na inclus?o diferenciada uma tend?ncia crescente. Avan?amos com uma an?lise dos desejos de libera??o , aspectos fenom?nicos do processo de produ??o de subjetividades, fornecendo um detalhamento da recente crise mundial inicialmente financeira, mas que se revelou social e pol?tica, atrav?s de um enredo derivado do funcionamento da especula??o imobili?ria, ao qual Natal se encontra implicado principalmente atrav?s da turistifica??o, evidenciando os contornos de uma crise generalizada no estabelecimento de uma nova ordena??o balizada pela emerg?ncia de um contexto biopol?tico , visto ser uma das principais vias que o capital recorre para sobreviver e se expandir, ao mesmo tempo orientador do processo de embelezamento estrat?gico ocorrido em Ponta Negra, por n?s problematizados. Finalizamos avaliando a pertin?ncia de se propor em an?lises posteriores a constitui??o de uma nova ontologia social face ?s interfer?ncias da turistifica??o em curso e a composi??o de uma nova ordem (g)local, que longe de caracterizar uma supera??o do sistema capitalista, trate de por em evid?ncia a atual etapa de radicaliza??o de uma utopia capital?stica

This study examines how the population of littoral villages of the municipalities of Passo de Camaragibe, São Miguel dos Milagres and Porto de Pedras (Rota Ecológica) perceive the arrival of small-scale accommodations (pousadas) in their places. Tourist activities are an economic segment that brings new life to the places where they develop and they re-organize the local space in order to meet their interests, causing simultaneously both positive and negative changes, which vary according to the touristification style that is adopted. There has been an increase in the critique regarding mass tourism negative impacts around the world. In turn, alternative forms of tourism development have emerged as a type of counterpoint to mass tourism. A number of pousadas that are similar to the accommodations related to the so-called “routes of charm” have been built in the Rota Ecológica. The pousadas offer particular types of services that are also somehow associated with the notion of sustainable development, in which the values of the environment, of local societies and the culture are emphasized. In order to examine the interaction between the pousadas of the Rota Ecológica and the local population, this study explored the geographical perception of key residents regarding the construction of such accommodations in the interviewers’ places. The study used a qualitative approach based on direct observation, photographic survey, and semi-structured interviews that were run with 12 local residents of villages in the three above-mentioned municipalities. Data were analyzed in a qualitative way based on themes related to the social, economic, cultural and environmental aspects of the villages involved in the study. Results show that the interviewers have an over-all positive perception about tourism development in the Rota Ecológica based on the pousadas despite the fact that they also identify a few key problems related to the construction and operation of the pousadas in point in their places. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este estudo examina como a população dos povoados litorâneos dos municípios de Passo de Camaragibe, São Miguel dos Milagres e Porto de Pedras percebem a inserção das pousadas da Rota Ecológica no lugar onde eles moram. A atividade turística se materializa nos destinos como um segmento econômico dinamizador dos lugares em que se instala e reorganizador do espaço para atender interesses de determinados investidores, podendo apresentar, ao mesmo tempo, mudanças positivas e negativas, variando de acordo com as diferentes formas pelas quais cada lugar é turistificado. Frente às mudanças negativas causadas pelo turismo, nos mais variados lugares em todo o mundo, vêm aumentando os questionamentos sobre os impactos do turismo de massa. Com isso, formas alternativas de desenvolvimento turístico vêm sendo desenvolvidas, o que representa um contraponto ao turismo de massa. Na Rota Ecológica, pousadas que apresentam características semelhantes aos meios de hospedagem dos chamados “roteiros charme” se instalaram localmente, oferecendo tipos de serviços diferenciados, associados de alguma forma com a noção de desenvolvimento sustentável, valorizando o meio ambiente, a sociedade e a cultura local. Para verificar como ocorre a interação entre a atividade das pousadas da Rota Ecológica e os moradores dos povoados locais, este estudo teve como base a percepção geográfica dos residentes a respeito da chegada desses empreendimentos hoteleiros nos seus lugares. O estudo adotou uma abordagem qualitativa, com o emprego de observação direta, registro fotográfico e entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas com 12 pessoas da população local dos três municípios. Os dados da pesquisa são analisados de forma qualitativa, considerando-se temas chave, relacionados a aspectos sociais, econômicos, culturais e ambientas. Os resultados apontam para uma relativa aceitação da atividade turística como sendo benéfica na percepção dos moradores dos povoados da Rota Ecológica, apesar de também tecerem críticas em relação a alguns aspectos da inserção dessas pousadas e do turismo em seus lugares.

