Due to the fact that the environment in which companies in 'South Africa are operating is constantly changing, these companies are undergoing a process of transformation. Organisations that intend competing successfully within this changing environment will have to have the right kind of leaders in order to stay afloat and even flourish. It is expected from companies' leaders at all levels to successfully navigate these troubled waters. Much of leadership has to do with the way in which leaders motivate their subordinates. Research has shown that there are succinctly different styles of leadership, and that each type of style has a different influence on the motivation of workers. Another factor, equally important, is the concept of locus of control. Research has also shown that people perceive differently, that which controls their destiny. Does the leader feel that he/she is controlled by this constantly changing environment in which he/she has to lead, or is he/she as the leader of an organisation in control of him-herself and his/her actions, and therefore also in control of the company itself? The question that inevitably arises is the following: is there any relationship between the style of leadership and the locus of control of the leader, and if so, what is the nature of this relationship? A quantitative design (two test survey design on a large population) was used to take the measurements on the style of leadership and the locus of control of the leaders. The Locus of Control Inventory (LCI) of Schepers (1998) and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), form 5R of Bass and Avolio (1995), were administered. A statistical analysis was then carried out in order to determine the relationship that exists between the two measurements, as well as the nature of the relationship. There were 221 respondents from organisations in South Africa, most of whom were in a middle level of leadership. The results showed that an internal locus of control and a disposition towards autonomy were associated with a laissez-faire leadership style as well as a transformational leadership style. It also showed that an external locus of control was associated with a laissez-faire leadership style. Recommendations for organisations and for future research were made. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Title: The Full-Range Leadership enacted by Swedish Audit team managers Background: The background of this study mainly relies on Leadership theories, more precisely theories about the Full-Range leadership model (FRL) and its features. However, key facts about the audit are also displayed in this part of the report to present it to readers. Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is to add to existing theory on the universalistic feature of the Full-Range Leadership model through the case of Swedish audit team managers. Such purpose entails the definition and the explanation on how the model of Full-Range Leadership is enacted by Swedish audit team managers in their day-to-day practice of leadership. Originality/Value: This research paper is one of the few researches at puzzling out existing researches to contribute clearly to the Full-Range Leadership model -as developed by Bass and Avolio- in the audit context. Furthermore, this is the first study aiming at defining and explaining Swedish audit team managers’ leadership practice and emphasizing the non-managing audit staff for so. Practical implication: After the destruction of a great amount of money resulting from corporate financial scandals and the discovery of high level of dysfunctional behaviors occurring in the audit/accounting profession worldwide, growing number of studies investigated further financial systems and particularly audit professionals since they are supposed to be the ‘public watchdog’/‘public guardian of trust’ of worldwide markets and Economies and so, display strong values and rigor. In parallel, considerable number of studies demonstrated that leadership was the key to those issues. This study while putting the light on leadership practice in Swedish audit firms, wide opens the door for further reflections and improvement of the existing systems. Method: The featured piece of research is based on a field survey of the non-managing audit staff working in Swedish audit firms, which were asked to assess their managers through the use of the Multi-factor questionnaire X5 (short version). Findings: The study unveiled that even if the transformational leadership was the most enacted leadership by Swedish audit team managers and that so before transactional and passive/avoidant leadership, a great misalignment existed between the found-out empirical FRL model and the FRL model as defined theoretically. Accordingly, this study unveiled that the FRL model was not as universal as claimed when investigated in the Swedish audit firm context.

