Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-28T14:31:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardomiloskidias.pdf: 1289985 bytes, checksum: 211adea1bb168174f5600f1dd81efae6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T15:48:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardomiloskidias.pdf: 1289985 bytes, checksum: 211adea1bb168174f5600f1dd81efae6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T15:48:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardomiloskidias.pdf: 1289985 bytes, checksum: 211adea1bb168174f5600f1dd81efae6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-23 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os objetivos do presente estudo foram descrever e analisar a dinâmica da carga interna de treinamento em um macrociclo de futsal de alto rendimento utilizando-se o método da Percepção Subjetiva do Esforço (PSE) da sessão, e verificar a relação entre a carga de treinamento (CT) aplicada em longo prazo nesta modalidade e as respostas longitudinais dos marcadores bioquímicos creatinaquinase (CK), lactato desidrogenase (LDH), n° de hemácias, hemoglobina e hematócrito; dos marcadores imunológicos n° de leucócitos, n° de neutrófilos e n° de linfócitos; e do marcador psicológico RESTQ-76 SPORT. A amostra foi composta por 13 atletas participantes da Liga Nacional Brasileira de futsal (26,9 ± 5,4 anos, 73,8 ± 4,7 kg). Calculou-se a carga de treinamento semanal total (CTST), monotonia e strain durante 37 semanas divididas em Período Preparatório (PP), Período Competitivo I (PCI) e Período Competitivo II (PCII). Ao final dos mesociclos (meso) 2 ao 8 foram analisadas as variáveis bioquímicas, imunológicas e psicológicas. Utilizando ANOVA de medidas repetidas, seguida pelo post-hoc de Bonferroni observa-se que PP apresentou maiores CTSTs que PCI e PCII. Utilizando o mesmo procedimento estatístico, foram observadas as diferenças significativas para CTST entre os mesos: 4 menor que 1, 2, 3 e 7; 5 menor que 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 e 7; 6 menor que 1; 8 e 9 menores que 1, 2, 3, 6 e 7 (p<0,05). Utilizando teste correlação de Pearson foram observadas correlações significativas, porém, de nível baixo entre CK x CTST e LDH x CTST, considerando os valores da média da carga no mesociclo, além de correlação significativa e moderada entre CK x CTST da semana anterior. Também foram encontradas correlações significativas de nível moderado da CK com algumas escalas do RESTQ-76 SPORT. Pode-se concluir que os atletas foram submetidos a uma elevada carga durante o PP, e uma subsequente redução da mesma no Período Competitivo (PC). Entretanto, devido à longa duração do PC no futsal, são necessárias aplicações de cargas elevadas em alguns momentos deste período. Além disso, a CT apresenta uma característica oscilatória, adaptando-se ao calendário competitivo. Também se conclui que os marcadores bioquímicos, imunológicos e psicológicos utilizados neste estudo não apresentaram relação com a CT aplicada em longo prazo. Todavia, a CK se apresenta como uma variável que pode ser mais sensível a cargas aplicadas em ciclos mais curtos de treinamento, e o RESTQ- 76 SPORT se apresentou como um bom indicador para detectar o estado de fadiga. / The aim of this study was to describe and analyze the dynamics of internal training load in a macrocycle of high-performance futsal using the session Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and verify the relationship between training load applied to long-term and longitudinal responses of biochemical markers creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit; immunological markers number of leukocytes, number of neutrophils and number of lymphocytes; and psychological marker RESTQ-76 SPORT. The sample consisted of 13 athletes participating in the Brazilian Futsal National League (26.9 ± 5.4 years, 73.8 ± 4.7 kg). The total weekly training load (CTST), monotony and strain were calculated, over 37 weeks divided into preparation period (PP), competitive period I (PCI) and competitive period II (PCII). At the end of mesocycles (meso) 2 to 8, biochemical, immunological and psychological variables were analyzed. Using repeated measures ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test, the PP was shown to have CTST larger than the PCI and PCII. Using the same procedure, significant differences were observed in CST among the mesos: 4 < 1, 2, 3 e 7; 5 < 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 e 7; 6 < 1; 8 e 9 < 1, 2, 3, 6 e 7 (p<0,05). Using Pearson correlation, were founded significant correlations, however with low level between CK x CTST and LDH x CTST considering the average mesocycle values, in addition to a moderate and significant correlation between CK x CTST of the previous week. Significant correlations were also found at a moderate level between CK and some scales in RESTQ-76 SPORT. We can conclude that the athletes were subjected to a high CT during the PP, and a subsequent decrease in competitive period (PC). However, due to long-term PC in futsal, applications of high loads are needed in the competitive period. In addition, CT has an oscillatory characteristic, adapting to the competition schedule. We also conclude that the biochemical, immunological and psychological markers used in this study did not correlate with CT applied to a long term. However, is a variable that could be more sensitive to loads applied at shorter training cycles, and RESTQ-76 SPORT is a good indicator to detect the fatigue state.

