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電子商店之關係品質模式－融合交易成本理論及科技接受模式的觀點 / The relationship quality model of electronic store: Combining transaction cost theory with technology acceptance model張紹勳 Unknown Date (has links)
近年來電子商店已成為一種新興的零售通路，在美國有人預估未來幾年內，其市場規模將佔美國零售市場的6~8%(Rosen & Howard,2000)。這種，伴隨著Internet發展而快速成長的電子商務，逐漸的改變了人類的生活習慣，也創造了新的商業行為以及經濟模式，並成為近年來企業經營的熱門話題。
買賣雙方關係管理一直是企業經營之成功關鍵因素，忠誠的顧客可說是企業獲利的直接來源，多數學者認為行銷學的焦點已由過去傳統交易行銷轉移到今日注重建立並維持與顧客關係的關係行銷，這種被視為行銷新典範的關係行銷，其主要目的在提昇顧客的忠誠度及滿意度，建立良好的顧客凝聚力。
本文旨在精緻化Crosby, et al.(1990)所提實體環境之關係品質模式，並在原模式中納入「網路安全性」、「產品失驗(disconfirmation)」、「資產專屬性」等外生變數。企圖由交易成本(Williamson,1975)、關係品質(Crosby, et al.,1990)及科技接受模式(Davis,1989)觀點，來解釋及預測Internet消費者對電子商店關係品質（滿意度、信任）及忠誠度的心理歷程，進而建立具有理論基礎的電子商店關係品質之因果模式。
本研究架構包括前因變數（e.g.產品／服務品質、互動強度、網路安全性、產品失驗、資產專屬性）、中介變數（滿意度及信任）、結果變數（e.g.顧客忠誠度、未來互動）三層徑路關係。本理論架構廣納科技面（網路安全、人機介面易用性）、策略面（資產專屬性）、行銷面（互動強度）、產品面（產品失驗）、心理面（網路實用性、隱私權、信任、滿意度）等5大類影響關係品質及忠誠度之因素。
本研究同時採用定性及定量方法，來交互驗証結果。
定量部份，採隨機問卷抽樣台灣、香港、印度、大陸、美國共3231名Internet使用者的消費行為。分探索性及驗証性兩階段資料分析，前者以效度及信度來篩選量表題目，後者使用LISREL統計工具進行電子商店關係品質之結構性分析，以找出Internet關係品質（滿意度、信任）的前因及後果（e.g.顧客忠誠度、未來互動意願）。定量分析結果發現：(1)本研究B2C電子商店之關係品質模式獲得支持；(2)加強電子商店網站實用性、產品失驗、互動強度，及網路安全性，可提升關係品質；(3)網路安全防範仍是台灣電子商務發展的一項重要工作；(4)電子商店的服務品質、資產專屬性及關係滿意度，可提高顧客忠誠度以及商家的獲利；(5)關係品質的提升，可建立忠誠顧客，強化雙方未來互動。
定性分析方面，本研究訪談國內28家網路券商主管，輔以次級資料（網商內容分析、期刊雜誌、證交所網站等）搜集佐證，結果發現：網站服務品質愈佳、網站交易安全性及互動性愈高，不但可有效提升顧客的信任及滿意度（關係品質），且顧客忠誠也愈高。因此加強網站互動機制、網頁內容的客製化、優惠商品（手續費折扣）、及網站資產專屬性（知識專屬性、時間專屬性），都是券商套牢顧客的好方法。根據研究結果，本研究得到結論如下：(1)網路下單具有多項優勢，在台灣證券市場相當具有發展潛力。(2)網路證券由價格競爭走向商品／服務品質導向。(3)證券商品／服務走向多元化及國際化，朝網路金融服務中心發展。(4)網路券商在客製化服務方面較傳統券商可提供更佳服務。(5)網站加強核心資源的創新及累積，建立難以模仿的資產專屬性，提升顧客忠誠度。(6)網際網路是關係行銷的利器。(7)安全仍是網路證券業發展的障礙因素。 / Recently, The Electronic Store has become an up-and-coming retail channel. In America, some people estimate its market scale will hold six to eight percent of the American retail market in the oncoming years. Such kind of Electronic Commerce that increased rapidly by accompanying the development of Internet has gradually changed human living habits. In addition, Electronic Commerce has created a new commercial behavior and a new economic model. Furthermore, it has become one of the most popular issues in enterprises lately.
The relational management between buyers and sellers is always the key point for enterprises to run a business successfully. Loyal customers have affinitive connections for them to gain profits as well. Most of the scholars mention that the focal point on marketing has transferred from the traditional transaction in the past to relationship marketing that stresses on constructing and maintaining the good enterprise-customer relationship nowadays. The main purpose of relationship marketing regarding as novel mode for selling is to increase customer loyalties and satisfactions, and also to promote fine customer concentrations
For this content, the keynote is to refine the relationship quality model of physical environment, and adopt extraneous variable of net security, product disconfirmation, asset specificity that are from the original model. Additionally, we attempt to use concepts of Transaction Cost (Williamson, 1975), Relationship Quality (Crosby, et al., 1990), and TRA (Theory of Reasoned Action) (Davis, 1989) to explain and predict Internet customers'' psychological process for satisfaction, trust, and loyalty in Relationship Quality of Electronic Store, and then, to build up cause and effect pattern of Relationship Quality of Electronic Store that is provided with theoretical basis.