Due to the fact that the environment in which companies in 'South Africa are operating is constantly changing, these companies are undergoing a process of transformation. Organisations that intend competing successfully within this changing environment will have to have the right kind of leaders in order to stay afloat and even flourish. It is expected from companies' leaders at all levels to successfully navigate these troubled waters. Much of leadership has to do with the way in which leaders motivate their subordinates. Research has shown that there are succinctly different styles of leadership, and that each type of style has a different influence on the motivation of workers. Another factor, equally important, is the concept of locus of control. Research has also shown that people perceive differently, that which controls their destiny. Does the leader feel that he/she is controlled by this constantly changing environment in which he/she has to lead, or is he/she as the leader of an organisation in control of him-herself and his/her actions, and therefore also in control of the company itself? The question that inevitably arises is the following: is there any relationship between the style of leadership and the locus of control of the leader, and if so, what is the nature of this relationship? A quantitative design (two test survey design on a large population) was used to take the measurements on the style of leadership and the locus of control of the leaders. The Locus of Control Inventory (LCI) of Schepers (1998) and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), form 5R of Bass and Avolio (1995), were administered. A statistical analysis was then carried out in order to determine the relationship that exists between the two measurements, as well as the nature of the relationship. There were 221 respondents from organisations in South Africa, most of whom were in a middle level of leadership. The results showed that an internal locus of control and a disposition towards autonomy were associated with a laissez-faire leadership style as well as a transformational leadership style. It also showed that an external locus of control was associated with a laissez-faire leadership style. Recommendations for organisations and for future research were made. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Έχοντας κατά νου τα εξής δεδομένα: • Ότι η αλλαγή στην κοινωνία τα τελευταία χρόνια γίνεται με εκθετικούς ρυθμούς • Ότι το ανθρώπινο κεφάλαιο έχει μετατραπεί από υποστηρικτικό παράγοντα στο πιο σημαντικό στοιχείο του ενεργητικού των φορέων των • Ότι στους οργανισμούς προβάλλει κυρίαρχη η αναγκαιότητα ύπαρξης μιας σύγχρονης ηγεσίας με όραμα, προκειμένου να διαχειριστεί τις τεράστιες παγκόσμιες αλλαγές, οι οποίες μας επηρεάζουν καθημερινά • Ισχυρή προσωπική “πνευματική περιέργεια” (intellectual curiosity), ως προς την αναζήτηση και ανεύρεση των ηγετικών συμπεριφορών και χαρακτηριστικών τα οποία προσδιορίζουν τα ηγετικά στυλ στο χώρο της Ελληνικής Αστυνομίας, το ενδεχόμενο όραμα που προκύπτει ή ενυπάρχει σε αυτά, καθώς την εξ’ αυτών έκβαση της ηγεσίας, εκπόνησα την παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή. Για τη διενέργεια της έρευνας επελέγη και έγινε χρήση του ερωτηματολογίου M.L.Q. - Πολυπαραγοντικό Ερωτηματολόγιο Ηγεσίας (Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, Form – 5x), των Avolio και Bass, 2004. Το ερωτηματολόγιο είναι παγκοσμίως αναγνωρίσιμο και επιστημονικά έγκυρο. Το M.L.Q – 5X μετρά την έκταση των ηγετικών στυλ (Full Range Leadership), ήτοι: Μετασχηματιστική (Transformational), Διεκπεραιωτική (Transactional) και προς Αποφυγή Ηγεσία (Avoidant Leadership). Το M.L.Q., επίσης εξετάσει την έκβαση (Out comes) της ηγεσίας: Μεγαλύτερη Προσπάθεια (Extra Effort), Αποτελεσματικότητα (Effectiveness) και Ευχαρίστηση από την Ηγεσία (Satisfaction with Leadership). Η έρευνα στο Αστυνομικό Προσωπικό – Ανθυπαστυνόμοι, Αρχιφύλακες και Αστυφύλακες, οι οποίοι ανέρχονται σε 40.500 (περίπου) από τους 45.000 (περίπου) Αστυνομικούς (αρ.19, Ν.2800/2000), όλων των βαθμών – μέσω των τριακοσίων εβδομήντα έξι επιστραφέντων ερωτηματολογίων από διάφορες περιοχές της Ελλάδας, έδειξε ότι: • Η ηγεσία με το μεγαλύτερο σκορ είναι η L.F., η οποία ουσιαστικά αντιπροσωπεύει την έλλειψη ηγεσίας και ως εκ τούτου οράματος. Τα άλλα συστατικά (components) της ηγεσίας συμμετέχουν με μικρότερο ποσοστό. Τα στοιχεία αυτά κατά σειρά συμμετοχής, από το μεγαλύτερο στο μικρότερο είναι: LF, MBEA, II (B), CR, MBEP, IM, II (A), IS και ΙC • Οι παράγοντες (μορφές ηγεσίας) που αυξάνουν την επιπρόσθετη προσπάθεια είναι οι: IC, II (A), CR, LF και IS • Οι παράγοντες που αυξάνουν την αποτελεσματικότητα είναι οι: IC, II (A), CR, IS, LF και ΙΙ (Β) • Οι παράγοντες που αυξάνουν την ικανοποίηση είναι οι: CR, II (A), IC, MBEP, LF και ΙΙ (Β). Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας αποτελούν ένα πολύ χρήσιμο υλικό, ιδία στα χέρια των διοικούντων την Αστυνομία, για ασφαλή συμπεράσματα και περαιτέρω αξιοποίηση και προβληματισμό. / Having in mind the following facts: • That change in society is taking place with exponential numbers in recent years • That human capital has been turned from supporting factor into the most important element of its carrier’s assets • That in organizations the necessity of the existence of a contemporary leadership with vision appears to be prevalent in order to handle tremendous worldwide changes which affect us daily • Strong personal intellectual curiosity towards seeking and finding leadership behaviours and characteristics which determine leadership styles in the domain of Hellenic Police, the possible vision arising from or contained in them ,as well as the outcome of leadership as a result of them , I have elaborated this doctoral dissertation. In order to carry out this research there has been used the M.L.Q. questionnaire – Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Form – 5x), by Avolio & Bass, 2004. This questionnaire is widely recognizable and scientifically reliable. M.L.Q. – 5x estimates the range of leadership styles ( Full Range Leadership), that is: Transformational, Transactional, Avoidant Leadership. M.L.Q. also looks into the outcomes of leadership: Extra Effort, Effectiveness, Satisfaction with Leadership. Research in Police Personnel – Police warrant officers, Sergeants and Police officers, numbering 40,500 (approximately) out of 45,000 policemen (approximately) – ar.19, L.2800 /2000 – of all ranks, by means of three hundred and seventy six returned questionnaires from different parts of Greece, showed that: • The leadership with the highest scores is L.F, which virtually represents the lack of leadership and therefore the lack of vision. The other components of leadership participate at lower rates. These components in order of participation, from the highest to the lowest, are: LF, MBEA, II(B), CR, MBEP, IM, II(A), IS & IC • The factors (leadership forms) which increase the extra efforts are: IC, II (A), CR, LF, and IS • The factors which increase effectiveness are :IC, II (A), CR, IS, LF & II (B) • The factors which increase satisfaction are: CR, II(A), IC, MBEP, LF and II (B). The results of the research are a very useful material, especially in the hands of those administering the Police Force, in order to have reliable conclusions and further development and speculation.

Sammanfattning Titel: Att leda löshästar - en studie om hur resurskonsulter upplever ledarskapet i kundföretagen Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Sabina Molin och Kamilla Kristoffersson Handledare: Monika Wallmon och Lars Ekstrand Datum: 2015 – Januari Syfte: Syftet med detta arbete är att med hjälp av leader-member exchange theory undersöka utbytesrelationerna mellan resurskonsulter och deras närmaste ledare på kundföretaget samt vilka ledarbeteenden som används för att leda inhyrd arbetskraft och hur de påverkar relationerna. Metod: Denna uppsats har ett positivistiskt förhållningssätt och det används en hypotetiskdeduktiv metod som innebär att hypoteser deduceras från teori och sedan prövas mot empiri. En kvantitativ ansats används genom att samla in empiri genom webbenkäter som skickades ut till 148 respondenter. Resultat & slutsats: Undersökningen visade att stödjande ledarskap och leda som förebild hade störst påverkan på utbytesrelationerna. De ledarbeteenden som användes i störst utsträckning var berättigande och erkännande. Utveckling och visionerande användes allra minst. De flesta utbytesrelationer var höga. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Flera förslag till fortsatt forskning presenteras men vi finner att undersöka både ledare, ordinarie och inhyrd personal för att jämföra hur ledarskapet se ut och få en bredare bild är främsta intresset. Uppsatsens bidrag: Denna uppsats har bidragit med en insyn i hur ledare leder inhyrd personal och hur detta ledarskap ser ut i form av ledarbeteenden och utbytesrelationer. Nyckelord: Ledarskap, inhyrd personal, utbytesrelation, leader-member exchange theory, ledarbeteende, transformativt och transaktionellt ledarskap.

