[pt] Dada a importância dos provedores de serviços logísticos e da existência de uma carência na definição clara das fronteiras entre os diversos tipos de Party Logistics - PLs (1PL, 2 PL, 3PL, 4PL e 5PL), a presente dissertação apresenta uma proposta de metodologia para classificá-los baseada em um estudo exploratório fundamentado em uma análise da literatura acadêmica. A metodologia tem por base os conceitos de complexidade logística, tipos de contratos, responsáveis pela execução do serviço, características do investimento, formas de governança, tipos de relacionamentos, capabilidades, vantagem competitiva e agregação de valor à cadeia. A teoria do custo de transação e a visão baseada em recursos, auxiliam na elaboração da metodologia. As características são associadas aos PLs com o intuito de defini-los e de indicar uma fronteira clara entre cada um deles. / [en] Given the importance of logistic service providers and the existence of a lack in the definition frontiers among the different Party Logistics - PLs (1PL, 2PL, 3PL, 4PL and 5PL), the present dissertation presents a methodology proposal to classify these Party Logistics based on an exploratory study supported by an analysis in the academic literature. The methodology uses the following concepts: logistic complexity, contract types, investment characteristics, governance forms, relationships types, responsible for the service execution, capabilities, competitive advantage, and value aggregation. The transaction cost theory and the resource-based view help in the elaboration of the methodology. The characteristics are associated to the PLs towards defining them and indicating a clear frontier among each of them.

在競爭日益激烈、資訊日益複雜的市場環境下，廠商往往已經做到了使顧客滿意，卻仍留不住顧客，因此，近來廠商所一直追求的目標便是對於品牌的忠誠度；而本研究主要是在探討怎麼樣的情況會造成顧客的滿意？怎麼樣的滿意才會造成顧客在態度上的忠誠？態度忠誠與行為忠誠之間的關係為何？並試著以交易成本理論的三個構面︰「市場資訊的複雜度」、「消費者對該公司的信任度」、「資產專屬性」來解釋滿意度、態度忠誠與行為忠誠之間的關係。整合以上研究架構，建立一整體概念模型，以一知名化妝品品牌VIP資料庫為研究對象，分別對續卡會員以及未續卡會員做研究，了解顧客滿意度與顧客忠誠度之關係以及兩群VIP之不同。 由實證結果可以了解不論是續卡會員或是未續卡會員，對於產品的失驗與消費者對該公司的信任度皆會影響產品的滿意度，而產品滿意度、服務品質與消費者對該公司的信任度也都會影響對該公司的整體滿意度，整體滿意度、消費者對該公司的信任度以及資產專屬性則會影響顧客的態度忠誠。 而續卡會員與公司之間所建立的專屬資產越多，續卡會員在行為上就越忠誠；未續卡會員則是從態度忠誠去影響行為上的忠誠，而且市場資訊的複雜度則會從影響未續卡會員的整體滿意度，並由整體滿意度去影響態度忠誠，進而再自態度忠誠影響其行為忠誠，也就是說，在各種因素影響下，未續卡會員的態度越忠誠，行為也會越忠誠。 根據實證所得結果，提供業者如何創造顧客滿意度與顧客忠誠度的建議。

本研究針對工業電腦產業，探索其創新產品服務：快速客製化（半客製化）服務的兩大產品服務模組化系統SOM(System On Module)及接單設計服務DTOS(Design To Order Service)-客製底板CSB的客製化服務之間的關聯影響，及對快速客製化（半客製化）服務的影響及關聯性。本研究以個案訪談法，以研華科技為研究對象；加上部份的問卷調查，為主要的研究方法。 　　本研究歸納分析研究發現如下： 　　【研究發現1】共通性模組的共通性程度會影響快速客製化服務績效 　　【研究發現2】變異性模組的變異性程度會影響快速客製化服務績效 　　【研究發現3】模組的介面標準化程度會影響快速客製化服務績效 　　【研究發現4】設計延遲會影響快速客製化服務績效 　　【研究發現5】最佳資源統治形式會影響快速客製化服務績效 　　【研究發現6】接單後生產機制會影響快速客製化服務績效 　　【研究發現7】共通性模組的共通性程度會影響設計延遲 　　【研究發現8】變異性模組的變異性程度會影響最佳資源統治形式 　　【研究發現9】模組化是接單後生產機制的必備條件 　　研究結果發現：快速客製化服務是結合「快速設計客製化」及「大量客製化」的新興事業模式；並發現模組化及設計延遲理論對快速客製化服務的重大影響。 　　因此本研究建議：廠商應該致力於推動模組化系統SOM的產業標準化，運用延遲理論於接單設計DTOS及接單生產BTO服務，及運用交易成本理論於最佳資源統治形式來提高客製底板CSB快速客製化服務的績效。 / This research focused on studying the new business model for Fast Customization Service which is the combination of Fast Design Customization Service and Mass Customization Service. 　　The research result shows that Fast Customization Service is significantly influenced by “Modularity” and “Design Postponement” . 　　The Author suggests that the IPC makers should endeavor for promoting the industrial standardization of SOM (System On Module) , implementing Postponement theory into DTOS (Design To Order Service) and BTO (Build To Order) , and implementing Transaction-Cost Theory into the best Governance Structure .

