This thesis Construction of the Single European Railway Area: Reforms of railway sector in the Czech Republic 2004-2014 deals with the europeanisation of the Czech railway policies through the lens of four subjects - government, regional governments, Czech railway and private railway companies. The work puts the issue of the European railway reform into the perspective of the concept of network industries liberalisation. The Czech Republic joined the European Union in 2004 and therefore had no chance in influencing its foundation. The thesis attempts to investigate the ways in which the EU affected the Czech railway environment and, simultaneously, if some kind strengthening of actors supporting liberalisation took place. The work concluded that although these actors have been strengthened, the railway market in passenger transport hasn't been created. As the work demonstrates, this was caused mainly by insufficient institutional and adjustment ability of the state that hasn't been able to successfully finish any public tenders. In the regions, the situation is similar - in 2009, a ten- year memorandum on operating of regional transport by Czech railways has been passed. Besides, each region has a different transport policy and the government will probably try to handle.

Innovation is a necessary element to transition towards a more sustainable transport paradigm. Advancements made in electrification and digitalisation are creating new forms of urban mobility which have the potential to reduce the impact of transport and shift modal splits. However, these developments have also been accompanied by new actors, influences, and challenges related to the urban governance process. In order to realise the sustainability benefits which urban settings desire, and innovative forms of technology promise, there is a need for purposive steering – for which policy and regulation are key tools. These themes are explored through a case study of the policy process for e-scooters in Stockholm, Sweden from 2018 to 2022. Guided by theory on sustainability transitions and the role of urban mobility governance, this thesis investigates how new influences are affecting progress towards sustainable mobility objectives. Results are derived from a combination of qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews, as well as document and media analysis. Analysis suggests that disconnect within formal governmental hierarchies is complicating the agency of the municipality. Despite having similar long-term sustainability goals, communication and cooperation to deal with current challenges are limiting the municipality. Informal networks have also become channels for new forms of influence, with international organisations and city-to city interaction shaping policy discourse. In addition, knowledge is warranting authority for technology advocates of new technologies in the urban mobility sphere. This study ultimately demonstrates how new influences are complicating the municipality’s ability to work towards its own sustainability objectives for urban mobility. There is a need for improved collaboration and transparency with new actors, as well as a revolution in how the municipal level responds to, and sets the guidelines for a future in which urban mobility is truly sustainable. / Innovation är en viktig process i omställningen mot ett mer hållbart transportsystem. Elektrifiering och digitalisering skapar nya former av urban mobilitet som besitter stor potential att minska negativa effekterna av transporter och förändra våra transportmönster. Men denna utveckling innebär även utmaningar för policy. Nya aktörer, inflytanden och utmaningar formar politiken, policy och reglering. För att förverkliga de aspekter av hållbarhet som urbana miljöer eftersträvar, och innovativ teknik utlovar, behövs tydlig och målorienterad styrning. Policy och reglering är nyckelverktyg för denna styrning. Dessa teman utforskas genom en fallstudie av policyprocessen för elsparkcyklar i Stockholm mellan 2018 och 2022. Med hjälp av teorier om “sustainability transitions” och “urban mobility governance” undersöker denna uppsats hur nya faktorer i transportsystemet påverkar utveckling mot mål om hållbar mobilitet. Resultaten härleds från en kombination av kvalitativa metoder, bestående av semistrukturerade intervjuer, samt dokument- och medieanalys. Analysen tyder på att friktioner och konflikterande visioner inom formella hierarkier inom offentlig verksamhet komplicerar kommunens auktoritet och autonomi. Trots att många offentliga aktörer delar liknande långsiktiga hållbarhetsmål gör brister i kommunikation och samarbete det svårt för kommunen att hantera aktuella utmaningar. Informella nätverk har också blivit kanaler för nya former av inflytande, med internationella organisationer och samarbeten städer emellan som formar politisk diskurs. Utöver detta, skapar även privata aktörers kommersiella intressen och teknologiska expertis en viss auktoritet i bestämmandet över nya produkter och tjänster i det urbana transportsystemet. Denna studie visar slutligen hur nya influenser försvårar kommunens förmåga att arbeta mot sina egna hållbarhetsmål inom mobilitet. Förbättrad samverkan och transparens med nya aktörer, samt en revolution i hur kommunen sätter ramarna för framtida teknik är nödvändiga delar för att uppnå verklig hållbar mobilitet.