No description available.

Purpose: To determine if jumping-performance changes during a peaking phase differed among returners and new players on a female collegiate volleyball team and to determine which variables best explained the variation in performance changes. Methods: Fourteen volleyball players were divided into 2 groups—returners (n = 7) and new players (n = 7)—who completed a 5-wk peaking phase prior to conference championships. Players were tested at baseline before the preseason on measures of the vastus lateralis cross-sectional area using ultrasonography, estimated back-squat 1-repetition maximum, countermovement jump height (JH), and relative peak power on a force platform. Jumping performance, rating of perceived exertion training load, and sets played were recorded weekly during the peaking phase. Results: There were moderate to very large (P < .01, Glass Δ = 1.74) and trivial to very large (P = .07, Δ = 1.09) differences in JH and relative peak power changes in favor of returners over new players, respectively, during the peaking phase. Irrespective of group, 7 of 14 players achieved peak JH 2 wk after the initial overreach. The number of sets played (r = .78, P < .01) and the athlete’s preseason relative 1-repetition maximum (r = .54, P = .05) were the strongest correlates of JH changes during the peaking phase. Conclusions: Returners achieved greater improvements in jumping performance during the peaking phase compared with new players, which may be explained by the returners’ greater relative maximal strength, time spent competing, and training experience. Thus, volleyball and strength coaches should consider these factors when prescribing training during a peaking phase to ensure their players are prepared for important competitions.

L’entraînement dans les sports d’endurance à haut niveau passe traditionnellement par des périodes de très fortes charges visant à imposer de forts stress. La littérature suggère que ces périodes seront d’autant plus intéressantes si elles sont associées à un important niveau de fatigue et à une diminution de performance (surmenage fonctionnel, SF). Cependant, il n’a jamais été comparé à une surcharge d’entraînement sans diminution de performance (fatigue aigüe, FA). La première partie a montré que la surcompensation de performance au cours de l’affûtage peut répondre de façon Gaussienne à la charge d’entraînement imposée avant l’affûtage. Plus précisément, les résultats ont démontré que l’augmentation de la charge d’entraînement avant l’affûtage peut maximiser la réponse positive à l’entraînement, seulement à condition que le stress d’entraînement ne dépasse pas la capacité de récupération de l’athlète et ne précipite pas de SF. Par ailleurs, il s’avère que les réponses d’affûtage semblent individuelles et non influencées par le niveau de fatigue généré en amont. Ces différences de performance s’expliquent notamment par une bonne adaptation à l’entraînement après une période de surcharge sans SF, quand un état de SF sera à l’inverse associé à une moins bonne adaptation et à une plus grande survenue d’états de santé infectieux. La seconde partie a suggéré que la fatigue observée au sein du groupe SF pouvait également avoir été causée par un phénomène de fatigue cardiaque. En effet, le développement du SF chez l’athlète entraîné est associé à une réduction des valeurs de débit cardiaque à l’exercice / The purpose of this work is to examine whether performance supercompensation during taper is maximized in endurance athletes after experiencing overreaching during an overload training period. This first study showed that 1) greater gains in performance and V˙O2max can be achieved when higher training load is prescribed before the taper but not in the presence of functional overreaching (F-OR); 2) peak performance is not delayed during taper when heavy training loads are completed immediately prior; and 3) F-OR provides higher risk for training maladaptation, including increased infection risks. The second study confirms sleep disturbances and increased illness in endurance athletes who present with symptoms of F-OR during periods of high volume training. The third study shows a lower cardiac output and systolic blood pressure with greater arteriovenous O2 difference were reported in F-OR subjects at all exercising intensities, while no significant change was observed in the control and acute fatigue (AF) groups. A concomitant decrease in epinephrine excretion was reported only in the F-OR group. All values returned to baseline at Post. Following an overload endurance training program leading to F-OR, the cardiac response to exhaustive exercise is transiently impaired, possibly due to reduced epinephrine excretion. This finding is likely to explain the complex process of underperformance syndrome experienced by F-OR endurance athletes during heavy load programs