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:31:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ramon Silva Leite.pdf: 1012552 bytes, checksum: b3d09d4e52a7267b02a8d3f6b152290c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-27 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The Vertical Collaborative Relationship has been a way encountered by companies to act cohesively and to get mutual benefits. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine the collaborative relationship and its impact on businesses performance, focusing on the footwear s industry array of production of Nova Serrana (MG) and its suppliers. In order to analyze it, a descriptive research was done about the transaction cost theory and also about the main conceptions and contributions about chain companies, productive arrangements and cooperation. Later this descriptive research, an extensive fieldwork was carried out, divided into two stages. The first one, based on an exploratory character, was composed of 24 interviews: 14 with footwear manufacturers and 10 with their main suppliers. This stage aimed to study the phenomenon in a greater depth, to gain familiarity with the analyzed object and to refine the patterns used in other studies addressed to the reality of the footwear s sector. The obtained data on this stage, concerned by the content analysis' methodology technique, revealed that: a) communication, adaptation, commitment, dependence and trust are important for collaborative relationship; b) small companies remain relations considered relations of market, contributing to higher transaction costs; and c) medium and major companies prefer higher collaborative relationships in order to reduce transaction costs, as well as costs of new products` development. The research s second stage, descriptive in nature, had four main objectives: 1st) to identify the predominant variables in the relationship between manufacturers and suppliers from both perspectives; 2nd) to validate and operationalize the keys identified as their connection s constructs; 3rd) to verify if some firms characteristics are associated to better performances, and 4th) to compare suppliers and manufacturers point of view about their relationship. This stage had two data collections. The first one involved 211 manufacturers, while the second involved a sample of 87 suppliers. The gathered data underwent several tests, including the Structural Equation Modeling and CHAID s (Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detection) technique of segmentation. The results proved that: a) the major variables for the collaborative relationship differ from manufactures to suppliers for the sample of manufactures, communication and commitment influence the relationship significantly, while for the sample of suppliers trust and commitment were considered the most important; b) the patterns that composed the final model, right after some adjusts, reached acceptable values of validity and trustworthiness; c) footwear manufactures with certain characteristics, such as type of shoe produced and capacity, obtain better performance than its competitors; and d) there are significant divergences between manufactures and suppliers` views about relationship. Before the obtained results, it follows that there is a significant relation between collaboration and performance. Thus, the way companies deal with their partners leads them to better results. Moreover, the collaborative relationships benefits are greater for the suppliers. For manufacturers, it is interesting to develop collaborative relationships with their most important suppliers, while standard market relations may be more appropriate to the less strategic partners. Finally, it is suggested that future studies concern other variables and include larger samples. / Relacionamentos colaborativos verticais têm sido uma das formas encontradas pelas empresas para atuarem de maneira mais coesa, ao mesmo tempo em que procuram obter benefícios mútuos. Nesse sentido, este estudo procurou analisar o relacionamento colaborativo e suas repercussões no desempenho das empresas, tendo como foco as indústrias de calçados do arranjo produtivo de Nova Serrana (MG) e seus fornecedores. Para esse fim, foi feita uma revisão da literatura a respeito da teoria dos custos de transação, além dos principais conceitos e contribuições sobre redes de empresas, arranjos produtivos e cooperação. Após essa revisão, foi desenvolvido um extenso trabalho de campo, dividido em duas etapas. A primeira, de caráter exploratório, contou com 24 entrevistas, sendo 14 com fabricantes de calçados e 10 com os principais fornecedores desses