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Organisation grenzüberschreitender Schienenpersonenverkehre (SPV) in der Europäischen Union seit Beginn des Liberalisierungs- und Reformprozesses im Bahnverkehr. Wie hat sich diese verändert? Wie wirken sich heutige Strukturen und Regeln im europäischen Mehrebenensystem auf das Angebot im grenzüberschreitenden Bahnverkehr aus? - Obwohl der Bahn als Verkehrsmittel auch im internationalen Verkehr eine zentrale Rolle zur Erreichung der europäischen Klimaziele sowie der territorialen Kohäsion zukommt, wurden diese Fragen in der Forschung bislang nicht in ihrem Zusammenhang betrachtet. Diese Forschungslücke wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit adressiert. Dabei werden Fallstudien aus dem grenzüberschreitenden SPV im Raum Deutschland, Polen und Tschechien untersucht. Im Vergleich zu Deutschland sind die Akteursstrukturen in den beiden Staaten, die im Jahr 2004 der Europäischen Union beitraten, noch nicht umfangreich erforscht, sodass auch hierfür durch diese Dissertation ein Mehrwert geschaffen wird. Anhand von vier Beispielen werden die Entwicklung des Verkehrsangebots im grenzüberschreitenden SPV zwischen Deutschland und seinen beiden östlichen Nachbarstaaten nachvollzogen und die Angebotsorganisation für ausgewählte Angebotskonstellationen rekonstruiert. Die vier Fallstudien zu den Verbindungen Berlin - Wrocław, Dresden - Wrocław, München - Praha sowie Nürnberg - Praha zeigen im Vergleich positive und negative Tendenzen der Angebotsentwicklung auf. Sie belegen, dass attraktive grenzüberschreitende Angebote nicht allein vom Zustand der Schieneninfrastruktur determiniert werden, sondern dass den nationalen und regionalen Akteuren ein nicht unerheblicher Gestaltungsspielraum verbleibt. Eine besondere Bedeutung kommt der bislang vollkommen unzureichenden übergeordneten, innereuropäischen Handlungskoordination - hier als Metagovernance bezeichnet - zu. In vielen Bereichen, die sich auf das Angebot auswirken, ist Metagovernance notwendig: bei der Planung von Verkehrsangeboten und der Infrastrukturentwicklung, bei Bestellverfahren für gemeinwirtschaftliche Verkehre nach Maßgabe der europäischen PSO-Verordnung, bei der Finanzierung der Infrastruktur und nicht zuletzt im Hinblick auf die Rahmenbedingungen im Verkehrsmarkt, der einen fairen, regulierten Wettbewerb aller Verkehrsträger ermöglichen sollte. Zudem ist festzustellen, dass sich die Erfolgskontrolle europäischer Bahnverkehrspolitik im Mehrebenensystem bisher zu stark auf ökonomische Leistungskriterien richtet, dabei aber räumliche Erreichbarkeiten im Sinne der territorialen Kohäsion vernachlässigt. Diese Arbeit unterbreitet hierfür einen Vorschlag zur Erstellung von europäischen Mindestbedienstandards sowie zur systematisierten Datenerhebung über grenzüberschreitende Angebote im SPV. / This thesis deals with the organisation of cross-border rail passenger services in the European Union since the beginning of the liberalisation and reform process in rail transport. How has this changed? How do today's structures and rules in the European multi-level system affect the offer of cross-border rail transport? - Although rail as a mode of international transport has a central role to play in achieving European climate goals and territorial cohesion, existing research so far has not considered these questions. Therefore, this thesis addresses this research gap by examining case studies from cross-border rail passenger transport between Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic. Compared to Germany, no extensive research regarding the actor structures in the two states that joined the European Union in 2004 is available. Thus, this work also creates added value for these countries. Based on four examples, we reconstruct the development of transport service offers in cross-border rail passenger transport between Germany and its two eastern neighbouring states and the organisation of selected service offer constellations. When compared, the four case studies of the connections between Berlin and Wrocław, Dresden and Wrocław, Munich and Praha as well as Nuremberg and Praha show positive and negative tendencies regarding the service provision quantity and quality. They prove that the condition of the rail infrastructure is