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Studien har syftat till att undersöka samband mellan samsjuklig psykologisk problematik och katastroftänkande hos ungdomar utifrån ett transdiagnostiskt perspektiv. Katastroftänkandets roll för förändring av social ångest och depressiva symtom undersöktes utifrån en studie av internetbaserad KBT-behandling mot social fobi (N=18).  Resultatet indikerar att ungdomar med hög initial nivå av katastroftänkande har större reduktion av depressiva symtom än ungdomar med låg nivå av katastroftänkande. Detta talar för att hänsyn bör tas till grad av katastroftänkande vid utformning av behandling för personer med social fobi, särskilt vid samsjuklighet med depression. Kopplingen mellan katastroftänkande och samsjuklighet undersöktes utifrån en tvärsnittsstudie av gymnasieungdomar (N=713).  Resultatet visar på en koppling mellan katastroftänkande och social rädsla, sömnproblematik och nedstämdhet. / This study was aimed at examining the relationship between co-existing psychological problems and catastrophizing in adolescents from a transdiagnostic perspective. The role of catastrophizing for the change of social anxiety and depression was analyzed in an internet based CBT-treatment for social phobia (N=18). The results indicate that adolescents with high initial level of catastrophizing have a larger reduction of depression than adolescents with low initial level of catastrophizing. This suggests that catastrophizing should be considered when specifying treatment for social phobia, especially if it co-occurs with depression. The relationship between catastrophizing and comorbidity was analyzed in a cross-sectional study of adolescents (N=713). The result suggests that catastrophizing is associated with the level of social fear, sleep problems and depression.

Utan förmågan att uppleva vare sig stress eller smärta hade mänskligheten inte överlevt fram tills idag. Dessvärre uppstår stress- och/eller smärtreaktioner för oss människor vid icke livshotande situationer och tenderar i vissa fall att få motsatt effekt. Detta bidrar till lidande på individnivå, men leder också till stora kostnader för samhället, framförallt i form av sjukskrivning. Problemen hänger ofta ihop, många arbetstagare lider både av stress- och smärtproblematik. Enligt den transdiagnostiska modellen vidmakthåller liknande (s.k. transdiagnostiska) faktorer både stress- och smärtrelaterad ohälsa. Det skulle vara användbart ur flera olika perspektiv att undersöka och förstå mer exakt vilka transdiagnostiska faktorer som förekommer vid stress- och smärtproblematik samt hur kopplingen till arbetsförmåga ter sig. Föreliggande studie utgick från tvärsnittsdata, N=139 (100% kvinnor) svarade via internetbaserade enkäter. Analysen visar samband mellan stress och/eller smärta och arbetsförmåga, både stress och smärta visar unika negativa effekter på arbetsförmåga. Vi fann tre olika undergrupper baserat på relativa nivåer av stress- och smärtproblematik. Gruppen med höga nivåer av självskattad stress- och smärtproblematik visade låga nivåer av problemlösningsförmåga och höga nivåer av katastrofiering. Det diskuterades kring dessa transdiagnostiska faktorers koppling till stress- och smärtproblematik. Transdiagnostiska faktorer kan med fördel beaktas för effektivare behandling och bör undersökas vidare i framtida forskning. / Without the ability to experience neither stress nor pain, humanity would not survive. Unfortunately, stress and pain reactions sometimes occur in non-life-threatening situations and seem to be less functional in some cases. This contributes to suffering for individuals and enormous costs for society. The problems are often related, many workers suffer from both stress and pain problems. Similar (so-called transdiagnostic) factors maintain both stress and pain related illness according to the transdiagnostic model. It would be useful from several perspectives to investigate and understand which transdiagnostic factors are present in stress and pain problems, as well as how the connection to work ability expresses itself. This study was based on cross-sectional data, N=139 (100% females) responded to an internet-based survey. Analysis shows that pain and stress together predict work ability, both stress and pain show unique negative effects on work ability. We found three subgroups, one of the groups stood out from the others with high levels of stress and pain. The same group showed low problem-solving ability and high on catastrophizing, which are theoretical transdiagnostic factors. These factors and their relationship to stress and pain problems were discussed. Future research and eventual treatment need to take transdiagnostic factors into consideration.