Este trabalho iniciou-se a partir das inquietações que surgiram por ocasião da primeira visita ao município de Itacaré, no litoral sul da Bahia, onde trabalhamos com alfabetização de jovens e adultos, em função das muitas vozes que se fizeram ouvir. Itacaré, rica em belezas naturais, com praias, rios e cachoeiras lindíssimas, vem sofrendo, segundo a população nativa da região, muitas transformações em nome do progresso e da globalização, via processo de turistificação. Precisamente, nos últimos cinco anos as mudanças são tantas, com a chegada dos turistas das mais variadas regiões, que moradores já se percebem desterritorializados, bem como já se torna visível por intermédio das vozes ouvidas, que o processo de desconstrução de identidades é uma realidade inconteste. Desta forma, tentando entender o processo de desterritorialização que se generaliza, como também o de desconstrução de identidades, nos propusemos a entender as especificidades deste município permeadas pelos desdobramentos do turismo e suas consequências, desvelando as memórias coletivas e as representações sociais, através das histórias da população local que apontam, de certa forma, a usurpação daquilo que, segundo eles, são os seus maiores bens: a dignidade e o respeito aos filhos da terra, pois que boa parcela da população local está perdendo o seu espaço na medida em que as preocupações do poder público local se solidificam nos privilégios aos estrangeiros. Buscou-se o Serviço Social como o lugar da discussão na medida em que neste vislumbramos de forma mais adensada a preocupação com políticas sociais que deem conta de grande parcela da população excluída ou incluída perversamente. / This work was initiated from the concerns that arose during the first visit to the town of Itacare on the coast south of Bahia, where literacy work with young people and adults, according to many voices were heard. Itacare, rich in natural beauty, beaches, beautiful rivers and waterfalls, is suffering, according to the native population of the region, many changes in the name of progress and globalization, via the process of touristification. Just in the last five years the changes are many, with the arrival of tourists from different regions, residents who already perceive themselves deterritorialized and has become visible through their voices heard, that the deconstruction of identities is a reality unchallenged. Thus, trying to understand the process of "deterritorialization " is becoming mainstream, as well as the "deconstruction" of identities, we set out to understand the specifics of this town permeated by the developments of tourism and its consequences, revealing the collective memories and social representations , through stories that link the local population somewhat, usurpation of what they say are their greatest assets: the dignity and respect to the "sons of the earth ", since a good portion of local people are losing their space to the extent that the concerns of local government solidify the privileges to foreigners. Searched the Social Service as a place of discussion in that we see this more dense the concern with social policies that take account of large number of people excluded or included wickedly.

Santa Cruz Verde 2030 is an inner-city megaproject that will transform the local oil refinery into an urban neighborhood in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain. The project is expected to reconfigure Santa Cruz’s tourism model significantly, while applying rather undemocratic planning practices. This paper explores Santa Cruz Verde 2030, focusing on the perception of local stakeholders. My research builds on 18 qualitative interviews with planning authorities, the city’s mayor, political parties, experts from the real estate sector and residents. I identify a large perception gap among the interviewees. While the project’s initiators praise the participatory process, other stakeholders feel neither informed nor integrated. In particular, the “behind closed doors” planning approach has provoked resentment among citizens. In contrast, the possible impact on tourism of the project has given rise to less discussion. This contributes to the “stealthy” touristification strategy that has already transformed large areas of Santa Cruz’s waterfront in past decades. Hence, this paper adds to the ongoing discussion on how to design megaprojects in a more sustainable way, for example, by ensuring political consensus and learning from former megaprojects.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to evaluate the impacts of tourism on the historical centre of Kutna Hora. Several methods have been used to reach this aim. The statistical data has been analysed in order to develop an idea about the city and calculate measurable indicators of tourism influence. The main part of the thesis consists of the identification of tourist function in the historical centre, by mapping the current functions of houses and analysis of the accompanying effects of the touristification. Observation of the daily rhythm of the centre enriches the research with the composition of its users and the time dimension. The quality of site management and the impacts of tourism connected with the World Heritage List inscription are examined by evaluating targets of the management plan and exploration of UNESCO monitoring reports. Interviews with local residents of Kutna Hora investigate their own attitudes towards tourism in their town and verify the acquired findings. Keywords: Kutna Hora, impacts of tourism, touristification, tourist function, daily rhythm, historical centre, UNESCO