When integrating sustainability, companies are often overlooking the changes needed in their organisational culture. This hinders organisations’ core business to efficiently embed sustainability and dooms corporate sustainability initiatives to be superficial. A possible solution is for organisations to develop a sustainability- oriented organisational culture that engages employees with the sustainability change and that develops a leadership supportive of the engagement of their employees. As a result, this thesis aims at exploring how organisations can change their organisational culture in order to fully integrate sustainability by engaging employees and managers. Specifically, it studies how employee engagement can contribute to transforming organizational cultures to fully embed sustainability. Additionally, this paper analyses how managers can support employee engagement with sustainability. The thesis conducts a literature review to set the theoretical foundations; it further resorts to semi-structured interviews and document analysis conducted in a Swedish public company, which has begun to integrate sustainability into its culture. The study finds that organisations’ cultures are being changed at the artifact levels and, partially, at the values and beliefs level of their cultures. Additionally, the thesis establishes that organisations are failing to create the conditions for employee engagement. It finally shows that leadership in companies is not efficiently supporting the engagement of employees to integrate sustainability into their culture.

Sedan sars-cov-2 deklarerades en pandemi har arbetssituationer förändrats världen över. Studiens syfte var därför att undersöka huruvida transaktionellt, transformativt samt låt- gå ledarstil korrelerade med arbetstillfredsställelse under distansarbete samt vilken av dessa tre ledarstilar som var den starkaste prediktorn av arbetstillfredsställelse. En enkät med totalt 36 frågor utformades för att mäta arbetstagares upplevda arbetstillfredsställelse samt deras skattning av sin närmsta chefs ledarstil. Påståendena var utformade utifrån mätinstrumenten Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire samt Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Resultatet visade att transformativt ledarskap korrelerade positivt med arbetstillfredsställelse och var den starkaste prediktorn. Låt-gå ledarskap korrelerade negativt med arbetstillfredsställelse medan resultatet för det transaktionella ledarskapet inte var signifikant. Slutsatsen som kan dras är att transformativt ledarskap har en positiv inverkan på arbetstillfredsställelse under distansarbete, och att organisationer således bör bedriva ett sådant. / As sars-cov-2 was declared a pandemic, work situations all over the world changed. Theaim of the study was to examine whether employees’ job satisfaction was correlated with their immediate supervisor’s style of leadership during teleworking, and whichstyle of leadership predicted job satisfaction the strongest. The examined styles of leadership were transactional, transformational and laissez-faire. A survey study with 36 statements was conducted in order to measure job satisfaction and style of leadership. The questionnaire was designed using the measuring instruments Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire and Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. The results showed that transformational leadership and job satisfaction are positively correlated and that it was the strongest predictor. Laissez-faire leadership, on the other hand, was negatively correlated with job satisfaction whilst the result for transactional leadership was not significant. To conclude, transformational leadership had a positive impact on job satisfaction during teleworking, and organizations should therefore manage such leadership.