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Abstract  Individual psychological factors have been recognized to play an important role in the development of stress-related symptomatology. Despite extensive comorbidity between stress-related ill health and mood disorders, the advances in research on emotion regulation and transdiagnostics, have not been recognized in stress research to any considerable degree. In the current study, using a single subject design with multiple baselines across individuals (n=6), a transdiagnostic treatment intervention targeting maladaptive emotional regulation strategies was implemented on patients suffering from stress-related symptomatology. Results show that symptoms of exhaustion decreased in five of six participants on post-measures, with considerable convergence between measures of depression, anxiety and stress. Further investigation of treatment effects, alongside the processes linking emotion regulation and stress-related symptomatology are needed. / Sammanfattning  Individuella psykologiska faktorer spelar en viktig roll i utvecklingen av stressrelaterade symtom. Trots en omfattande samsjuklighet mellan å ena sidan stressrelaterad ohälsa, å andra sidan depression och ångest, har framsteg inom emotionsforskning och transdiagnostik inte uppmärksammats i någon stor utsträckning inom stressforskningen. I den aktuella studien användes en single subject design med multipla baslinjer mellan individer (n=6), för att implementera en emotionsinriktad transdiagnostisk behandling på patienter som lider av stressrelaterade symtom. Resultaten visar att fem av sex deltagare visade minskade tecken på utmattning efter genomgången behandling, med avsevärd konvergens mellan mått på depression, ångest och stress. För att kunna påvisa behandlingseffekter, samt förklara de processer som förbinder emotionsreglering och stressrelaterade symtom, behövs ytterligare forskning på området.

Les Pensées Répétitives Négatives (PRN) font référence à des pensées récurrentes, prolongées et relativement incontrôlables au sujet de nos expériences négatives passées, actuelles ou anticipées. Ce processus transdiagnostique serait impliqué dans de nombreux troubles psychologiques, dont les troubles de l’usage de l’alcool (TUA). Cette thèse s’inscrit dans une démarche processuelle afin d’étudier l’impact des PRN sur la consommation d’alcool chez des patients souffrant d’un TUA. La recension systématique des travaux concernant la relation entre PRN et consommation d’alcool a souligné des interrogations concernant l’influence du sexe et de la symptomatologie anxio-dépressive sur ce lien. Afin de répondre à ces questions laissées sans réponses par la littérature, nous avons menées une étude écologique en temps réel via l’utilisation d’une application électronique qui enregistraient les PRN, les émotions et la consommation d’alcool chez des patients souffrant d’un TUA, suivis en ambulatoire. Pour mener à bien cette étude, deux outils transdiagnostiques d’évaluation des PRN ont d’abord été validés. Le Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire a permis l’évaluation transdiagnostique des PRN-traits, soit la tendance habituelle à utiliser des PRN et le Momentary Ruminative Self-Focus Inventory, a permis d’examiner les PRN-états, soient le recours aux PRN au moment de la passation. Les résultats de la thèse démontrent que les PRN expliquent la consommation d’alcool. Ils sont discutés en lien avec la formulation métacognitive triphasique des problèmes d’alcool. L’intérêt de valider la prise en charge transdiagnostique des PRN dans le cadre des TUA est également développée. / Repetitive Negative Thinking (RNT) refers to a style of recurring, relatively uncontrollable and prolonged thoughts about one’s current, past or anticipated negative experiences. This transdiagnostic mental process is shared across a wide range of psychological disorders, including alcohol use disorders (AUD). The current thesis examined the link between RNT and alcohol use among patients suffering from an AUD in a processual perspective. The systematic review of the literature on the relationship between RNT and alcohol use highlighted some questions about the impact of sex and anxious or depressed symptoms. To address these unanswered questions, we conducted an ecological study in real time through the use of an electronical application assessing RNT, mood and alcohol consumption among AUD patients. To accomplish this aim, two transdiagnostic scales evaluating RNT were