Este texto analisa as formas pelas quais os sindicatos metalúrgicos de duas unidades produtivas de uma mesma empresa automobilística organizaram suas ações a partir de um contexto de grandes mudanças, iniciado a partir da década de 1990. São objetos de análise os trabalhadores de duas unidades da Toyota Motors Co. do Brasil: a de São Bernardo do Campo, localizada na região do ABC paulista, e a de Indaiatuba, localizada na região de Campinas-SP. Procuramos colocar em discussão as práticas do Sindicato dos metalúrgicos do ABC, localizado em uma tradicional região industrial e também as do Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos de Campinas e Região, que representa um novo território produtivo brasileiro. No contexto das recentes transformações ocorridas no setor automotivo brasileiro, especialmente a partir da década de 1990, as estratégias de racionalização do processo produtivo desconfiguraram as formas tradicionais de ação sindical e de organização do trabalho, fazendo com que os atores sociais se repensem nesse contexto de mudanças. / This paper discusses the ways in which workers unions from two brazilian Toyota automobile plants organized their actions in a context of changes, starting from 1990s. I analyse both metalworkers union´s practices of ABC Paulista region located in a traditional industrial area and Campinas metalworkers union located in a new industrial cluster. In a context of recent changes lived by the brazilian automotive industry, especially from the 1990s, the rationalization strategies in the production processes have been changing traditional forms of union activity and work organization, so these workers and their unions started to rethink their possibilities of action.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:19:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Alex Pires Oliveira.pdf: 634353 bytes, checksum: c7db0dc2341c0dcfc0e617ed2abdb9a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-14 / In the current global scene, where the competition is increasing, it distinguished the great vehicles manufacturers dispute. The first in this ranking is Toyota Motor Company, a Japanese manufacturer who constructed a successful history since the postwar crisis period in Japan and assumed the world-wide sales leadership in 2007. This system production benchmarking is widely accepted and it is explored by the whole world assembly plants, even so its application doesn t occurs in the same standards of Toyota, what means partial implantations, mistakes in the concept or hybrid solutions that alternate between a production system and another one. This work makes an analysis on the process of lean production implantation applied in a French automobile company. The objective of this work is to identify level of adequacy of the company analyzed in relation to the rules and lean production tools in its productive process. To reach this objective company employees interviews is used, the author direct observations, searches in internal organizations documents and theoretical survey of the study object, searching to identify the employees knowledge level and the existing practical in the company that is not lined up to the lean production principles. / No cen?rio globalizado atual, onde a concorr?ncia ? crescente, destaca-se a disputa dos grandes fabricantes de ve?culos. Liderando o ranking surge a Toyota Motor Company, fabricante japonesa que construiu sua hist?ria de sucesso desde a crise do p?s-guerra no Jap?o e assumiu a lideran?a mundial em vendas no ano de 2007. O benchmarking sobre este sistema de produ??o ? amplamente aceito e explorado pelas montadoras de todo o mundo, embora sua aplica??o nem sempre ocorra nos mesmos padr?es da Toyota, ou seja, implanta??es parciais, equivocadas no conceito ou solu??es h?bridas que alternam entre um sistema de produ??o e outro. Esta disserta??o faz uma an?lise sobre o processo de implanta??o da produ??o enxuta aplicado a uma empresa francesa do ramo automobil?stico. O objetivo desta disserta??o ? identificar o grau de ader?ncia da empresa analisada em rela??o aos preceitos e ferramentas do Sistema de Produ??o Enxuta em seu processo produtivo. Para atingir este objetivo utilizam-se entrevistas aos colaboradores da empresa, observa??o direta do autor, buscas em documentos internos da organiza??o e levantamento te?rico do objeto de estudo, buscando identificar o n?vel de conhecimento dos colaboradores e as pr?ticas existentes na empresa que est?o alinhadas aos princ?pios do Sistema de Produ??o Enxuta.