not solely determining attractive cross-border services, but that the national and regional actors can considerably influence service quantity and quality. The hitherto completely inadequate overarching, intra-European coordination of action - here referred to as metagovernance - is of particular importance. Metagovernance is necessary in many areas that have an impact on the offer: in the planning of transport offers and infrastructure development, in ordering procedures for public service transport in accordance with the European PSO regulation, in the financing of infrastructure and, last but not least, with regard to the framework conditions in the transport market, which should enable fair, regulated competition between all modes of transport. In addition, it must be noted that the monitoring of the success of the European rail transport policy in the multi-level system has so far focused too much on economic performance criteria while neglecting spatial accessibility in the spirit of territorial cohesion. This thesis presents a proposal for the establishment of European minimum operating standards and for the systematic collection of data on cross-border passenger rail services.

As urban growth accelerates and the need to address environmental issues regardingtransportation is larger than ever and many policymakers have chosen to adapt park and rideas one of their methods to reduce car traffic. However, the effect from adapting the policy isnot very well understood and since the policy can directly conflict with other policies relatedto land use it is important to know which effects can be expected. By knowing which effectsto expect, policy makers can make more sustainable choices in their policy adaption.This study has been carried out using data from two different counties to find out if theeffects from park and ride differ depending on the type of environment it serves. Further, anadditional analysis has been done using temporal data to measure the effect of adapting orexpanding a park and ride facility at a public transport station or stop.It was found that in a rural setting, the relation between park and ride and the number ofpassengers at a public transport station is strong. Stations with more parking spaces hadhigher ridership. This was not the case for stations located in a suburban environment, someeffect was indicated but the relationship was not as strong. The analysis of the two countiesdata showed unreasonably high passenger increases from P&R, indicating that some otherfactor also influences the result in this analysis.From the analysis of the temporal dataset the result showed that stations which adapted parkand ride did have a higher average passenger increase than the general trend within thetransport system. This indicates that park and ride do in fact increase public transportridership. / Den accelererande urbaniseringen har gjort behovet av att hantera miljöpåverkan ifråntransportsystemet större än någonsin och många beslutsfattare har valt att förordapendlarparkering (park and ride) som en metod för att minska biltrafik. Effekterna av attanvända denna planeringsmetod är dock inte fullt kända och eftersom pendlarparkeringar kanhamna i konflikt med andra planeringsmetoder som berör markanvändning så är det viktigtatt veta vilka effekter som kan förväntas av att införa pendlarparkeringar. Genom att vetavilka effekter som kan förväntas så blir möjligheterna bättre för beslutsfattare att tavälgrundade beslut och införa hållbara direktiv kopplade till stads och trafikplaneringen.Den här studien har utförts med data från två olika regioner för att ta reda på om effekterna avpendlarparkeringar skiljer sig beroende på vilken typ av miljö den är implementerad i.Dessutom har ytterligare en analys gjorts baserad på historiska data över resande, detta för attkunna mäta den direkta effekten av att införa eller expandera pendlarparkering på en hållplatsinom kollektivtrafiken.Resultatet visade att i glesbebyggda områden så var sambandet mellan antalet platser påpendlarparkeringar och antalet passagerare starkt. Statiner med fler pendlarparkeringsplatserhade fler resande än de med färre. Sambandet var inte lika starkt för stationer i förortsmiljö,ett visst samband kunde uppmätas men det var inte lika starkt. Analysen av de två regionernavisade dock på orealistiskt höga förhållanden mellan antalet pendlarparkeringsplatser ochantalet passagerare vilket indikerar att någon annan faktor också påverkar resultatet.Från analysen av historiska data över antal resande så visade resultatet att införandet avpendlarparkeringar ökar resandet med kollektivtrafiken i genomsnitt mer på de stationer därde införs jämfört med den generella trenden i kollektivtrafiksystemet. Detta indikerar attpendlarparkeringar har en positiv effekt på antalet resande med kollektivtrafiken.