No description available.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo monitorar parâmetros subjetivos: Carga Interna de Treinamento (CIT) e Escala de Qualidade Total da Recuperação (TQR) e objetivos: (cortisol, testosterona e razão T:C) na primeira fase da temporada competitiva, composta por 8 semanas, comparando semanas com duas ou apenas uma partida por semana, em atletas profissionais de Voleibol. Quatorze jogadores profissionais de voleibol participaram da investigação. As variáveis dependentes foram avaliadas durante as 8 primeiras semanas da SuperLiga Masculina de Voleibol, afim de estabelecer a comparação entre semanas com duas partidas e semanas com uma única partida. A CIT foi calculada por semana, pelo método da PSE da sessão, bem como, o índice de monotonia. O escore da TQR e as amostras salivares (analisadas por ELISA) foram coletados semanalmente sempre no primeiro dia útil da semana. Além disso, foi avaliado o desempenho do salto contra movimento (CMJ). Os principais resultados da presente investigação são: o comportamento da CIT refletiu o planejamento da CET. As semanas 2, 3, 7 e 8 (duas partidas por semana) apresentaram maior magnitude de CIT ~6000 UA e as semanas 1, 4, 5 e 6 (uma partida por semana) com menor magnitude de CIT ~4500; o escore da escala TQR sofreu maior redução nas semanas 2, 3, 7 e 8 (duas partidas por semana, apresentando escore de ~6,7 UA) em comparação as semanas 1, 4, 5, 6 (uma partida por semana) que apresentaram escore de ~7,8); as respostas hormonais, testosterona e cortisol, não apresentaram diferenças entre as semanas com uma ou duas partidas disputadas; a maior magnitude das correlações entre as respostas endócrinas e a CIT foi observada nos períodos com duas partidas; foi observado aumento do salto vertical após o período de investigação (TE = 0,30); a associação entre a menor variabilidade semanal na escala de recuperação e melhora do salto. Este estudo revela que o planejamento da CET foi acompanhado pelo comportamento da CIT durante atemporada competitiva, sendo que as semanas com duas partidas apresentaram maior CIT em comparação às semanas com apenas uma partida disputada, que, por sua vez, apresentaram menor CIT. O escore da escala TQR apresentou maior redução nas semanas com duas partidas em comparação às semanas com apenas uma partida. Os hormônios cortisol e testosterona não apresentaram alteração ao longo das 8 semanas de investigação. As correlações entre as variáveis do presente estudo apresentaram maior magnitude nos períodos de maior CET, reforçando a hipótese que em períodos de maior CET, há maior sensibilidade dos parâmetros subjetivos. Por fim, o planejamento adotado, durante as 8 primeiras semanas do período competitivo, foi eficaz para promover aumento do CMJ em jogadores profissionais de voleibol. Os atletas que apresentam a menor variabilidade semanal no escore da TQR apresentaram o maior aumento do CMJ. Esses resultados reforçam a relevância da adoção estratégias de monitoramento integrado, utilizando parâmetros objetivos e subjetivos. Esse constante acompanhamento pode fornecer informações valiosas sobre a forma que os atletas lidam com as demandas da temporada competitiva, auxiliando a retro-alimentação do planejamento da CET ao longo do processo / The current study aimed to monitor subjective parameters: Internal Training Load (ITL) and Total Recovery Quality Scale (TQR) and objectives parameters: (cortisol, testosterone and T: C ratio) during the first phase of the competitive season, comparing weeks with two or only one match per week in professional volleyball players. Fourteen professional volleyball players participated of research. The dependent variables were evaluated during the first 8 weeks of the Men\'s Volleyball SuperLiga, to compare the weeks with 2 matches and the weeks with a single match. ITL was calculated per week by the session RPE method, as well as, the monotony index. The TQR score and the salivary samples (analyzed by ELISA) were collected weekly on the first day of the week. In addition, the performance of the counter movement jump (CMJ) was evaluated. The main results of the present investigation are: ITL reflected the ETL planned. Weeks 2, 3, 7 and 8 (2 matches per week) with a higher magnitude of CIT ~ 6000 AU and weeks 1, 4, 5 and 6 (one match per week) with a lower