validated. The Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire assessed RNT-traits which is the habitual tendency to have RNT, and the Momentary Ruminative Self-Focus Inventory examined RNT-state which is the use of RNT at the time of the assessment. Results of this thesis demonstrated that the link between RNT and alcohol use was direct. They are discussed according to the triphasic metacognitive formulation of problem drinking. The interest of validating the Rumination-focused Cognitive and Behavioural Therapy for AUD patients is developed.Repetitive Negative Thinking (RNT) refers to a style of recurring, relatively uncontrollable and prolonged thoughts about one’s current, past or anticipated negative experiences. This transdiagnostic mental process is shared across a wide range of psychological disorders, including alcohol use disorders (AUD). The current thesis examined the link between RNT and alcohol use among patients suffering from an AUD in a processual perspective. The systematic review of the literature on the relationship between RNT and alcohol use highlighted some questions about the impact of sex and anxious or depressed symptoms. To address these unanswered questions, we conducted an ecological study in real time through the use of an electronical application assessing RNT, mood and alcohol consumption among AUD patients. To accomplish this aim, two transdiagnostic scales evaluating RNT were validated. The Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire assessed RNT-traits which is the habitual tendency to have RNT, and the Momentary Ruminative Self-Focus Inventory examined RNT-state which is the use of RNT at the time of the assessment. Results of this thesis demonstrated that the link between RNT and alcohol use was direct. They are discussed according to the triphasic metacognitive formulation of problem drinking. The interest of validating the Rumination-focused Cognitive and Behavioural Therapy for AUD patients is developed.

博士(心理学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

Introdução: Ruminação é a perseveração mal-adaptativa de pensamentos auto-centrados. Evidências sinalizam que ela está associada com início e manutenção de episódios depressivos, e ocorre em múltiplos transtornos mentais. A ruminação está associada com marcadores de desenvolvimento psicopatológico, como volumetria cerebral, memória, genes do BDNF e serotonina. É necessário aprofundar o conhecimento da ruminação enquanto traço dimensional, e conhecer melhor sua associação com variáveis sóciodemográficas, biológicas e clínicas para entender quando passa a ser um sintoma. Entretanto, aferi-la é um desafio, considerando que só existem escalas psicométricas. A mais utilizada, Ruminative Response Scale (RRS), foi validada em amostras não-clínicas. Objetivos: Avaliar ruminação transdiagnosticamente e determinar a validade de constructo da RRS em amostra clínica, buscando determinar fatores sócio-demográficos, clínicos e neurobiológicos associados a maiores escores de ruminação. Métodos: Estudo transversal, amostra não-probabilística. Foram convidados a participar 944 pacientes em atendimento psiquiátrico ambulatorial no HCPA entre março/2015 e junho/2016, maiores de 18 anos, que soubessem ler e escrever, e portadores de transtornos bipolares, depressão, esquizofrenia, esquizoafetivo, ansiedade generalizada, pânico, fobia específica e obsessivocompulsivo. Foram excluídos 373 com doenças que alteram resposta inflamatória, dependência química, gravidez, lactação, doenças neurológicas, vasculares e degenerativas. Recusaram-se a participar 254. Foram incluídos 317 pacientes, e 200 completaram a coleta de dados, que foi realizada em 4 etapas: 1) perfil sócio-demográfico e escalas auto-aplicáveis: ruminação, preocupação e funcionalidade; 2) amostras de sangue e entrevista clínica para aplicação das escalas de sintomas: depressão, mania, ansiedade e gravidade; 3) confirmação diagnóstica; e 4) processamento, armazenamento e análises bioquímicas das amostras de sangue. No primeiro artigo, revisamos sistematicamente a literatura sobre ruminação nos transtornos bipolares. No segundo, determinamos as validades de construto e externa da RRS. No terceiro, usamos machine learning para encontrar padrões de ruminação e determinar quais variáveis associadas preveem ruminação. Resultados: Ruminação está presente em todas as fases do transtorno bipolar, e é um sintoma estável independente do estado de humor, apesar de ter relação estreia com ele. Verificou-se também que mulheres ruminam mais que homens. Os