The growth in the interdependence and complexity of socio-technical systems requires the development of tools and techniques to aid in the formulation of better policies. The efforts of this research focus towards developing methodologies and support tools for better policy design and formulation. In this thesis, a new framework and a systematic approach for the formulation of policies are proposed. Focus has been directed to the interactions between policy measures, inspired by concepts in process design and network analysis. Furthermore, we have developed an agent-based approach to create a virtual environment for the exploration and analysis of different configurations of policy measures in order to build policy packages and test the effects of changes and uncertainties while formulating policies. By developing systematic approaches for the formulation and analysis of policies it is possible to analyse different configuration alternatives in greater depth, examine more alternatives and decrease the time required for the overall analysis. Moreover, it is possible to provide real-time assessment and feedback to the domain experts on the effect of changes in the configurations. These efforts ultimately help in forming more effective policies with synergistic and reinforcing attributes while avoiding internal contradictions. This research constitutes the first step towards the development of a general family of computer-based systems that support the design of policies. The results from this research also demonstrate the usefulness of computational approaches in addressing the complexity inherent in the formulation of policies. As a proof of concept, the proposed framework and methodologies have been applied to the formulation of policies that deal with transportation issues and emission reduction, but can be extended to other domains.

This assessment of European Union foreign policy towards the South Caucasus shows that while the EU has developed a coherent transport policy since 1992, paradoxically, it has had no corresponding coherent conflict resolution policy for this region. The fact that the EU deepened transport cooperation without a mediation policy in an area with a multiplicity of protracted conflicts is a puzzle. Although the EU eventually added mediation to its policy during the Russia-Georgia armed conflict in 2008, it was unable to facilitate a political solution. The research examines what has been the nature of EU foreign policy towards the South Caucasus. The dissertation argues that incoherence in conflict resolution policy has been consequent upon two causal factors: (i) preferences of the EU member states conditioned by their historical experience with Russia, and (ii) institutional framework of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). By contrast, with functional approach, the three dominant factors that have enabled coherence in transport cooperation are (i) legislative alignment, (ii) common transport area, including technical assistance for transit development, and (iii) restrictive measures. Examination of these two areas of EU foreign policy, shows a discrepancy, demonstrating its inconsistent nature. The theoretical framework of realism and liberal intergovernmentalism, is applied to empirically grounded EU foreign policy analysis. Adopting a case study methodology, this work examines the EU's policy towards Armenia and Azerbaijan, with special focus on Georgia between 1992 and 2014. The research combines social science methods of literature review, document analysis and expert interviews.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:34:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Carlos Higa de Freitas.pdf: 980227 bytes, checksum: 38796f1d72c0038c186dddc6f102e13c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-29 / This dissertation aims at analysing the new regulatory framework for the port sector established with the enactment of Law nº. 12.815 of June 5th 2013, which was regulated by Decree 8.033 of June 27th 2013. This study focus on the change of functions of the main administrative bodies that are responsible for regulating the port sector, especially the concentration of powers at the federal level. Furthermore, it also discusses the changes in the forms of exploitation of ports and port facilities, contemplating a possible regulatory asymmetry that is reflected on the port work. All changes promoted by the new regulatory framework for the port sector are analyzed according to the National Transportation System, considering the role they can play in ensuring national development, which is treated from the perspective of regional integration and modification of economic and social structures. Finally, we highlighted issues which were not discussed directly by the new law of the ports but need to be considered to picture the port as a development tool. / A presente dissertação pretende discutir o novo marco regulatório do setor portuário estabelecido com a promulgação da Lei n°. 