The research structure consists of three-path relations. It is including (1) Ancestor Variables (ex. products, services qualities, contact intensities, Internet securities, product disconfirmations, and asset specificities) and (2) Intervening Variables (such as satisfactions and trusts), and (3) Consequent Variables, (ex. customer loyalties, and future interactions). Meanwhile, the width of this theory focuses on six main reasons of influencing the Relationship Quality and customer loyalty, such as technologies (Internet securities, user interfaces, and eases of uses), strategies (asset specificities), marketings (contact intensities), products (product disconfirmations), psychologies (Internet usefulnesses, privacies, trusts, and satisfactions), and domestic cultures.
According to this research, it simultaneously adopts two ways of the Qualitative Analysis and Quantitative Analysis to verify its result.
For Quantitative Analysis, it takes randomly survey samples which amounts to 3,231 consumers from Taiwan, Hong Kong, India, China, and America to know the psychographics of internet users. In this part, it''s divided into two steps in information analysis. One is the Explorative, and the other one is the Confirmatory. The former one adopts validity and reliability to shift scale item; the later one uses statistic tools, called" LISREL" to carry out structural analysis in the Relationship Quality Model of Electronic Store, and confirms to find out the cause and effect (Customer loyalty and further interaction) of the Relationship Quality (Satisfaction and trust). Through the result of Quantitative Analysis, we can find out: 1) The research, called "B2C Electronic Store" the Relationship Quality Model is able to obtain the support; 2) When strengthening Electronic Store''s internet usefulness, product disconfirmation, contact intensity, and internet security, it can promote the Relationship Quality well; 3) For the development of Electronic Commerce in Taiwan, the internet security precaution still takes as a serious problem to solve; 4) Stressing on Electronic Store''s service quality, asset specificity and relationship satisfaction can increase customer loyalty and enterprise''s profit; 5) Increasing Relationship Quality can posses loyal customer, and further enhance bilateral future interaction.
For the Qualitative Analysis, we interview 28 on-line broker firms in Taiwan, and collect the secondary information (web content of online-broker analysis, periodical magazine, and stock exchange website), as a result, we find out that the better the website''s service quality, the greater transition security and interaction. For this research, it can not only effectively increase the customer trust and satisfaction (the relationship quality), but also build up the high customer loyalty. Hence, it is a good way for brokers to underpin the amounts of customers by uplifting the website interactive mechanism, customized website contents, off-price merchandize (fee discounts), website asset specificities (knowledge and time specificity). Base on the result in this research, we conclude that: (1) An order from the website has varieties of advantages, so it''s equipped the capability of development in Taiwan stock market; (2) Website bond has moved toward merchandize or service quality instead of price competition; (3) Bond merchandize and service has become diversified and global pattern, and it faces toward the Service Center of Online-banking form; (4) Due to the customized service, current online-broker can provide better service than traditional one; (5) For the invention of strengthening core resource, it can have their own asset specificity that is hard to imitate, and promote customer loyalty; (6) Internet is a good toll for the Relationship Marketing; (7) Security is still the main obstacle for the internet stock market development.
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兩岸太陽能光電廠商競合策略研究 / A case study for cross-strait photovoltaic interfirm co-opetition strategy王羚卉 Unknown Date (has links)
近年來，環境汙染、能源危機等議題，使世界各國莫不開始重視環境永續經營之課題。目前被認為具發展潛力之替代能源包括太陽能、風力、地熱、水力、生質能等，其中，由於太陽能為取之不盡、用之不竭的循環再生能源，具無汙染、發展歷史悠久、取得來源穩定、發電成本逐年下降等優勢，因此，各國政府皆致力於太陽能光電產業之發展與推動。
根據統計，太陽能光電產業產品製造重心在2008年金融風暴後，快速往亞洲地區移動，產量增加最快的地區為中國和臺灣，兩岸因各自不同的地理環境、發展條件、政府政策等因素，促使相關產品在全球市場佔有率持續增加。2009 年全球太陽能電池產量為9.34GW，其中，中國與台灣佔全球總產量的49%（中國38%、台灣11%），可見兩岸同時共享全球太陽能光電市場，亦共同競爭全球再生能源產業版圖。
本研究由廠商角度出發，針對兩岸太陽能光電產業競爭與合作策略進行多面向分析研究。首先透過Porter (1980, 1990)五力分析與鑽石模型，對兩岸太陽能光電產業進行探討，並以廠商層次之資源基礎與交易成本等理論，瞭解個案廠商的交易成本與交易價值，同時探討國家和產業因素是否在廠商合作或不合作決策間形成調節效果。本研究發現，面對中國廠商，不同價值鏈階段的台灣廠商需選擇不同的競爭或合作策略，垂直整合並非台灣太陽能光電廠商首選之發展策略。同時，基於資源與能力的互補性可發現，兩岸同價值鏈階段廠商呈相互競爭狀態，廠商合作動機低，而兩岸不同價值鏈階段廠商的合作動機則高。在合作方式方面，則因台灣廠商的目的性差異，主要分作長短期契約和合資兩種方式。此外，本研究亦發現國家條件，如生產要素互補性與政府政策，以及產業發展現況將帶動兩岸廠商建立合作關係的可能性。 / Due to increasingly environmental issues such as pollution or energy crisis, people begin to regard environmental sustainability as an important topic in recent years. There are several kinds of potential substitute energy, including solar, wind, geothermal, water power, biomass energy, etc. Solar energy is one of important substitute energies because of its pollution-free characteristics, stability and decreasing cost trend. Therefore, the governments are committed to develop and promote the solar photovoltaic industry.