Abstract The company for case study always dedicates to reinforce interior constitution as well as exterior competition, the major core is surrounding The Toyota Way, which it started with ¡§SEIRI and SEITON¡¨, ¡§Streamline Production¡¨ to ¡§Toyota Production System, TPS¡¨ from manufacturing fields, and then the company mind of ¡¨The Toyota Way¡¨. The development of each phase has its strategic position with different gradation. Moreover, in order to incorporate the operation for both Taiwan headquarter and China facility, divisions are segmented by operational functions for appropriate redeployment and valued-connection. The core for developing this study have had the case company to implement ¡§The Toyota Way, through meticulous discussions in order to clarify the built-up of ¡¨The Toyota Way¡¨ in the case company. First, start from ¡§manufacturing perspective¡¨ from working fields, with Streamline Production and Just-In-Time production as basic capabilities to build up the strength. Furthermore, extend it to the system of ¡¨ Product Developing Process Management¡¨, and connect with Big-Room ¡§Obeya¡¨ activity, ¡§Preparation prior to mass production¡¨, ¡§Supplier Parts Tracking Team, SPTT¡¨, and ¡§Cost Management¡¨¡C Last, through the strategic plan of company operation and functions of TPS operation with Knowledge of Philosophy from System, Method and Nature, to develop a series of deep competitions for the strength of company enhancement. Summarizations above, conclusions of the research are as following- 1. Generalized each activity and operating function with four perspectives as Company Philosophy, Elimination of Waste, Business Partners and Continuous Improvement, while the case company implemented TPS. Furthermore, described what the case company¡¦s functions of implement or concepts of application, which expect the study could be referred while related corporations try to implement them in the future. 2. Beside fully support from executive management to carry out the philosophy of The Toyota Way into organizational operation¡¦s thinking in the corporation, the most critical key-point is that it is necessary to create an environment with continuous improvement and participation of all employees in order to seed the realization into everyone¡¦s mind deeply.

Denna studie är utförd på ett företag i Helsingborg som heter Abdon Finax AB. Företaget startade med mjöltillverkning för att sedan introducera müslin till Sverige. Sedan dess har bolaget fortsatt växa. I dagens samhälle går utvecklingen fort fram. Globaliseringen innebär att konkurrensen ökar och företag tvingas att tävla med varandra om kunderna, vilka ständigt söker bättre kvalitet, lägre kostnader samt kortare ledtider. Detta samtidigt som företagen försöker tjäna mer pengar genom ökad lönsamhet genom bland annat effektivare flöden. På så sätt kan företaget minimera kostnaderna för att kunderna ska kunna tillgodoses samtidigt som företagen tjänar på det. ’’Ibland måste man vara liten för att springa om de stora’’ är ett av Finax valspråk. För att fortsätta ha chansen att springa om de stora krävs flexibilitet i produktionen för att möjliggöra kortare ledtider till kunderna. Syftet med studien har varit att analysera flödet av de glutenfria produkterna på Abdon Finax AB för att finna effektiviseringsområden. För att kunna göra detta har en flödeskartläggning gjorts. Denna gjordes med hjälp av observationer samt intervjuer på företaget. Efter en jämförelse mellan teori och empiri har sedan några kritiska punkter pekats ut för förbättring och effektiviseringsförslag har rekommenderats. Dessa förslag involverar standardisering samt sänkningsförslag på omställningstiderna allt för att företaget ska öka sin flexibilitet och kunna producera i mindre batcher. Vilket ska leda till att ledtiderna minskar och även lagerkostnaderna. I framtiden när ställtiderna har minimerats skulle det vara fullt möjligt att producera efter kundorder vilket minimerar riskerna för att kassera produkter samt minskar lagerkostnaderna ytterligare.