fabricantes. Essa etapa buscou estudar o fenômeno com maior profundidade e obter familiaridade com o objeto de estudo, além de refinar as escalas utilizadas em outros estudos para a realidade do setor analisado. Os dados coletados nessa etapa, tratados pela técnica da análise de conteúdo, revelaram que: a) a comunicação, a adaptação, o comprometimento, a dependência e a confiança são importantes para o relacionamento colaborativo; b) as empresas menores mantêm relações consideradas de mercado, o que as leva a ter maiores custos de transação; e c) as empresas de médio e grande porte optaram por relacionamentos mais colaborativos como mecanismo para reduzir custos de transação, bem como os custos de desenvolvimento de novos produtos. Já a segunda etapa da pesquisa, de caráter descritivo, teve quatro objetivos principais: 1˚) identificar as variáveis preponderantes no relacionamento, sob o ponto de vista dos fabricantes e fornecedores; 2˚) validar e operacionalizar os construtos identificados como principais no relacionamento; 3˚) averiguar se determinadas características das empresas estão associadas a melhores desempenhos; e 4˚) comparar a visão de fabricantes e fornecedores sobre o relacionamento. Essa etapa contou com duas coletas de dados. A primeira envolveu 211 fabricantes, enquanto a segunda contou com uma amostra de 87 fornecedores. Os dados coletados passaram por diversas análises, dentre elas a Modelagem de Equações Estruturais e a técnica de segmentação CHAID (Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detection). Os resultados demonstraram que: a) as variáveis preponderantes para o relacionamento colaborativo são diferentes para fabricantes e fornecedores - para a amostra de fabricantes a comunicação e o comprometimento influenciam de forma mais significativa o relacionamento, já para a amostra de fornecedores a confiança e o comprometimento foram preponderantes; b) as escalas que compuserem o modelo final, após alguns ajustes, atingiram valores aceitáveis de validade e confiabilidade; c) fabricantes de calçados com determinadas características, tais como tipo de calçado produzido e porte, obtêm desempenhos superiores aos de seus pares; e d) há divergências significativas entre as visões de fabricantes e fornecedores sobre o relacionamento. Diante dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que há uma relação significativa entre colaboração e desempenho. Assim, a forma como as empresas lidam com seus parceiros leva-as a ter desempenhos melhores. Além disso, os benefícios do relacionamento colaborativo são maiores para os fornecedores. Já para os fabricantes é interessante que desenvolvam relacionamentos colaborativos com seus fornecedores mais importantes, enquanto que para parceiros menos estratégicos relações do tipo mercado podem ser mais adequadas. Por fim, sugere-se que futuros estudos incluam outras variáveis no modelo, além de contemplar amostras maiores.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa de S Dahmer Felicio.pdf: 806540 bytes, checksum: 1f1e2b8a4264b54bcf9e9cfc5bcb7665 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this research was to analyze the contractual relations in the sugarcane agroindustry in Paraná State (Brazil) focusing on a typical case of sugarcane agroindustry in Paraná State (Brazil) (called Company X), working as a model for application of theoretical and methodological arrangement of the New Institutional Economics (NEI) and Correspondence Factor analysis. In regard to corollaries, it was highlighted what are the main concerns of the agents when they establish contractual relations to each other. The results, according to NEI, have shown that Company X selects the best organizational arrangement, because it was detected the three attributes of transactions (Frequency, uncertainty and asset specificity) among the 11 contracts examined, which characterize the transaction and enable the good performance of form governance of Company. As a limiting factor, it was noted that although the contracts of greater Inertia are strongly associated with Frequency attribute in the Dimension 1, in