According to statistics, the production area of photovoltaic products has been moved quickly from Europe to Asia after the financial crisis in 2008. The two of the fastest growing areas are China and Taiwan. Due to geographical environment, development conditions, government policies and other industrial factors, photovoltaic products from China and Taiwan continue to increase in the global market share. For instance, China and Taiwan accounted for 49% (or 93.4GW) of the worldwide solar cell production (38% in China, 11% in Taiwan) in 2009. It is obvious that China and Taiwan are competing the global photovoltaic market share.
Based on five forces model, diamond model, transaction cost theory and resource-based view, this study provides a multi-strategic analysis of co-opetition in the cross-strait photovoltaic industry. By collecting secondary data and conducing case study, I complete a serious of systematic analysis and results with the grounded theory approach.
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旅行社、領隊與團體套裝旅遊之消費者間三方交換關係之探討 / The study of exchange relationship among travel agent,tour leader&group package tour's consumer凃明哲, Tu, Ming Che Unknown Date (has links)
旅遊業為我國未來產業發展的重點之一，再加上團體套裝旅遊一直是亞洲國家中最普遍及最受觀迎的旅遊型態之一，我國2009年的團體套裝旅遊比例即佔了35.6%。其中，領隊人員可以說是團體套裝旅遊的重要元素，不僅影響著該次旅遊品質的好壞，領隊也可藉由專業的服務取得旅客的信任，而獲得後續帶團的機會；是以，由於我國過去旅行社設立門檻不高，加上領隊掌握一定旅客數，不少領隊帶槍投靠或自立門戶，造成旅行業良莠不齊、競爭激烈。
因此，本研究欲探討現行旅行社對於領隊的管理模式，運用交易成本理論及4C交換成本理論架構，剖析旅行社、領隊與團體旅遊消費者間三方交換之關係，並對於旅行社提出適當的領隊管理建議，期盼能對於旅行產業的市場紊亂情形有所助益。而由於本研究議題過去缺乏學術研究成果且未被有系統的討論，故採用質性研究及深度訪談做為本論文的研究方法。
研究結果得知，透過訪談資料的整理與分析，歸納出兩種現行的領隊管理模式。管理模式1：旅行社著重於處理與消費者間的4C關係，並設法阻礙領隊與消費者間4C關係的建立，使消費者購買團體旅遊產品是出自於旅行社本身，而非領隊；管理模式2：旅行社與領隊共生共榮，在旅行社與消費者的交換關係方面，旅行社著重於產品的外顯單位效益成本；而在旅行社與領隊的交換關係方面，旅行社運用4C的處理得宜，維繫優秀的領隊，鞏固銷售。
本研究以4C交換成本理論，歸納出兩種領隊管理模式，建議後續研究者可針對旅行社背景，探討何種領隊管理模式對其最有利；另外，針對國內網路時代的盛行，有業者引進國外居家旅遊商業模式H.B.T.A.(Home Based Travel Agents)，類似於本研究所提出的管理模式2，後續研究者也可針對此議題進行深入探討。 / Travel industry will be one of the most promising industries in Taiwan; in addition, Group Package Tour is one of the most popular traveling types in Asian countries. In 2009, the percent of Group Package Tour in Taiwan is highly 35.6%. Especially, Tour leader (or tour escort) is the critical element of Group Package Tour.He (or she) can not only influence on the quality of travel, but also can get customers’ trust and the chances of business by professional service. Therefore, because of the low entry barrier of Travel industry and tour leader holding up some customers, lots of tour leaders job-hop or build up their own business. It makes travel industry highly competitive.
For this reason, this study wants to use the Transaction Cost Theory and 4C Exchange Cost Theory to discuss current tour leader’s management model, and analyze the exchange relationship among travel agent, tour leader and Group Package Tour customer. Finally, this study wants to propose management recommendations for travel agents. However, this topic was less discussed in the past, so that this study uses qualitative research and in-depth interview as the research method.
According to the research result, this study generalizes two kinds of tour leader’s management model. Model 1: Travel agents focus on the 4C relationship with consumers, and manage to hinder the 4C relationship between tour leader and consumer; Model 2: Travel agents cooperate with tour leader. Between travel agent and consumer, travel agents focus on C1. Between travel agent and tour leader, travel agents focus on the 4C relationship for holding up excellent tour leaders.