Pandemin Covid-19 resulterade i en tiofaldig ökning av distansarbete i Sverige under 2020. Detta medförde att många mellanchefer behövde utöva sitt ledarskap i en ny kontext,nämligen på distans. Distansledarskap är ett relativt nytt men redan omfattande forskningsområde. Däremot förhåller sig denna forskning inte till ledarskap som abrupt och oplanerat behöver ställa om till distansledarskap. Dessutom utgår mycket av tidigare ledarskapsforskning från ett ledningsperspektiv och inte mellanchefsperspektiv. Syftet med denna studie mynnade därför ut i att söka förståelse för hur mellanchefens ledarskappåverkats av omställningen till distansarbete. För att uppnå syftet formulerades tre forskningsfrågor: (1.) Hur upplever mellanchefen att ledarskapet gentemot den operativa personalen har utmanats i och med omställningen till distans? (2.) Hur har mellanchefen anpassat sitt ledarskap för att ta hänsyn till utmaningarna som uppstått? (3.) Vilka aspekter är viktiga att beakta för att leda på distans? Studien baseras på en kvalitativ metod innefattande sex semistrukturerade intervjuer. Respondenterna är mellanchefer närmast den operativa personalen som ställt om till distansarbete under 2020. Den framkomna slutsatsen är att samtliga upplevda utmaningar och anpassningar därefter kan relateras till hälsa, relationskapande och kommunikation. Dessa tre aspekter framkom som viktiga för en mellanchef att beakta då de ska ställa om till ett distansledarskap. Denna studie bidrar med djupare förståelse kring hur mellanchefers ledarskap påverkats av den hastiga omställningen till distansledarskap som Covid-19 resulterade i. Detta är användbart för framtida mellanchefer som ska genomföra en liknande distansomställning. / The Covid-19 pandemic resulted in a tenfold increase in remote working in Sweden year 2020. This induced that many middle managers had to exercise their leadership in a new context, namely remotely. Remote leadership is a relatively new but already extensive research area. However, this prior research does not account for leadership that abruptly and unplanned must transit to remote leadership. Additionally, most prior leadership research focus primarily on a top management perspective, thus not on a middle management perspective. The purpose of this study therefore culminated in seeking understanding of how middle managers' leadership has been affected due to the transition to telework. To fulfill the purpose, three research questions were constructed:  (1.) How does the middle manager perceive that their leadership towards the operational staff has been challenged due to the transition to remote work? (2.) How has the middle manager adapted its leadership in regard to the challenges? (3.) What aspects are important to consider when leading remotely?  This study is based on a qualitative method and includes six semi-structured interviews. The respondents are all middle managers closest to the operational staff and have transitioned to remote work in 2020. The conclusion that emerged is that all perceived challenges and the leadership adaptions in regard to the challenges can be associated to health, relationship building and communication. These three aspects are important for middle managers to consider when transiting to remote leadership. This study contributes with deeper understanding of how middle managers ́ leadership has been affected by the rapid transition to remote leadership that Covid-19 induced. This is useful for middle managers who make a similar transition to remote work in the future.

The goal of my diploma thesis is to introduce leadership concept, to analyze the status of management in company VHZ-DIS, spol. s.r.o., based on theoretical knowledge, and to submit proposals for effective leadership to enhance productivity of the company. This analysis is a starting point for solution proposal how to improve the situation in the company and how to improve effectiveness, engagement and creativity of individual members of the organization.

Background: In recent years, a new generation has rapidly entered the workforce and when this happens it is assumed that some level of disruption will come along. Since Generation Z have only been in the workforce for short amount of time, there is a lack of crucial research regarding their perceived experiences. Because different generations are assumed to have different values, a prominent challenge for organizations is how to correctly lead them. In other words, leadership preferences may differ when a new generation comes into play. Problem: As of today, there is a substantial knowledge gap regarding Generation Z preferred leadership styles among entry-level jobs. This knowledge gap can cause devastating effects for future organizations. Generation Z is a force to be reckoned with and shall soon become a prevailing member of the labor market in the near future. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the Swedish Generation Z preferred leadership styles, based on lived experiences in an entry-level job and to what extent they prefer transformational, transactional or laissez-faire leadership. The findings are expected to contribute to existing and new theoretical insights regarding Gen Z leadership preferences. Method: The research was conducted through seven qualitative semi-structured, open-ended interviews, which were analyzed using interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA). Results: The findings described Generation Z ideal leader based on their thoughts and lived experiences. Gen Z prefers a leader that displays individual consideration, inspires followers and acts as a role model. These characteristics traits bare close resemblance of a transformational leader compared to transactional or laissez-fair leader. Acknowledging these results could contribute to a competitive advantage for organizations during their recruitment and development phase of Gen Z employees.