magnitude of CIT ~ 4500; the TQR score had a greater reduction at weeks 2, 3, 7 and 8 (2 matches per week, presenting a score of ~6.7 AU) compared to weeks 1, 4, 5, 6 (one match per week) presenting a score of ~ 7.8); the endocrine responses did not show differences between the weeks with 2 or 1 matches played; the greater magnitude of the correlations between the endocrine responses and the ITL was observed in weeks with 2 matches; there was an increase in CMJ after the investigation period and (Effect Size = 0,30); the association between the lower weekly variability in the recovery scale (TQR) and the improvement in the CMJ. This study reveals that the ETL planning was accompanied by the ITL during the competitive season, and the weeks with 2 matches had a higher ITL compared to the weeks with only 1 match played, which, in turn, presented lower ITL. The TQR score showed a greater reduction in the weeks with 2 matches compared to the weeks with only 1 match played, following the ITL behavior. The hormonal responses were not affected during the 8 weeks of investigation, withoutdifference between the weeks with 2 or 1 match disputed. The correlations between the variables of this research showed greater magnitude in weeks of higher ETL (2 matches), reinforcing the hypothesis that in periods of higher ETL, there is greater sensitivity of the subjective parameters. Finally, the ETL periodization adopted, during the first 8 weeks of the competitive period, was effective to promote increase of CMJ in professional players of volleyball. The athletes with the lowest weekly variability in the TQR score had the highest increase in CMJ. These results reinforce the relevance of adopting integrated monitoring strategies, using objective and subjective parameters. This constant monitoring can provide valuable insight into how athletes cope with the demands of the competitive season, provinding feed-back for the ETL planning throughout the process

Ce travail de thèse s’est déroulé dans le cadre d’une convention CIFRE entre mon laboratoire de rattachement C3S (EA4660) et le département Recherche et Développement (R&D) de l’équipe cycliste professionnelle FDJ. Les différentes études que nous avons conduites se sont articulées autour de l’amélioration de la performance sportive chez le cycliste à travers une variable centrale qui est la puissance mécanique qu’il développe lors de la locomotion (Pméca) selon deux axes principaux : 1) l’évaluation et le suivi du potentiel physique avec pour but l’amélioration du processus d’entraînement et 2) l’optimisation de l’interface homme – machine à partir de l’analyse du matériel et des équipements utilisés par les cyclistes dans l’équipe FDJ. / This thesis has been completed as part of a CIFRE agreement between the laboratory C3S(EA4660) and the Research and Development (R&D) department of the FDJ professionalcycling team. The various studies that we conducted centred on analysing sport performanceoptimisation in cyclists through a central variable: the mechanical power output (PO)developed during locomotion. There were two main areas of focus: 1) evaluation andmonitoring of physical potential, with the aim of improving the training process, and 2)optimisation of the human–machine interface via analysis of the materials and equipmentused by the FDJ team cyclists

Text in English / Regular exercise has significant physical and psychological health benefits yet, paradoxically, may also have harmful effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical and psychological health risks of distance running, a popular participation sport in South Africa. Structural equation modelling was employed to examine the personality and motivational antecedents of running addiction and its influence, in turn, on self-reported overuse injuries and upper respiratory tract infections in 220 athletic club members. The predictors and physical health effects of customary training load were also assessed. It was found that perfectionistic concerns, Type A behaviour pattern, and task goal orientation had a direct, positive impact on running addiction, which predicted higher running injury scores. In contrast, training workload (Volume × Intensity) was inversely related to injury risk. Neither running addiction nor any training load variables influenced infectious illness susceptibility. The findings of this study indicate that maladaptive perfectionism, Type A behaviour, and achievement goal orientation may be risk factors for running addiction, which may, in turn, contribute to increased injury incidence in South African distance runners. Conversely, heavier training loads may be protective against injury occurrences in this population. The results of this research may help to enhance current understanding of the possible health hazards of distance running. This knowledge may have practical implications for the health and well-being of runners of diverse levels of ability and experience. / Psychology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