For future research, this study suggests to discuss what travel agent background can benefit from two kinds of tour leader’s management model, or discuss H.B.T.A. (Home Based Travel Agents) deeply.
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以代理理論與交易成本理論觀點分析「e-house不動產交易服務網」 / Analysis of E-House Real State Website from Transaction Cost Theory and Agency Theory Points of View.毛惠玲, Mao,Hui Ling Unknown Date (has links)
台灣不動產仲介業，從1977年成立公司組織發展至今32年、不動產仲介業務網路化從1996年至今13年、公部門為不動產交易安全建置e-house從2007年開始運作至今2年，對照2002年至今台灣不動產仲介交易糾紛逐年攀升現象；顯見，付出高額仲介費用買屋及賣屋的不動產消費者，並未因不動產仲介業者的組織規模龐大、營業收入豐碩、網路發達，資訊科技精進及政府成立e-house網站，而得到較完備的不動產交易安全保障。
本研究以滿足消費者需求為基礎，並以提供網絡仲介不動產交易安全環境的“推動方式和實實務層面”為主題，從不動產仲介之起源、不動產仲介市場現況、不動產仲介問題、e-house現況及e-house問題等過程為論述軸線.探討不動產仲介作業流程、不動產仲介交易糾紛原因、不動產網路仲介交易運作、聯賣制度運作不成功、自售網之崛起及e-house網站的政策目標等課題，經由(1)以交易成本及代理理論為基礎的論證；(2)對現行管理仲介業者的不動產經紀業管理條例之法制面與規範的認知；(3)對不動產消費者、不動產服務業者、政府三方不動產網路仲介交易相關主體特性的瞭解; (4)對於民間不動產網站及官方e-house網站仲介交易實務與現行法制規範相互影響，造成推動不動產交易安全障礙的課題進行探討; (5)分析影響不動產消費者使用民間不動產網站及官方e-house網站存在仲介代理問題及高昂仲介費用的交易成本等相關文獻面、法制面、實務面及一般會員使用e-house的問卷調查。綜合研究顯示：(1)台灣不動產仲介業與政府本身皆存在影響不動產交易安全推動的問題；(2)不動產仲介業對消費者可能存在委託代理問題及使用不動產網站產生交易成本的疑慮；(3)不動產仲介交易產生的代理問題及交易成本，會影響消費者對不動產交易行為的決策形式；(4)消費者利用網路進行不動產交易，是一項極為專業且繁瑣的消費活動，不動產仲介交易過程必須專業分工，才能消弭或降低代理問題及交易成本，促進交易安全。
本研究針對影響消費者使用仲介網站交易不動產的問題，嘗試建構「e-house網路交易不動產示範網站」的新思維，提供消費者消除或減少代理問題和交易成本，以促進不動產交易安全；另一方面，也考慮到其他不動產專業人士的權益及政府行政效能的提升。新思維的內容包括(1)建構“整合仲介交易過程之不動產專業分工機制” (2)改造e-house成為「e-house網路交易不動產示範網站」(3)研擬不動產網站經營者之資格條件、不動產網站作業內容及消費者與不動產業者網路作業等規範,並建議政府從「政策面」、「法制面」、「資訊面」、「推動面」及「執行面」等五個構面制定配套措施，消弭或降低代理問題及交易成本，推動不動產交易安全。
關鍵字：不動產仲介業、不動產經紀人、交易成本理論、代理理論、代理問題、e-house網路交易不動產示範網站 / Taiwan real estate brokerage industry appeared as company organization in 1977. In 1996, the real estate brokerage business launched onto internet website. In 2007, Public Security Department setup “e-house” network platform. However, from 2002 till now, the real estate transaction disputes still increase annually. Obviously, large organized real estate firms, developed network, sufficient information nor “e-house” network platform will not guarantee consumers who pay high broker fees to receive better and comprehensive real estate transaction safety.
This study is to provide “promoting and practicing aspects” to real estate transaction safety network environment to satisfy consumers’ demands. It intends to look into the starting of real estate brokerage business, the current status of real estate brokerage market, the real estate broker problems, the current “e-house” status and its problems by examining the process of Taiwan real estate brokerage, the real estate transaction disputes, the real estate broker operating network, the failure of MLS, the rise of free broker fee network, and the policy objectives of “e-house” network platform by:
(1) Demonstration on the basis of transactional cost and broker theory;
(2) Comprehension on the procedures and the norms of Real Estate Broker Management Act;
(3) Understand the characteristics of three participants, government, real estate service providers and the consumers, in the real estate transaction;
(4) Investigate the conflicts between real estate operation network and the existing regulations that makes the promoting real estate transaction safety to be difficult;
(5) Analyze the cost structure between private brokerage system and the official “e-house” system and how a consumer may react to two different systems with regards to legal system, practice and survey.
A general conclusion from research indicates the following:
(1) Problems appear on both sides of private and government agencies to promote safer and more transparent real estate transaction
(2) Real estate brokers have doubts on buyers/seller’s trust on representation issue and the actual transactional cost for using a on-line web-site
(3) Cost and representation issue arising from the actual real-estate transaction may Affect forms of consumers’ decision making.