escores de ruminação foram menores nos portadores de esquizofrenia que nos com depressão maior, bipolaridade e ansiedade. RRS apresentou boa confiabilidade, com 2-fatores correlacionados, brooding e ponderação, que apresentaram similaridade nas correlações com medidas clínicas, confirmando a validade externa transdiagnóstica. Por fim, encontrou-se que as variáveis associadas aos pacientes que mais ruminam são preocupação, sintomas de ansiedade generalizada e depressão, gravidade, nível socioeconômico e diagnóstico atual de pânico, sinalizando que ruminação pode ser um marcador de maior sensibilidade à ansiedade. Discussão: Ruminação parece ser um sintoma transdiagnóstico marcador de sofrimento. Os resultados desta tese contribuem para ampliar a discussão sobre diagnóstico psiquiátrico, agregando evidências para aprimorar as definições de limites e sobreposições diagnósticas entre as doenças mentais em que a ruminação ocorre. Por fim, conhecer melhor os mecanismos bioquímicos e clínicos envolvidos na ruminação contribuem na compreensão sobre quando ela deixa de ser um traço normal e vira um sintoma que necessita de tratamento. / Introduction: Rumination has been described as maladaptive perseveration of self-centered thoughts. Evidence indicates that rumination is associated with onset and maintenance of depressive episodes, it’s present in several mental disorders. Rumination is associated with markers of development of psychopathology, such as cerebral volumetry, memory, BDNF and serotonin genes. Measuring rumination is a challenge, considering that are available only psychometric scales. The most used, the Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS), was validated on non-clinical samples. Objectives: To evaluate transdiagnostically the rumination and to determine construct validity of the RRS in outpatients, in order to determine which associated factors lead the patients to ruminate. Methods: Cross-sectional study, non-probabilistic sample. A total of 944 patients in psychiatric outpatient treatment at HCPA between March / 2015 and June / 2016, major than 18 years old, knowing read and write, presenting bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobia specific and obsessive-compulsive disorder were invited to participate. We excluded 373 patients with diseases that alter inflammatory response, chemical dependence, pregnancy, lactation, neurological, vascular and degenerative diseases. Two hundred fifty four refused to participate, 317 were included, and 200 completed the data collection, which was performed in 4 stages: 1) socio-demographic profile and self-applicable scales: rumination, worry and functionality; 2) blood samples and clinical interview for the application of symptom scales: depression, mania, anxiety and severity; 3) diagnostic confirmation; and 4) processing, storage and biochemical analyzes of blood samples. In the first article, we systematically reviewed the literature on rumination in bipolar disorders. In the second, we evaluated construct and external validity of RRS. In the third, we used machine learning algorithms to find patterns of rumination and to determine which associated variables predict rumination. Results: Rumination is present in all phases of bipolar disorder, it is a stable symptom, independent of mood, despite it has close relationship with it. It has also been found that women ruminate more than men. Rumination scores were lower in patients with schizophrenia than in major depression, bipolarity and anxiety patients. RRS presented good reliability, with correlated 2-factors, brooding and pondering, which presented similar correlations with clinical measures, confirming the external transdiagnostic validity. Finally, it was found that the variables associated with the greater scores of rumination are worry, symptoms of generalized anxiety and depression, severity of symptoms, socioeconomic level and current diagnosis of panic, signaling that rumination may be a marker of greater sensitivity to anxiety. Discussion: Rumination seems to be a transdiagnostic symptom of suffering. The results of this thesis contribute to broadening the discussion about psychiatric diagnostic, adding evidence to improve the definitions of limits and diagnostic overlaps between mental illnesses in which rumination occurs. Finally, a better understanding of the biochemical and clinical mechanisms involved in rumination may contribute to understanding of when rumination ceases to be a normal trait and becomes a symptom that requires treatment.