Aim The main aim of this study was to investigate the longitudinal effects on cycling performance using a polarized and periodized scheme that was highly supervised and controlled. The second aim was to investigate the effect of using Hyperoxia. The questions used to address the aim were: (1) How does overall performance change after a six-week training intervention? (2) What is the time-course and pattern of performance changes to the training scheme? (3) How does the performance change within the groups?   Method Nineteen male and female cyclists started the study (13 male and 6 female), however only 12 completed it (8 male and 4 female). The characteristics for the 12 subjects were:  age (year) 33.6 ± 6.8, height (cm) 177 ± 9.1, body mass (kg) 73.4 ± 8.8. Using a randomized, double blind design, the test subjects were divided in to hyperoxia (HOT) (n = 6) and normoxia (NOT) (n = 6) training groups.  Over a six week period the subjects followed a controlled polarized periodization that included 15 high intensity interval training (HIIT) sessions (3 x 8 min, 3 x 8 + 4 min, 4 x 8 min &amp; 4 x 4 min) on maximal sustainable intensity (isoeffort) on a cycle ergometer. The dosage of oxygen was administered intermittently by the oxelerate device. A 20 min all out test was performed as pre- and post test.    Results The whole group (n = 12) increased mean power output (W) by 6.4 % (P = 0.002). The relative power output (W/kg) increased significantly 8.2 % (P = 0.0011). The HOT group (n = 6) increased their power output by 8.3 % (P = 0.028) and their relative power output increased by 9.4 % (P=0.011). The whole group (P = 12) significantly increased their VO2mean by 4.1 % (P = 0.03) and in the relative value by 5.4 % (P = 0.01) on the 20 min all out test. The whole group also had a significant increase in VO2peak of 3.7 % (P = 0.04). A very strong correlation could be found between the training data and the performance test.   Conclusions The training intervention was favourable for increasing performance and VO2peak in cycling. Usage of hyperoxia during the training intervention increases the performance. / Syfte och frågeställningar Huvudsyftet med denna studie var att undersöka de longitudinella effekter på prestation i cykling med hjälp av ett polariserat och periodiserat träningsupplägg som var väl övervakat och kontrollerat. Det andra syftet var att undersöka effekten av att använda hyperoxi. De frågeställningar som hjälpte att besvara syftet var: (1) Hur förändras prestationen efter en sex veckors träningsintervention? (2) Hur anpassar sig försökspersonerna till träningsschemat över tid?  (3) Hur förändras prestationen inom grupperna?   Metod 19 manliga och kvinnliga cyklister deltog i studien (13 manliga och 6 kvinnliga), 12 fullföljde hela studien (8 manliga och 4 kvinnliga). Karaktäristiken för de 12 försökspersonerna var: ålder (år) 33.6 ± 6.8, längd (cm) 177 ± 9.1, vikt (kg) 73.4 ± 8.8. Försökspersonerna delades in i hyperoxi (HOT) (n = 6) och normoxi (NOT) (n = 6), studien var dubbelblind. Under sex veckor följde försökspersonerna en kontrollerad polariserad periodisering som inkluderade 15 högintensiva intervallträningspass (HIIT) (3 x 8 min, 3 x 8 + 4 min, 4 x 8 min &amp; 4 x 4 min) på högsta genomförbara intensitet (isoeffort) på cykelergometer. Doseringen av syre administrerades intermittent genom Oxelerate-enheten. Ett 20 min all-out test utfördes som för- och eftertest.   Resultat Hela gruppen (n = 12) ökade signifikant på prestationstestet (W) med 6.4 % (P = 0.002). Den relativa effekten (W/kg) ökade signifikant med 8.2% (P = 0.0011). HOT (n = 6) ökade signifikant på prestationstestet med 8.3% (P = 0.028) och den relativa effekten ökade med 9.4% (P = 0.011). Hela gruppen (n = 12) ökade signifikant i VO2medel under prestationstestet med 4.1 % (P = 0.03) och i det relativa värdet med 5.4 % (P = 0.01). Hela gruppen hade också en signifikant ökning av VO2peak med 3.7 % (P = 0.04). En mycket stark korrelation hittades mellan träningspassdata och prestationstestet.   Slutsats Träningsupplägget är gynnsamt för ökning av prestation och VO2peak i cykling. Användning av hyperoxi under träningsupplägget ökar prestationen.