12.815 de 5 de junho de 2013, que foi regulamentada pelo Decreto nº. 8.033 de 27 de junho de 2013. O foco do estudo está voltado para as mudanças das atribuições dos principais órgãos administrativos responsáveis pela regulação do setor portuário, com destaque para a concentração de atribuições na esfera federal. Ademais, se discutem também as alterações nas formas de exploração dos portos e nas instalações portuárias, vislumbrando uma possível assimetria regulatória que se reflete sobre o trabalho portuário. Todas as mudanças promovidas pelo novo marco regulatório do setor portuário são tratadas à luz do Sistema Nacional de Viação, considerando o papel que elas podem desempenhar para garantir o desenvolvimento nacional, sendo esse conceito tratado sob a perspectiva de integração regional e de modificação das estruturas econômicas e sociais. Por fim, são apontados elementos que não foram discutidos diretamente pela nova lei dos portos, mas que precisam ser considerados para se imaginar o porto como instrumento de desenvolvimento.

Faced with environmental problems such as climate change and biodiversity loss, the dominant political response has been sustainable development, balancing environmental protection against economic prosperity and social justice. While political action is increasingly being called for, the role and capacity of the state is questioned – as captured neatly in the story from government to governance that implies a relocation of authority and power between policy levels and in public-private relations, as well as a radical restructuring within public administration. Taking its conceptual point of departure in theories of sustainable development, govern­ance, and policy change, this thesis assesses, explains, and theorises about recent developments of environmental governing within Swedish forestry and transport, two areas with high environmental impact and that involve strong eco­nomic val­ues and interests. The findings are presented in four articles that have all been published in leading academic journals. The thesis concludes that public policy has changed within both policy areas as environmental objectives and new modes of governing have been adopted – a development that can be characterised as governing towards sustainability. However, the storyline from government to governance is too simple to capture these changes. The state remains important in several ways (actor, arena, institutional structure, form of authority) and influ­ences society through a variety of modes of governing. Thus, governance and government remain relevant. To explain policy change we need to recognise mul­tiple barriers to and enablers of change as well as having a contextual under­standing of the policy area in focus. The thesis concludes by arguing that sustain­able development needs to be politicised in terms of visible political action and open political contestation between differing visions of a sustainable society.

The aim of this thesis is to characterize the company ČD Cargo with special focus on the transport of solid fuels. It describes the historical development of this company, its present-day activities and services. Statistic part of this thesis contains time lines, defining the development of transport of solid fuels and its part in the overall transport. There is also an outline of an expected scenario of future solid fuel transport in connection with domestic resources depletion. Much consideration is also given to the unification of transport documents and European integration with a view to actions and objectives of transport policy concerning railway freight trafic.

The thesis describes conditions for carrying out cabotage in road freight transport, in comparison to current and past development at the EU level, and in transport policy of the EU described in the primary law. The most current changes at the field of cabotage are a good precondition for the future growth of this type of transport. The issue of cabotage could be described in three groups of topics, the first being the unified EU regulations of cabotage and conditions set for carrying out cabotage, the second concerns topics, that are similar in every EU country due to harmonization of national law, for example the payment of VAT, admission to the occupancy of road haulier or technical conditions for vehicles. The third group deals with matters that are different in every EU country, e.g. toll systems. Carrying out cabotage is therefore to be adjusted to all aforesaid conditions, which have a direct influence to the economical background of cabotage transports.