Sjukvården är idag ett av de viktigaste samhällsproblemen och som dessutom ständigt möter nya utmaningar. En av utmaningarna som ledarskapet inom sjukvården måste hantera är behovet av att öka både produktivitet och effektivitet. Valet av ledarskapsstil har intresserat forskare sedan långt tillbaka men har under de senaste årtionden uppmärksammats igen i och med idén om att ledarskapet kan ha inverkan på organisationens måluppfyllelse. Det ligger i vårt intresse att undersöka ledarskapsstilar inom den svenska sjukvården och hur dess egenskaper kan användas i olika sammanhang inom organisationen. Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera befintliga ledarskapsstilar inom den svenska sjukvården och hur de används i olika syften.   Studien har genomförts genom en kvalitativ intervjustudie. Primärdata utgår från sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med representanter från två olika sjukhus inom region Värmland, och sekundärdata baseras på vetenskapliga artiklar. I teorin beskrivs tidigare forskning om de utvalda ledarskapsstilarna, generellt men även baserat på tidigare forskning inom sjukvården. Resultatet från intervjuerna genererade tre teman: Transaktionellt ledarskap, transformativt ledarskap och tjänande ledarskap. För varje tema presenteras egenskaper representativt för var och en av ledarskapsstilarna och vad egenskaperna i sin tur har för effekt på efterföljarna. Resultatet analyserades och jämfördes med tidigare forskning. Vår slutsats är att valet av ledarskapsstil har varierande inverkan på efterföljaren och därmed kan egenskaperna för respektive ledarskapsstil användas strategiskt beroende på vilken effekt som eftersträvas. / Healthcare today is one of the most important societal problems. It´s also constantly facing new challenges. One of the challenges today is to produce productivity and efficiency, leadership is considered to be a key factor in this matter. The choice of which leadership style is the best has interested researchers for a long time but has in recent decades attracted attention again with the idea that leadership has impact on the organization’s goal completion. It is in our interest to investigate leadership styles in Swedish healthcare and how its characteristics can be used to achieve different purposes within the organization.  This survey was conducted through a qualitative interview study and the primary data is based on seven semi-structured interviews from two different hospitals in the Värmland region, while the secondary data is based on scientific articles. Our results are presented in three themes: transactionally leadership, transformative leadership and servant leadership. For each of the themes we present characteristics representative of each leadership style and what effect the properties in turn have on the successors. The result was analysed and compared with previous research. Our conclusion is that the choice of leadership style has varying effects on the successor and thus the characteristics of each leadership style can be used strategically depending on the effect one strives for.

The new economy is characterised by globalisation, increased competition, and rapid changes. In order to remain competitive, organisations need to be proactive and innovative to survive. This is mirrored in the South African retail industry which is developing into a dynamic industry driven by changes in technology, shifts in consumer behaviour, saturating markets, and increased competition as a result of globalisation. In light of these increased demands on organisations to be more flexible, adaptable, and competitive, new demands have subsequently been placed on leaders. The retail industry is highly labour-intensive and requires effective leadership at all levels, and Transformational Leadership (TL) has been shown to be an effective leadership style to improve various organisational outcomes. In recent years, personality has been used as a means to predict TL behaviours in leaders. One model of personality that has proved its utility in identifying leadership characteristics has been the Five Factor Model of Personality. However, not much is known about the relationship between TL and the Big Five personality factors in the retail industry. The current study utilised a quantitative research approach in which 101 leaders in a retail organisation in South Africa were assessed on TL and the Big Five personality factors, using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and the Fifteen Factor Plus Personality Questionnaire. Correlation analysis was conducted to determine the statistical relationship between TL and the Big Five personality factors. Results indicated that there were no statistically significant relationships between three of the Big Five personality factors, namely extraversion, openness to experience, and conscientiousness, and any of the TL dimensions or the composite TL score. There are two statistically significant relationships between one Big Five personality factor, namely agreeableness, and two TL dimensions, namely inspirational motivation (.196; p < .05), and individualised consideration (.200; p < .05). Only one Big Five personality factor, namely emotional stability, is statistically significantly related to all the TL dimensions as well as the composite TL score, ranging from a low of .539 (p < .01) for idealised behaviour to a high of .556 (p < .01) for the composite TL score. The study concluded that the Big Five personality factors should be used with caution to identify and develop potential TL behaviours in the diverse South African retail context. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