(4) Procedures for making an online real estate transaction are very complicated for consumers. Professional brokers have to monitor every step of the way in order to eliminate representation issue, reduce transactional cost, and promote safer transactional security.
This study focuses on the problems emerging from consumers using an online real-estate website, while trying to demonstrate a safe “e-house” network platform can actually complete the real estate transaction. Once consumers have enough trust in the “e-house” network platform, it could potentially reduce representation issue problems and transactional cost. On the other hand, this system also protects brokers’ privileges while enhancing government’s efficiency. New concepts to be discussed in this study will include
(1) Create a professional and integrated real-estate transactional mechanism.
(2) Transform “e-house” into a demonstrated network platform for online real-estate transaction.
(3) Set strict standards for qualifying private brokerage to operate an online real-estate network platform, to provide website contents, and operational model between consumer and real-estate broker.
(4) Propose necessary measures to government in five aspects: “policy”, “legal system”, “information”, “promotion”, “implementation”.
Keywords: Real estate brokerage industry, Real estate broker, Agency theory, Transaction cost theory, Representation issue, E-house network of real estate transactions demonstration platform.
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Motivações para a verticalização logística na indústria de bens de consumo: um estudo de caso sobre a Coca-Cola Andina BrasilRespino, Renard Machado 11 March 2014 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2014-03-11 / Organizations are targets of constant changes imposed by factors that require fast and consistent decisions to remain competitive. The strategy that best leverages resources and capabilities to obtain sustainable competitive advantages can be found inside or outside organizational boundaries. This study aims to identify and assess the reasons for a beverage industry to migrate from an outsourced distribution model to a vertically integrated one. Therefore, we built a case study which allows us to evaluate carriers' behavior in the contractor perspective and to analyze the financial feasibility of their own fleet, not to mention the exploration of pilot project idea and the vertical implementation itself. With the results we could assess benefits and risks of having own physical distribution, exploring the intersection between theoretical and empirical contributions. Therefore, we broadened the vision of the academy and executives on the sourcing decision, exploring strategic aspects of this complex and important decision-making process. / As organizações são alvos constantes de mudanças impostas por fatores que exigem rápidas e consistentes decisões para se manterem competitivas. A estratégia que melhor explora os recursos e as competências como forma de obtenção de vantagens competitivas sustentáveis pode estar dentro ou fora das fronteiras organizacionais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar e avaliar as razões que levaram uma indústria de bebidas à migração de um modelo de distribuição terceirizado para um verticalmente integrado. Para tal, foi realizado um estudo de caso que permitiu avaliar o comportamento dos transportadores na ótica do contratante, e o processo de análise e implementação desse projeto de verticalização. Com os resultados obtidos foi possível avaliar as vantagens e riscos desse novo modelo, explorando o cruzamento entre as contribuições teóricas e empíricas. Portanto, ampliamos a visão da academia e dos executivos sobre a decisão de sourcing, e exploramos os aspectos estratégicos desse complexo e importante processo decisório.
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Product development sourcing strategies over technology life cycle in high-tech industryShahmarichatghieh, M. (Marzieh) 21 April 2017 (has links)
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to observe product development sourcing strategies over technology life-cycle stages, including assessing evaluation conditions and strategy formulating models. This dissertation approaches product development sourcing from the perspectives of 1) main concepts of product development and technology life-cycles, 2) mapping product development activities over technology life-cycles, 3) mapping product development sourcing over technology life-cycles, and 4) a decision making flowchart. The individual findings are further synthesised and a three dimensional view to analyse the strategic positioning of technology, product and market development as a core context of the organisation is presented. This as it is proposed that the product development sourcing strategies should be analysed and decided according to strategic positioning of the technologies, products and markets and based on the related life-cycle phases. Different product development sourcing strategies can increase the competitiveness of the company by effectively managing critical knowledge of the technology and product development resources.
The dissertation is qualitative and inductive in nature and is based on both, reviewing the literature and interviewing experienced industrial managers. The empirical material is based on semi-structured interviews with R&D managers and meetings with R&D directors. The study was realised by investigating historical data on product development activities and sourcing strategies of one of the high-tech industry leaders over four technology generations. The technology evolution of all the generations are considered and the collected data is analysed to understand if there are any significant relationships with the literature based findings. The analysis consists of five individual publications and related synthesis in this compilation.
The principal results of this study is a product development sourcing framework (PDSF) proposing how product development sourcing strategies could be managed according to technology maturity levels by considering the specific needs and motivations of each prevailing situation. This necessitates the understanding of the characteristics of different technology life-cycle stages, and evaluating product development activities. This study points out how different models can be utilised to support the evaluation. As a result, various factors can be used to support the product development sourcing decisions for each specific situation, whereas strategy formulating theories are also beneficial as a support for these decisions.