Dans cette thèse, après avoir expliqué l'historique et les concepts principaux de l’organisation lean dans différents contextes, le monde des systèmes complexes est exploré, puis il est montré pourquoi le lean est lui-même un système complexe. Un modèle novateur du lean est proposé sous forme d'ontologie, le Lean Organization Framework (LOF), qui peut être appliqué à toutes les formes d’organisations. Le LOF est testé avec celles qui ont déjà été explorées, proposant ainsi des pistes d’amélioration (lean pour la fabrication, pour l’IT, pour les soins de santé, pour la fonction publique, pour les organisations non gouvernementales, pour les start-ups et pour l’éducation). Il peut également être appliqué à de nouveaux domaines d’activités avec l’aide d’experts dans ces domaines, une approche montrée avec les exemples nouveaux d’une fondation lean et de l’architecture d’entreprise lean (Lean EA) mais aussi en comparant l’organisation lean au système immunitaire, un exemple bien connu de système complexe. Ensuite, un modèle de processus lean est proposé, présentant les propriétés émergentes d’un système complexe, le hoshin kanri (gestion des objectifs de l’organisation), y compris dans sa dimension culturelle. Les résultats de son expérimentation pratique avec l’application eHoshin sont discutés et un premier prototype en open source est présenté, déjà utilisé à ce jour par une centaine d’organisations dans le monde. Une seconde expérimentation plus robuste dans l’industrie (Toyota, dans plusieurs fonctions et entités juridiques) est exposée. Le modèle théorique est enfin amélioré sur base des résultats obtenus. En annexe, les concepts du lean sont expliqués avec leur application à six domaines de connaissance différents et les programmes de simulations sont listés. / In this thesis, after explaining the history and main concepts of the lean organization in various contexts, the world of complex systems is explored, then it is shown why the lean organization is itself a Complex System. A novel model of lean is proposed as an ontology, the Lean Organization Framework (LOF), which can be applied to all forms of organizations. The LOF is tested with those already explored (Lean Manufacturing, Lean IT, Lean Healthcare, Lean Government, Lean NGO, Lean Start-Up, Lean Education) and proposes ways to enhance them. It can also be applied to new domains with the help of subject matter experts, an approach that is checked with the novel cases of a Lean Foundation and Lean Enterprise Architecture (Lean EA), but also with the comparison of the lean organization with the immune system, a well-known Complex System example. Then, a model of lean process presenting the emergent properties of a Complex System is proposed: the hoshin kanri, or management of the organization objectives, including in its cultural dimension. The results of its practical implementation with the eHoshin application are discussed and a first open source prototype already used by around one hundred organizations in the world is explained. A second, more robust implementation in the industry is presented (at Toyota, extended to several departments and legal entities). Finally, the theoretical model is improved based on the experimentation results. In the appendices, the lean concepts are explained together with their application to six domains of knowledge and the simulation programs are listed.

Submitted by Joana Azevedo (joanad@id.uff.br) on 2017-08-08T18:02:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Isadora A Ferreira.pdf: 2076406 bytes, checksum: 9c23c4be7077b5a0bb8b05e2c5f69337 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-08-29T14:03:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Isadora A Ferreira.pdf: 2076406 bytes, checksum: 9c23c4be7077b5a0bb8b05e2c5f69337 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-29T14:03:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Isadora A Ferreira.pdf: 2076406 bytes, checksum: 9c23c4be7077b5a0bb8b05e2c5f69337 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-05 / O Sistema Toyota de Produção (STP), baseado no pensamento enxuto (lean thinking), tem se consolidado um dos mais eficientes sistemas de manufatura para empresas de base industrial. Por outro lado, é importante considerar que a mudança para um novo sistema de produção gera distintas reações por parte dos colaboradores envolvidos, indo desde o apoio irrestrito a resistências confessas ou veladas. A literatura científica destaca a importância de se desenvolver um processo de gerenciamento das mudanças eficaz capaz de sustentar as ações implantadas e auxiliar na formação de uma nova cultura organizacional. O presente estudo investiga a implantação do lean manufacturing em uma empresa de base industrial produtora de dispositivos eletroeletrônicos, visando a identificar as percepções dos distintos grupos de colaboradores envolvidos no processo (alta direção, gestores e nível operacional), evidenciando as abordagens favoráveis e resistentes a sua implantação. Para realização desta pesquisa foi realizado o levantamento secundário dos dados através da revisão da literatura e a coleta de dados primários através da realização de entrevistas. 56% dos funcionários envolvidos com a produção participaram da pesquisa e a amostra foi segmentada em quatro grupos: operadores, líderes de equipe, grupo tático e cúpula estratégica. A avaliação dos dados foi realizada através do uso da estatística descritiva com a utilização de histogramas e, através da diferença entre as médias das respostas obtidas nas perguntas com a utilização da escala Likert. Os resultados indicaram que, apesar de algumas diferenças observadas nas percepções dos grupos, existe um alinhamento entre todos sobre a importância do lean manufacturing na atividade produtiva, a melhoria da comunicação, das condições de trabalho, o aumento da autonomia e a eficácia dos treinamentos realizados. Apesar da percepção positiva, foram identificadas durante as entrevistas insatisfações e potenciais melhorias em relação a esses aspectos. A liderança é apontada pelos entrevistados como um dos principais pontos de melhoria para o sucesso da implantação. Os principais gaps observados entre os grupos foram em relação aos treinamentos, motivação da empresa para implantação do lean, entendimento da estratégia da mudança e o aumento da pressão no trabalho. / Toyota Production System (TPS) is based on lean thinking and has proven to be one of the most efficient manufacturing systems in industrial organizations. In contrast, is also important to consider that a production model change may engender different reactions by those involved and some of them may show resistance during the process. Many researches have shown the importance of developing an effective management change process to sustain implemented actions and support a new culture creation. This study aims to investigate lean manufacturing implementation in an electronics manufacturing company to identify the different perceptions of groups involved (operational and management positions) in the process and analysis favorable and resistive approaches related to the change. In this study, secondary data were collected through literature review and interviews were performed to collect primary data. 56% of company employees participated in this survey and the samples were divided into four groups: production staff, team leaders, tactical group and strategic group. The results were analyzed by descriptive statistics (histograms) and the difference of means was used to analyze Likert scale questions. The results showed that despite some differences among each group’s perceptions, all groups agree on the importance of lean in production system, communication process, working conditions, workers autonomy and training efficiency. Although the perceptions were positive, some dissatisfactions and improvement opportunities were identified during the interviews. Leadership is mentioned as an important improvement point. Training, team motivation to implement the change, change strategy understanding and work pressure increase were the main gaps between the groups identified in this study.