the Dimension 2 contracts of greater Inertia are poorly correlated to this attribute, being the trust no longer considered as a priority between the parties involved in the bargain. That is one of the reasons that encouraged the Uncertainty to stand out, being the attribute most correlated to the contracts with higher Inertia, demonstrating the inability to predict attitudes of agents and environment changes. Analyzing contracts, it was observed that Company X deepens its mutual dependency through analysis and continuous monitoring of the contract, identifying the changes occurring over time and developing mechanisms to avoid prejudice of the parts involved in the negotiations, thus avoiding the creation of conditions to the emergence of opportunism. Aspects of incompleteness, costs and duration were observed in all the contracts analyzed. It was also perceived that contracts are the alternative way to achieve the objective of the Company in reducing transaction costs. Among the factors checked that lead agents to not breaking contracts on Company X, are noticed: the reputation linked to the preservation of the contracts; legal safeguards; and ethical principles which are a sort of agents code of conducts. So, it is noteworthy that Company X seeks, despite some limitations, the efficiency in the sector, because the results have met the Theory of Transaction Costs Theory in the New Institutional Economics (NIE) and corroborates the findings of the authors discussed in the research s theoretical reference. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar as relações contratuais na agroindústria canavieira no Paraná, focando em um caso típico de uma agroindústria canavieira do Estado do Paraná (denominada Empresa X), servindo de modelo para aplicação do arranjo teórico-metodológico da Nova Economia Institucional (NEI) e da Análise Fatorial de Correspondência (AFC). Como corolários, foram destacadas quais são as principais preocupações dos agentes quando firmam relações contratuais entre si. Os resultados, de acordo com a NEI, mostraram que a Empresa X seleciona o melhor arranjo organizacional, pois foram detectados os três atributos da transação (frequência, incerteza e especificidade do ativo) entre os 11 contratos analisados, os quais caracterizam a transação e possibilitam o bom desempenho da forma de governança da Empresa. Como fator limitante, foi constatado que embora na Dimensão 1 os contratos de maiores Inércias estejam fortemente associados ao atributo Frequência, na Dimensão 2 os contratos com maiores Inércias estão pouco correlacionados a este atributo, deixando de ser considerado como prioridade a confiança entre as partes envolvidas na barganha. Frisa-se que este é um dos motivos que incentivou a Incerteza destacar-se, sendo o atributo que mais se correlacionou aos contratos de maiores Inércias, demonstrando a incapacidade em se prever integralmente as atitudes dos agentes e as mudanças no ambiente. Analisando os contratos, foi observado que a Empresa X aprofunda suas relações de dependência mútua através da análise e monitoramento contínuo do contrato, identificando as transformações ocorridas ao longo do tempo e desenvolvendo mecanismos para que as partes envolvidas nas negociações não sejam lesadas, evitando, assim, as condições para o surgimento do oportunismo. Os aspectos de incompletude, custos e duração foram verificados em todos os contratos analisados. Notou-se, também, que os contratos são a forma alternativa de alcançar o objetivo da Empresa na minimização dos custos de transações. Dentre os fatores dos resultados verificados que levam os agentes a não quebrarem os contratos na Empresa X, destacam-se: a reputação ligada à preservação do contrato; as garantias legais; e, os princípios éticos que são uma espécie de código de conduta dos agentes. Destaca-se então que a Empresa X busca, mesmo diante de algumas limitações, a eficiência no setor, pois os resultados foram ao encontro com a teoria dos Custos de Transação da Nova Economia Institucional (NEI) e corroboram as constatações dos autores abordados no referencial teórico da pesquisa.