The main implications include providing a structure, PDSF, to support managers in their decisions on product development activities and sourcing strategies. The created PDSF is an amalgam of seven technology life-cycles that enable cross-functional investigations over each technology with market penetration situation, manufacturing capabilities, product development factors, and sourcing capability factors of all technology products. Aside providing support for selecting suitable product development sourcing strategies, this study may also ease the considerations over killing unproductive projects and unprofitable product lines. / Tiivistelmä
Tämä tutkimus tarkastelee tuotekehityksen hankintastrategioita teknologioiden, tuotteiden ja markkinasegmenttien eri elinkaarivaiheissa. Väitöskirja lähestyy tuotekehityksen hankintaa seuraavista näkökulmista: 1) tuotekehityksen ja teknologioiden elinkaarien pääkonseptit, 2) tuotekehitystoiminnat teknologianelinkaarien vaiheissa, 3) tuotekehityksen hankinnat teknologianelinkaaren vaiheissa, ja 4) päätöksenteon vuokaavio. Yksittäiset löydökset on edelleen syntetisoitu ja kolmiulotteinen näkemys teknologioiden, tuotteiden ja markkinoiden kehittymiseen on esitetty keskeisenä kontekstina organisaatioille. Väitöstutkimus esittää että tuotekehityksen hankintastrategiat pitäisi analysoida ja päättää perustuen teknologioiden, tuotteiden ja markkinoiden strategiseen positioon elinkaarivaiheissa. Erilaiset tuotekehityksen hankintastrategiat voivat parantaa yritysten kilpailukykyä teknologioihin ja tuotekehitysresursseihin liittyvän kriittisen tiedon tehokkaan johtamisen ansiosta.
Väitöskirja on luonteeltaan laadullista tutkimusta hyödyntäen induktiivista päättelylogiikkaa perustuen sekä aiemman kirjallisuuden tarkasteluun, että empiirisesti puolistrukturoituihin haastatteluihin kokeneiden tuotekehityspäälliköiden ja -johtajien kanssa. Tutkimus toteutettiin tarkastelemalla neljään eri teknologiasukupolveen liittyviä tuotekehityksen ja hankintastrategioiden historiatietoa ja aineistoa yhdessä johtavassa korkeanteknologian yrityksessä. Tarkasteltujen teknologiasukupolvien teknologiaevoluutiota on pohdittu ja kerättyä dataa on analysoitu mahdollisten merkittävien yhteyksien tunnistamiseksi ja ymmärtämiseksi suhteessa aikaisempiin tutkimuksiin ja kirjallisuuteen. Suoritettu analyysi sisältää viisi erillistä osajulkaisua ja tässä kokoomaosassa esitetyn synteesin.
Tämän tutkimuksen keskeinen tulos on kehitetty tuotekehityksen hankintaviitekehys (PDSF) joka esittää tuotekehityksen hankintastrategioiden muodostamisen ja valitsemisen perustuen teknologioiden, tuotteiden ja markkinoiden kypsyysasteisiin, elinkaarivaiheisiin. Tämä edellyttää eri teknologiaelinkaarivaiheiden erityispiirteiden ymmärtämistä ja tuotekehitysaktiviteettien strategista arviointia. Tutkittuja strategisia tekijöitä voidaan hyödyntää tukemaan tuotekehityksen hankintamallin valitsemista ja päätöksiä.
Tutkimuksen keskeiset implikaatiot sisältävät struktuurin luomisen, tuotekehityksen hankintaviitekehyksen (PDSF) muodossa tukemaan tuotekehitysjohtajia heidän päätöksenteossaan liittyen tuotekehityksen hankintastrategioihin. Luotu tuotekehityksen hankintaviitekehys mahdollistaa poikkiorganisaatiollisen tarkastelun tuotekehityksen strategisista hallintamalleista huomioiden teknologioiden, tuotteiden ja markkinasegmenttien elinkaaret ja niiden vaikutukset strategiseen päätöksen tekoon. Lisäksi, tämä tutkimus voi myös osaltaan helpottaa tuottamattomien tuotteiden ja tuotelinjojen lakkauttamiseen liittyvää analyysia ja päätöksentekoa.