La investigación académica tiene como propósito explicar cuál es la relación entre el liderazgo y la motivación en las microempresas del sector de autopartes y accesorios en la ciudad de Cusco - Perú. Para lograr con el objetivo, se desarrolla un estudio cuantitativo correlacional y se describen los principales estilos de liderazgo y teorías de la motivación, el cual tiene como referencia al estudio realizado por los autores Specchia et al. (2021), un trabajo que muestra las correlaciones de cada tipo de liderazgo con la satisfacción laboral. Para obtener el resultado de la presente investigación se ha relacionado el liderazgo con la motivación que tienen las microempresas del sector autopartes y se busca conocer cuál es el estilo de liderazgo que prevalece en el sector de autopartes actualmente y cómo influye ello en la motivación de los colaboradores. Por último, el estudio ha concluido que existe relación considerable entre el liderazgo y la motivación, además el estilo de liderazgo transformacional y liberal presentan también relación con la variable motivación. / The purpose of the academic research is to explain the relationship between leadership and motivation in micro-enterprises in the auto parts and accessories sector in the city of Cusco - Peru. To achieve the objective, a quantitative correlational study is developed and the main leadership styles and motivation theories are described, which has as reference the study carried out by the authors Specchia et al. (2021), a study that shows the correlations of each type of leadership with job satisfaction. To obtain the result of the present investigation, leadership has been related to the motivation of micro-enterprises in the auto parts sector and it is sought to know what is the style of leadership that currently prevails in the auto parts sector and how this influences the motivation of employees. Finally, the study has concluded that there is a considerable relationship between leadership and motivation, in addition to the transformational and liberal leadership style also present a relationship with the variable motivation. / Tesis

El siguiente trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad estudiar la relación entre los estilos de liderazgo y el desempeño de los equipos de Dota 2 en la Liga Regional Sudamericana en el 2021, en específico, a los jugadores y equipos que participaron de las clasificatorias abiertas de la competencia. Dentro del estudio, abordaremos tres estilos de liderazgo: Transformacional, transaccional y el laissez-faire y dos tipos de desempeño: Por competencias y por resultados. Consideramos que en un Esports como es Dota 2, es importante estudiar y analizar qué relación puede tener el capitán del equipo y de qué manera esto impacta en los resultados de estos. Consideramos pertinente estudiar la industria de los Esports dado que en el Perú no hay actualmente investigaciones relacionadas y, debido al COVID-19, se ha incrementado mucho la participación y creación de nuevos equipos, nuevas competencias que son dignas de ser estudiadas a manera académica. Asimismo, el autor Renato Valladares Del Carpio, viene trabajando en la industria desde el 2018 y teníamos las herramientas suficientes para realizar el estudio. / The following research work aims to study the relationship between leadership styles and the performance of Dota 2 teams in the South American Regional League in 2021, specifically, to the players and teams that participated in the open qualifiers of the competition. Within the study, we will address three styles of leadership: Transformational, transactional and laissez-faire and two types of performance: By competencies and by results. We consider that in an Esport such as Dota 2, it is important to study and analyze what relationship the team captain has and how this impacts their results. We consider it pertinent to study the Esports industry given that there are currently no related investigations in Peru and, due to COVID-19, the participation and creation of new teams has increased a lot, new competitions that are worthy of being studied in an academic way. Likewise, the author Renato Valladares Del Carpio, has been working in the industry since 2018 and we had enough tools to carry out the study. / Tesis

Det finns flera ledarskapsarketyper, några mer välkända än andra. En ledarstil som harstuderats under lång tid är den auktoritära som i korta drag kan beskrivas som enväldig och kontrollerande. Syftet i denna kvalitativa studie är att utforska den auktoritära ledarskapsstilen och finna paralleller mellan managementlitteratur och framställningen av en fiktiv auktoritärledare. För att besvara våra frågeställningar har vi utifrån relevant managementlitteratur tagit fram en analysmodell. Med hjälp av den framtagna modellen har vi analyserat en fiktiv ledare och visat hur en tv-serie framställer den auktoritära ledarens handlingar och vilka effekter dennes agerande får hos de ledda. Vår studie visar att det finns kopplingar mellanporträtteringen av den auktoritära ledaren i managementlitteratur, och den auktoritära ledaren i fiktionen. Uppsatsens språk är svenska. / There are several leadership archetypes, some more well known than others. A leadership style which has been studied for a long time is the authoritarian. It can briefly be described as sovereign and controlling. The purpose of this qualitative study is to explore the authoritarian leadership style and find parallels between management literature and the portrayal of a fictitious authoritarian leader. To answer our questions we have developed a model based on relevant management literature. With the help of the developed model we have analyzed a fictitious leader. We demonstrate how a television series depicts the actions of the authoritarian leader and the effects his actions have on his subordinates. Our study shows that there are links between the portrayal of the authoritarian leader in management literature and the authoritarian leader in fiction. The language of the essay is Swedish.