Titel: Ledarskap det sociala stödets påverkan av arbetsrelaterad stress – En studie inom fastighetsmäklarbranschen   Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi   Författare: Nathalie Holm och My Gustafsson   Handledare: Pär Vilhelmson, Maria Fregidou-Malama och Kristina Mickelsson   Datum: 2015 – maj   Syfte: Samhället och specifikt säljyrket blir allt mer komplext och har bidragit till ökad arbetsrelaterad stress. Studiens syfte är därför att få en ökad förståelse om ledarskapet och det sociala stödets betydelse för att motverka arbetsrelaterad stress i säljande organisationer. Forskningsfrågorna som ställts är följande:   1)    Vilken betydelse har ledarskapet för upplevelsen av arbetsrelaterad stress? 2)    Vilken betydelse har det sociala stödet för upplevelsen av arbetsrelaterad stress? 3)    Anses det vara ledarens uppgift att bidra med/ge socialt stöd till sina anställda?   Metod: Eftersom syftet har varit att öka förståelsen inom ämnet, har studien gjorts med en kvalitativ forskningsmetod där data har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Tio stycken intervjuer har genomförts, uppdelat i sex anställda och fyra ledare. Det empiriska materialet har därefter transkriberats och analyserats. Resultatet presenteras genom en analys med stödjande citat och slutligen har en avslutning skrivits där resultat och analys presenteras och forskningsfrågorna besvaras.   Resultat & slutsats: Ledarskapet och framförallt det transformella ledarskapet har visat sig ha en påverkande roll för arbetsrelaterad stress eftersom ledaren fokuserar på att engagera och motivera de anställda med hjälp av en nära relation och socialt stöd. Studien visar även att den transaktionella ledarstilen kan ha en påverkande roll för arbetsrelaterad stress i en positiv bemärkelse.   Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Eftersom vi intervjuat både ledare och anställda i vår studie anser vi att det är av intresse att endast fokusera på anställda eller ledarna för att få en enhetlig bild av perspektiven. Studien visar även en koppling mellan det sociala stödet och den transaktionella ledarstilen, därför vore det även intressant att se det transaktionella ledarskapets påverkan och betydelse för upplevd arbetsrelaterad stress.       Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien bidrar till den företagsekonomiska forskningen inom ledarskap och organisation genom en ökad förståelse om ledarskapet, det transformella ledarskapet och framförallt det sociala stödets påverkan av arbetsrelaterad stress inom säljyrken. Studien visar även att det transaktionella ledarskapet kan ha en positiv påverkan av arbetsrelaterad stress.   Nyckelord: Ledarskap, transformellt ledarskap, transaktionellt ledarskap, socialt stöd, arbetsrelaterad stress, fastighetsmäklarbranschen. / Title: Ledarskap det sociala stödets påverkan av arbetsrelaterad stress – En studie inom fastighetsmäklarbranschen (Leadership social support influence of work stress – A study of real estate broker)   Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration   Author: Nathalie Holm och My Gustafsson   Supervisor: Pär Vilhelmson, Maria Fregidou-Malama och Kristina Mickelsson   Date: 2015 – may   Aim: Society and specifically the sales profession is becoming increasingly more complex and has contributed to increased work-related stress. The study's purpose is to get a better understanding of leadership and the importance of social support to combat work-related stress in the selling organizations. The research questions raised are as follows:   1)    How important is leadership for the experience of work-related stress? 2)    What is the importance of social support for the experience of work-related stress? 3)    Considered to be the leader's task is to contribute/give social support to its employees?   Method: Since the aim was to increase understanding of the subject, the study has been done with a qualitative research in which data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Ten interviews were conducted, divided into six employees and four leaders. The empirical material is then transcribed and analyzed. The result is presented through an analysis with supporting quotations and finally has an ending written in which results and analysis are presented and research questions are answered.   Result & Conclusions: Leadership and above all the transformal leadership has been shown to have an influencing role in work-related stress as the leader focuses on engaging and motivating employees with the help of a close relationship and social support. The study also shows that the transactional leadership style may have an influencing role of work-related stress in a positive sense.   Suggestions for future research: Since we interviewed both managers and employees in our study, we believe it is of interest to only focus on employees or leaders to get a coherent picture out perspectives. The study also shows a slight link between social support and transactional leadership style, therefore it would also be interesting to see the transactional leadership impact and importance of perceived work stress.   Contribution of the thesis: The study contributes to the business economic research in leadership and organization through a greater understanding of leadership, the transformal leadership, and above all the social support influence of work-related stress within the sales profession. The study also shows that the transactional leadership can have a positive impact of work-related stress   Key words: Leadership, transformational leadership, transactional leadership, social support, work stress, real estate broker.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership styles in a petrochemical organisation (represented by transformational, transactional and laissez-faire leadership styles) and to determine if emotional intelligence can predict an effective leadership style. Leaders (N = 161) were selected from a business within a South African petrochemical organisation. Self reports from the EQ-i and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ Form 5X) were analysed. Correlation analyses indicated statistically significant relationships between emotional intelligence and transformational and laissez-faire leadership. Findings indicated positive correlations between emotional intelligence (specifically adaptability) and transformational leadership. Negative correlations were obtained between emotional intelligence (specifically intrapersonal skills) and laissez-faire leadership. Theoretical implications and practical applications of these findings were discussed. / Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