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Le rôle des sociétés de capital-investissement dans la formation d'alliances stratégiques / The role of Private Equity-firms in the formation of strategic alliancesBurkhardt, Kirsten 27 February 2014 (has links)
Ce travail analyse le rôle des sociétés de capital-investissement dans la formation d’alliances stratégiques sur le marché français du capital-investissement. Après nous être fait une idée de l’importance du phénomène à l’aide des informations nouvelles que nous avons générées par notre propre enquête, nous apportons une explication au phénomène observé. L’analyse théorique se fait sous l’angle de la création de valeur actionnariale, en recourant conjointement aux théories contractuelles et cognitives. Les théories sociologiques des réseaux viennent compléter les principaux arguments de ces deux cadres théoriques. Le modèle explicatif qui en découle est ensuite mis à l’épreuve empirique à l’aide d’une étude multi-méthodes à visée infirmationniste, combinant une analyse économétrique et une étude de cas multiples. Nos résultats permettent de conclure que les sociétés françaises de capital-investissement jouent un rôle tant intentionnel que non intentionnel dans la formation d’alliances stratégiques pour leurs participations. Ces rôles mettent en avant une intervention tant passive qu’active des sociétés françaises de capital-investissement. Bien que l’argumentation cognitive trouve, dans son ensemble, plus de support que l’argumentation contractuelle, l’analyse fait ressortir l’intérêt de recourir à une utilisation conjointe des théories contractuelles et cognitives qui se révèlent complémentaires. / This research analyses the role of Private Equity firms in the formation of strategic alliances within the field of the French Private Equity market. We start to provide evidence of its importance from new survey information, before offering an explanation of the organizational phenomenon. The study addresses the questions of how and why Private Equity firms act as relational intermediaries to help their portfolio companies form alliances. Both questions are investigated in the light of the Private Equity firms’ contribution to the value creation process that comes with alliance formation. Answers are provided by means of three jointly used theoretical frameworks: (1) mainstream theories (transaction cost theory and the positive theory of agency); (2) the knowledge based view; and 3) social network theories to complement the resulting from jointly use of the previous two theories. The theoretical construct is then tested empirically by means of a multi-method study with explanatory design, based on the pattern of joint evidence from both statistical tests and a multiple case study. Results show that French Private Equity firms do play a role in alliance formation. This role can be intentional as well as non-intentional. Furthermore, although arguments from the knowledge-based perspective finds more support in explaining this behavior than from the mainstream theories, our study highlights the benefits of the joint use of these theories and the complementary nature of them to better explaining the phenomenon as a whole.
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台灣資訊服務業之行銷策略探討-以A公司為例郭淑儀, Kuo,Anita Shu Yi Unknown Date (has links)
台灣資訊服務業的興起，係源自於企業需要資訊服務以解決重複性作業及複雜的管理面問題，以及過去外商進入台灣市場促成產業的競爭發展。台灣資訊服務業者普遍存在有營運資本小、資源有限、產業鏈分工界線不明確的先天體質問題，又同時面臨內需市場小、進入障礙低、競爭者眾之環境面挑戰，在對外開拓國際市場時，又得面對瞬息萬變的環境競爭因素。
資通訊科技服務係為國家基礎建設，資通訊服務是伴隨著商業應用需求而來。繼電子、資訊及通訊產品發展成為占有台灣高達3成外銷比重之後，政府已將資訊服務業列入重點推動產業，期許能在既有的硬體產業優勢下，結合資訊服務業者於軟體質量的提升，打造台灣核心競爭優勢。尤其是資訊服務產業中占比重最高之系統整合業者，應如何建立核心競爭優勢，推出具競爭力的產品服務，建立與產業客戶的長期合作關係，並確保在利基市場上的交易競爭優勢，以求獲利與永續經營發展，是值得關切的議題。
本論文分析架構係以交易成本理論和策略行銷4C理論為基礎，以A公司個案分析為主軸。透過探討A公司發展歷程中如何建立4C行銷策略優勢，包括如何降低客戶之C1：外顯單位效益成本、C2：資訊搜尋成本、C3：道德危機成本，以及運用C4：專屬陷入成本等，以建立市場行銷優勢，並運用4C優勢，建立良性之4C循環，以求長期經營發展。A公司之行銷策略將可提供類似規模與背景的資訊服務業者參考之用。
研究分析A公司個案後，發現其4C循環策略為，建立C1優勢加強競爭力，藉由與C3優勢強者合作拓展通路以降低C2，在客戶端建立有利的C3和C4，並為符合客戶之C1需求，再強化C1之產品效用，建立更強的C3和C4；但其中最為注重C1，因為C1是競爭力的來源，是構成其他3個C的支撐點。
朝聚焦策略發展，並做好基礎技術研發和國際品質認證等基本功；對產品有明確之STP（Segmentation, Target, Positioning），並掌握市場動向之洞察力（street-smart insight），以對的產品切入對的市場（do it right），形成有利的4C循環，才能夠維持優於同業之表現。並在穩健創新經營原則下，掌握利基市場，因時因地制宜的運用4C行銷策略，才能確保4C競爭優勢。 / The advancement of Taiwan IT services is derived from the business needs for information service to solve duplicate activities and complicate management problems, and also contributed by the industrial competitions from foreign IT service companies’ entering Taiwan market. In Taiwan IT service industry there widely exist endowment problems like small operation capital, limited resources, vague supply chains, etc., and environmental challenges, such as the small domestic market, low industrial barrier, furious competitions, etc., and furthermore, there are changeable competition factors in exploring international markets.
ICT services are the fundamental national infrastructure, and are accompanied by business application needs. As we know, electronic, information and communication products account for more than 30% of Taiwan exports. After this, with the expectation to create the core competitive strength for Taiwan, IT service industry is one of the key promotion targets chosen by the government, to combine the current hardware industrial strength with the upgrade of software quality and volume. Especially for system integration services, the majority type of IT service industry, it is always worthy to study how to build up its core competence, launch competitive product services, and establish long-term relationship with customers to ensure transaction strength in the niche market, gain profits and sustain for long.