There has been prior research on the internationalization process of retail firms. However, most of the research has investigated the developed countries' markets. There has been little research on the internationalization process of retail firms, especially in the emerging Asian markets. The emerging Asian markets are different from developed markets. Therefore, internationalization challenges and hindrances are dissimilar in this region than in developed countries' markets. Previously, there have been numerous researches on IKEA and other Swedish retail firms on the internationalization process. However, most of the research study has been done on its movement to developed markets. There has been little research done on IKEA's internationalization into emerging Asian markets. There are different challenges faced by firms, when entering into the emerging Asian market and during the business in these markets. However, the emerging Asian markets are different from other continents, especially the Western and developed markets. This research study aims to fill the existing knowledge gap by exploring the challenges that IKEA faces in emerging Asian markets. In addition to this, by the research, we seek to develop our understanding of the challenges faced by Swedish retail firms while entering emerging Asian markets. Furthermore, by exploring the challenges that retail firms face in the emerging Asian markets, we also aim to provide possible solutions on how IKEA and other retail firms can resolve or tackle the issues they face in emerging Asian markets.

由於國際連鎖速食業地區經營者（Market Operator）的主要資本投入，包括：原料採購、餐飲設備投資、設計裝修、人員訓練、以及租用不動產時，都牽扯到被陷入或轉換成本偏高的問題，以致對於既有資源供應商之續約談判時處於不利的地位。 　　本研究主要從交易成本理論、陷入成本及專屬資產、買賣方之交易關係等理論解析國際連鎖速食店的地區經營者提高取得上述資源的議價能力（Bargaining Power）的管理策略，並透過業界專家實證其可行性。 　　經研究結果顯示，國際速食連鎖業地區經營者可以從「降低專屬陷入成本的投入」、「促使主要供應商投入專屬資產」、「善用其他交易影響者的力量」等三個方向來提高議價能力，並可根據資源特性的不同，而採取不同的策略行動。

This doctoral thesis presents the basic and the main developments of the theories of the firm rooted in Transaction Cost Theory (TCT). Since the article of Coase on the nature of the firm, this question has been elaborated by number of economists. In my point of view, I would like to introduce the last theory developed by the representative of the school called New Institutional Economics. The theory concentrates on the role of institutions. We distinguish institutions formal and informal. The formal are laws, constitution, regulations, contracts and other written rules. The informal don't require a written form and they represent informal restrictions such as rules of behaviour, conventions, traditions and habits. The main purpose of the institutions in their various forms is mainly to protect property rights, enforce voluntary contracts and establish the physical and regulatory infrastructure to facilitate economic activity. Generally, we can call them the rules of the game. They inform us about possible economic behaviour and give us basic restrictions in this sense. First -- the theoretical part of this thesis, we can find a simple model with human asset specificity based on TCT. The main proposition is that transactions with a high level of asset specificity are more probably internalised because the firm handles better such transactions compared to the market, even if asset specificity increases the cost of coordination in the firm. If the hierarchy, for example through the formation of routines, may enhance the efficiency compared to the market, we can modify the previous model. The model developed according to a Knowledge-based view assumes that asset specificity reduces transaction costs inside the firm and increases transaction costs on the market. In the conclusion of the theoretical part is discussed the reply on first formulate hypothesis if the TCT is still compatible with a newer Capability and Knowledge based view. In my opinion based on the presented arguments and views, both theories are compatible, they can answer more questions and explain more issues. The last step links the aforementioned theories into one Theory of firm boundaries. In the practical part of the thesis, I bring basic arguments about the institutional framework quality in the Czech Republic. These arguments rely on the latest studies of the international institutions such The Transparency International, The Heritage Foundation, The Kurtzman Group and mainly The World Bank. Studies reveal certain weak arrangements concerning for example the number of procedures when starting a business, complicated construction permits, rigidity of working hours, time-consuming and administrative demanding tax system, duration of judicial process which results in ineffective contract enforcement and mainly poor protection of property rights. Taking these disclosures into account we have to say that emergent transaction costs are enormous. These transaction costs influence negatively the competitiveness of the firms and the whole Czech economy. Therefore a negative response to the second hypothesis relating to the quality of the institutional framework in the Czech Republic.