No description available.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka chefers upplevelser av att arbeta i en aktivitetsbaserad kontorsmiljö, där studien ska öka förståelsen för vilka utmaningar som chefer kan ställas inför. Eftersom tillit är en viktig förutsättning för ledarskapet i en organisation där gränserna mellan lösts upp är syftet med denna studie också att undersöka om denna typ av kontorsmiljö inverkar på hur tillit samt ledarskap skapas och praktiseras. Empirin har insamlats genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex chefer på mellanchefsnivå som delat med sig av sina uppfattningar och tankar kring ledarskap, det aktivitetsbaserade kontoret samt tillit. Det empiriska materialet analyseras med hjälp av teori om organisationsstruktur och ledarskap. Dessutom används Giddens teori om tid och rum tillsammans med begreppen tillit och expertsystem. Studiens resultat visar att tillit är en viktig förutsättning i ett aktivitetsbaserat kontor samt att tillit inte endast beror på hur rumsutformningen ser ut utan, även är kopplad till medarbetarnas ålder och expertis. Detta kan framförallt förklaras av Giddens teori om tid och rum samt begreppet expertsystem. Vidare visar studien på att de för- och nackdelar cheferna upplever med aktivitetsbaserade kontor varierar beroende på deras medarbetares roll och arbetsuppgifter. De arbeten som präglas av att medarbetarna har en hög kontroll av sina arbetsuppgifter, så som karriärlönearbetaren, upplever fler fördelar i ett aktivitetsbaserat kontor än den traditionella lönearbetaren. Cheferna upplever att flexibiliteten i arbetet är en fördel och utmaningen är främst sammanhållningen i teamet, vilket är kopplat till uppluckringen av tid och rum. / The purpose of this research project is to investigate how managers experience working in an activity-based office and to increase the knowledge of the challenges managers face in this kind of working environment. Trust is an important prerequisite in an organization where the boundaries between time and space have been dissolved and therefore, the purpose of this project is also to investigate if this type of office-environment affects how trust and leadership are created and practiced. The empirical evidence for this project was gathered through semi-structured interviews with six middle-level managers, who shared their experiences and thoughts about leadership, trust and the activity-based office. The empirical evidence was analyzed with the help of organizational structure and leadership theory, and Giddens time-space theory was used together with the concepts of trust and expert-systems. The results of the study show that trust is indeed an important prerequisite for organizations employing an activity-based office solution. Furthermore, the study shows that trust does not depend solely on the spatial solution of the office, but is also influenced by the age and expertise of the employees. This is explained by employing Giddens time-space theory and the concept of expert-systems. Moreover, the study shows that the managers' perceived pros and cons with activity-based office solutions differ depending on the working tasks of their employees and the degree of control they have over their employees. The type of jobs where the employees have a high degree of control in their work experience more pros with an activity-based office solution, than those with a low degree of control. The interviewed managers perceived that flexible working conditions were beneficial and that the main challenge working in an activity-based office was to keep the team united, as the boundaries between time and space were very vague.

The study’s primary research interest is in the area of leadership and creativity. Investigating the literature indicates that there is a gap in knowledge regarding the effect of the Full Range of Leadership styles, especially the influence of transformational leadership on employees’ creative performance. Examining this relationship in different sectors (for example: public government sector); in different cultures (for example: Arab Islamic culture); and from multi-perspectives (for example: leaders and employees) is strongly encouraged by research. The Omani civil service sector was used as a case study, thus the aim of the study was to investigate the degree to which Omani civil service managers practised the Full Range of Leadership styles to influence employees’ creative performance. The study set six objectives which provided the foundation for the structure of the study and the way its research questions were formulated. Accordingly, the study methodology was designed in a way that points towards the achievement of the study objectives. The study adopted a mixed-methods research approach by combining survey questionnaires with semi-structured interviews. This triangulation technique was utilized to enable more accurate investigation and allow in-depth coverage of the issues examined. The probability sampling method as represented by the random sampling technique was adopted for this study and applied to the two groups of managers and employees. The total size of the managers’ sample was 269 participants, while the employees’ sample was 371 participants. In addition, 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted to supplement the quantitative results. The results of this study show that the Omani managers are performing both transformational and transactional leadership styles. Examining the relationship, the study confirms that there is an overall statistically significant relationship between managers’ use of transformational and transactional leadership styles and employees’ creative performance from both managers’ and employees’ perspectives. The results also reveal that Omani managers are infrequently practicing passive/avoidant leadership style and that this style does not contribute to the employees’ creative performance. Further, the study demonstrate that Omani managers’ personal characteristics have a slight effect on managers’ perceptions towards transformational leadership styles and do not have any impact on their perceptions toward employees’ creative performance. Finally, this study contributed to knowledge in several areas where scholars who are interested in investigating the relationship between leadership and creativity will find it valuable.