‘Lean’ or ‘lean thinking’ refers to an improvement philosophy which focuses on the fulfilment of customer value and the reduction of waste. This philosophy is credited with the extraordinary rise of Toyota, one of the largest and most profitable automotive companies in the world. This thesis presents a pioneering study investigating how lean thinking should be applied to product development (PD). The aim of the research was to construct an innovative model which supports the implementation of lean thinking in PD. This was achieved through progressive collaboration with practitioners from European manufacturing companies. The model provides a process for the conceptual development of an engineering project, and is composed of phases and activities for which methodologies have been defined. The construction of the lean PD model was preceded by a systematic literature review and an industrial field study, wherein 36 semi-structured interviews were conducted in five manufacturing companies in Europe. The constructed model was later implemented on two real-life case studies via action research. The two conducted case studies involved the product architecture design for a car audio head unit and the development of a helicopter engine. It was concluded that the lean PD model addresses various industrial challenges including customer value, communication, and innovation. Furthermore, by focusing on conceptual design, the lean PD model is expected to reduce design rework. As a result of the positive effects of the model, one of the companies involved intends to implement the lean PD model further, and wishes to extend the model to the rest of the organisation. This research makes four main contributions: (1) a novel lean PD model; (2) a number of tools developed to support the model; (3) a framework for lean PD enablers; and (4) a categorisation of challenges faced by PD in industry used to verify the relevance of the lean PD model.

Sverige har sett en stor ökning av nyproducerade bostäder de senaste åren och byggbranschen har haft stor framgång. Med den kraftiga ökningen ställs nya krav på byggbolagen. Byggprocessen förkortas och effektiviseras med metoder som industriellt byggande. Men med en kortare byggtid och ökad effektivitet kan även problem i produktionen uppstå.   Syftet med denna rapport är att lokalisera återkommande problem och störningar som idag finns vid arbetsmoment i produktionen. Via workshoppar har vi samlat information från entreprenadbolagets egna hantverkare för att uppnå en klar bild av hur man går tillväga i byggprocessens utförandedelar samt kartlägga problem som uppkommer i produktionen.   Entreprenadbolaget är kvalitets-, miljö- och arbetsmiljöcertifierat gentemot kraven i ISO 9001, ISO 1400 och OHSAS 1800. Dessa certifieringar ställer krav på ett strukturerat förbättringsarbete. Direktiv för förbättringsarbeten inom bolaget existerar men det är något som inte når hela vägen. Det saknas ett medel i förbättringsarbetet som verkar för samtliga yrkesroller inom bolaget.  Med insamlad information som bakgrund har vi utvecklat ett medel som kan effektivisera delar i produktionen som samtidigt bidrar till en stimulerande arbetsmiljö för hantverkarna.  Området som valdes att studera vidare var hantverkarnas förslag om en pärm för speciallösningar vid bristfälliga konstruktioner och störningar i produktionen.  Det framtagna hjälpmedlet samt den utförda metoden i arbetet med att motverka återkommande problem och störningar i produktionen ser vi som ett steg i arbetet med att uppfylla ett av entreprenadbolagets årliga delmål, som innebär att främja samverkan mellan medarbetarna. / The construction industry in Sweden has seen a rise in recent years. With the increase of house production, new demands are being made on the construction companies. The construction process is shortened and made more efficient with methods such as using precast elements. But with shorter production times and increased effectivity, problems can arise.  The purpose of this report is to localize reoccurring problems in the production process. We have gathered information from the company’s own carpenters through workshops to get a clear picture of the problems in today’s production.  The construction company is quality, environment and work environment certified according to the requirements of ISO 9001, ISO 1400 and OHSAS 1800. These certifications require structured improvement work. A directive for improvement work within the company exists but is not ensued sufficiently. There are no means in the improvement work that works for all roles within the company. With the gathered information we’ve developed an instrument that can increase effectivity in the production process as well as contribute to a stimulating work environment for the carpenters.  The field we chose to study was the carpenter’s suggestion about a binder for special solutions at inadequate constructions and difficult situations. The developed instruments as well as the method used in our report to counteract reoccurring problems and disturbances in the production, contribute to the work in reaching the company’s goal to promote cooperation within the organization.