The research is based on the analysis framework of transaction cost theory, and strategic marketing 4C theory. The case study：Company A is the axis. By researching the development of Company A, to find how it can accumulate 4C strength, including how to lower customers’ external cost on utility, cost of information searches, cost of moral hazards, and better use cost of assets specificity to enter positive 4C cycles in the long run. Its marketing strategy can be used as a reference for the similar IT service companies.
The finding of Company A’s 4C cycles is that, build up C1 power to strengthen its competitiveness, by alliance with C3 power enabled partners to lower C2, and establish customers positive C3 and C4. In the meantime, in accordance with the customer’s C1 needs to enforce the utility of C1, there is C3 and C4 competitiveness strengthened furthermore. Above all, it is suggested to focus on C1, and be aware that C1 is the source of competitiveness, and the leverage of other 3Cs.
Deploy focus strategy, and elaborate the basic techniques of fundamental technology research and international quality assurance, with specific product STP（Segmentation, Target, Positioning）, street-smart insight and do-it-right, will form positive 4C cycles, which can result in better performance in the industry. Under the stable, innovative operation principles, catch niche markets and use strategic marketing 4C deliberately to ensure 4C competitive strength.
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Finansiella instrument : En rättsekonomisk analys av värdepappersmarknadens grundläggande rättshandlingar / Financial instruments : A law and economics analysis of the fundamental contracts of the capital marketsLindblad, Anton January 2022 (has links)
This thesis evaluates and constructs a general, product-neutral legal concept and model of financial instruments, as opposed to the product-dependent definitions currently employed in contemporary capital markets law. Through a combination of law and economics perspectives, legal history, and comparative analysis, the study examines the various types of financial instruments currently and previously in use. The legal characteristics and features of these instruments are evaluated and compared, leading to the identification of commonalities that can be used to define a product-neutral concept. The thesis argues that such a concept is more beneficial to the function of the capital markets by removing obstacles for financial innovation while also providing a consistent way to ensure that new financial products are governed by the same regulatory framework as comparable instruments.The thesis also examines the historical evolution of financial instruments and how it has been driven by the evolution of international trade and the demand and surplus of available capital. The proposed concept is applied to current financial instruments, including equity and debt, as well as pre-modern markets, and evaluated in terms of regulation, practical use, and legal characteristics such as transferability and negotiability.The research of this thesis encountered several challenges and limitations. Firstly, the historical and comparative analysis proved difficult to carry out, due to limitation in available source material and language related restrictions, respectively. These limitations were overcome by limiting the scope and by employing contacts with law firms in the respective jurisdictions. Secondly, several key issues proved to require further research to be able to provide definitive conclusions. Such research would have been out of scope and as such, simplified explanations and models were employed. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the practical implications of the proposed concept, including its application to cryptocurrencies and similar assets, and identifies potential areas for future research.
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Supply Chain Event Management – Bedarf, Systemarchitektur und Nutzen aus Perspektive fokaler Unternehmen der ModeindustrieTröger, Ralph 10 November 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Supply Chain Event Management (SCEM) bezeichnet eine Teildisziplin des Supply Chain Management und ist für Unternehmen ein Ansatzpunkt, durch frühzeitige Reaktion auf kritische Ausnahmeereignisse in der Wertschöpfungskette Logistikleistung und -kosten zu optimieren.
Durch Rahmenbedingungen wie bspw. globale Logistikstrukturen, eine hohe Artikelvielfalt und volatile Geschäftsbeziehungen zählt die Modeindustrie zu den Branchen, die für kritische Störereignisse besonders anfällig ist. In diesem Sinne untersucht die vorliegende Dissertation nach einer Beleuchtung der wesentlichen Grundlagen zunächst, inwiefern es in der Modeindustrie tatsächlich einen Bedarf an SCEM-Systemen gibt.
Anknüpfend daran zeigt sie nach einer Darstellung bisheriger SCEM-Architekturkonzepte Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten für eine Systemarchitektur auf, die auf den Designprinzipien der Serviceorientierung beruht. In diesem Rahmen erfolgt u. a. auch die Identifikation SCEM-relevanter Business Services. Die Vorzüge einer serviceorientierten Gestaltung werden detailliert anhand der EPCIS (EPC Information Services)-Spezifikation illustriert.
Abgerundet wird die Arbeit durch eine Betrachtung der Nutzenpotenziale von SCEM-Systemen. Nach einer Darstellung von Ansätzen, welche zur Nutzenbestimmung infrage kommen, wird der Nutzen anhand eines Praxisbeispiels aufgezeigt und fließt zusammen mit den Ergebnissen einer Literaturrecherche in eine Konsolidierung von SCEM-Nutzeffekten. Hierbei wird auch beleuchtet, welche zusätzlichen Vorteile sich für Unternehmen durch eine serviceorientierte Architekturgestaltung bieten.
In der Schlussbetrachtung werden die wesentlichen Erkenntnisse der Arbeit zusammengefasst und in einem Ausblick sowohl beleuchtet, welche Relevanz die Ergebnisse der Arbeit für die Bewältigung künftiger Herausforderungen innehaben als auch welche Anknüpfungspunkte sich für anschließende Forschungsarbeiten ergeben.
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