De senaste åren har miljömedvetenhet och socialt ansvar blivit en allt större trend i samhället. Allt fler organisationer upprättar så kallade hållbarhetsredovisningar där de beskriver sitt miljöarbete och sitt samhällsansvar. Utgångspunkten för uppsatsen är rapporternas betydelse för bolaget. Företaget kan använda dem som styrmedel för att verkligen minska sin miljöpåverkan. Motivet kan också vara att bli accepterat av omgivningen genom att upplysa att de, precis som många andra, också bryr sig om miljön. Att organisationen vill visa att de har samma värderingar som resten av samhället för att bli kunna bli berättigade är ett utryck för den så kallade legitimitetsprincipen. Det är den teori som studien är kopplad till. Probelemet som undersökts är om hållbarhetsredovisningens utveckling kan förklaras med hjälp av legitimitetsprincipen. Studien har genomförts med en hermeneutisk ansats. Det empiriska materialet som undersökts är Volvokoncernens och Toyotakoncernens alla hållbarhetsredovisningar som givits ut. Rapporternas utformning och innehåll har granskats samt hur de har utvecklats och förändrats under åren. Anledningen till att bilbranschen har studerats är att den påverkar miljön negativt på flera områden. Volvo gav ut sin första hållbarhetsredovisning 1991. De första rapporterna behandlade företagets miljöpåverkan främst i form av skadliga utsläpp. Med tiden utvidgades redogörelsen till att också innehålla information om miljömål och om bolagets sociala ansvar. Toyota publicerade sin första hållbarhetsredovisning 1999. Företaget började med att beskriva sitt miljöarbete kring koldioxid, farligt avfall och återvinning. Efter några år valde de att också ta upp de sociala aspekterna i verksamheten. Jämförelsen av företagens alla rapporter visar att flera av de miljömål som satts upp har uppnåts och utvärderats. Det innebär att redovisningen kan ses som ett styrmedel i bolaget. Studien visar också att de största utvecklingsstegen i rapporteringen föregås av inrättattandet av internationella kommissioner och globala miljödiskussioner. Samhällsdebatten har alltså påverkat företagens sätt att redovisa. Eftersom organisationerna följt samhällets rådande värderingar kan hållbarhetsredovisningens utveckling delvis förklaras med hjälp av legitimitetsteorin.

o objeto de estudo desta dissertação é a aplicação de conceitos do Sistema Toyota de Produção (STP) na melhoria de um processo de fabricação de calçados. Utilizando como base o princípio do não-custo e do Mecanismo da Função Produção (MFP), e as Sete Classes de Perdas do Sistema Toyota de Produção, além de algumas de suas técnicas, pretende-se realizar uma análise envolvendo i) um modelo de calçados, ii) uma linha de produção, e iii) uma das operações que fazem parte dessa linha de produção de calçados. Nos três casos o objetivo é identificar as perdas e, posteriormente, sugerir melhorias para eliminá-Ias e/ou reduzi-Ias. Tal análise se dá em três momentos: primeiramente, utiliza-se a Análise do Valor objetivando reduzir o custo dos componentes do produto (calçado) em fabricação. Em um segundo momento, um Fluxograma de Processo é utilizado para mapear o processo e, através da análise da transformação da matériaprima em produto acabado, são identificadas perdas e sugeridas alternativas para eliminá-Ias ou reduzi-Ias. Finalmente, através das técnicas de Estudo do Trabalho (Estudo de Método e Medida do Trabalho - cronometragem), analisa-se uma das operações que fazem parte desse processo produtivo. Por sua importante ligação com a melhoria da qualidade, especificamente no que se refere a eliminar ou reduzir a classe de perda denominada como "Perdas por Fabricação de Produtos Defeituosos", dispositivos Poka-Yoke também são abordados e aplicados nesta dissertação.