A cidade de São Paulo é o município mais populoso do Brasil, caracterizado por uma segregação urbana responsável por inúmeros problemas relacionados a mobilidade urbana. As ações atuais para resolver os problemas de mobilidade urbana têm pouco aprofundamento em questões tecnológicas e melhorias dos sistemas computacio- nais existentes como as necessárias ao Sistema Integrado de Monitoramento e Transporte (SIM), utilizado para gestão e monitoramento do transporte público por ônibus de São Paulo. Uma das possíveis melhorias é integrar o SIM às Redes Sociais. Com essa perspectiva de integração, esse trabalho tem como objetivo uti- lizar tweets e dados do SIM na caracterização de eventos de exceção e de seus respectivos impactos no sistema de transporte público por ônibus da cidade de São Paulo. Para alcançar tal objetivo, esse trabalho propõe utilizar tweets publicados por instituições governamentais responsáveis por reportar eventos de exceção, dados dos módulos AVL (Automatic Vehicle Location) do SIM, responsáveis por rastrear e localizar os ônibus do município e GTFS (General Transit Feed Specification) da SPTrans. Visando alcançar o objetivo proposto, classificamos manualmente 60.984 tweets e treinamos diferentes modelos por meio de algoritmos de aprendizado de máquina supervisionado para identificar eventos de exceção. Além disso, propomos uma nova metodologia para extrair e geolocalizar os endereços dos eventos de exceção, por meio de Processamento de Língua Natural e Expressão Regular. Com isso, demonstramos que é possível correlacionar os dados desses eventos com os dados históricos do SIM e da GTFS, para caracterizar como o transporte público por ônibus da cidade de São Paulo é impactado nesses cenários. Adicionalmente, propomos uma arquitetura distribuída para exploração e visualização de grandes volumes de dados relacionados a transporte público / The city of São Paulo is the most populous municipality in Brazil, characterized by an urban segregation responsible for numerous problems related to urban mobility. The current actions to solve the problems of urban mobility have little deepening in technological issues and improvements of existing computer systems such as those required for the Integrated Monitoring and Transport System (in the Portuguese acronym: SIM), used for the management and monitoring of public transport by buses of the city of São Paulo. One of the possible improvements is integrating the SIM with Social Networks. With this perspective of integration, this work aims to use tweets and data from SIM in the characterization of exception events and their respective impacts on the public transport system by buses of the city of São Paulo. In order to achieve this objective, this work proposes to use tweets published by governmental institutions responsible for reporting exception events, data from SIM Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) modules, responsible for the tracking and locating of urban buses and data from SPTrans GTFS (General Transit Feed Specification). In order to reach the proposed goal, we manually classified 60,984 tweets and trained different models through supervised machine learning algorithms to identify exception events. In addition, we propose a new methodology to extract and geolocalize the addresses of the exception events, through Natural Language Processing and Regular Expression. Using that approaches, we show that it is possible to correlate the data of these events with the historical data of the SIM and GTFS, to characterize how the public transport by bus of the city of São Paulo is impacted in these scenarios. Additionally, we propose a distributed architecture for exploration and visualization of large volumes of data related to public transport

Part of the literature of transportation planning understand transportation infrastructure as a mean of distributing people and opportunities across the territory. Therefore, the spatial inequalities become a relevant issue in transportation and land use planning. To meet the challenge of evaluating the heterogeneity of transportation provision and land use in the urban environment, this work aims at identifying and describing patterns hidden the distribution of accessibility to different urban facilities and socioeconomic information using Machine Learning (ML) techniques to inform the decision making of transportation plans. To feature the current consideration of spatial inequalities measures in the practice of transportation planning in Brazil, nine mobility plans were reviewed. For investigating the potentialities and restrictions of ML application, unsupervised and supervised analysis of income and accessibility indicators to health, education and leisure were performed. The data of the São Paulo municipality from the years of 2000 and 2010 was explored. The analyzed plans do not present measures for evaluating spatial inequalities. It is possible to identify that the low-income population has low accessibility to all facilities, especially, hospital and cultural centers. The east zone of the city presents a low-income group with intermediate level to public schools and sports centers, revealing the heterogeneity in regions out of the city center. Finally, a framework is proposed to incorporate spatial inequalities by using ML techniques in transportation plans. / Parte da literatura de planejamento de transportes conceitua a infraestrutura de transportes como uma forma de distribuir pessoas e oportunidades no território. Portanto, as desigualdades espaciais tornaram-se uma questão relevante a ser endereçada no planejamento de transportes e uso do solo. De maneira a contribuir com o desafio de avaliar desigualdades e sua heterogeneidade no ambiente urbano, esse trabalho tem como objetivo identificar e descrever padrões existentes na distribuição acessibilidade a diferentes equipamentos urbanos e dados socioeconômicos por meio de técnicas de Aprendizagem de Máquina (AM) para informar a tomada de decisão em planos de transportes. De forma a caracterizar a atual consideração de métricas de desigualdades espaciais na prática do planejamento de transportes no Brasil, nove planos de mobilidade foram revisados. Para investigar as potencialidades e restrições da aplicação de AM, análises supervisionadas e não supervisionadas de indicadores de renda e acessibilidade a saúde, educação e lazer foram realizadas. Os dados do município de São Paulo dos anos de 2000 e 2010 foram explorados. Os Planos de Mobilidade analisados não apresentam medidas para avaliação de desigualdades espaciais. Além disso, é possível identificar que a população de baixa renda tem baixa acessibilidade a todos os equipamentos urbanos, especialmente hospitais e centros culturais. A zona leste da cidade apresenta um grupo de baixa renda com nível intermediário de acessibilidade a escolas públicas e centros esportivos, evidenciando a heterogeneidade nas regiões periféricas da cidade. Finalmente, um quadro de referência é proposto para incorporação de técnicas de AM no planejamento de transportes.

Os sistemas de transporte público por ônibus têm sido cada vez mais relevantes para o desenvolvimento das cidades. Técnicas para melhorar o planejamento e o controle da operação diária dos serviços de ônibus apresentaram melhorias significativas ao longo dos anos, e a previsão do tempo de viagem desempenha um importante papel no planejamento e nas estratégias da operação diária. A antecipação dos tempos de viagem ajuda os planejadores e controladores a evitar os vários problemas que surgem durante a operação diária da linha de ônibus. Ela também permite manter os usuários informados para que eles possam planejar com antecedência a sua viagem. Vários estudos relacionados à previsão do tempo de viagem podem ser encontrados na literatura. Devido a sua dificuldade intrínseca, o problema foi abordado por diferentes técnicas. Resultados numéricos de estudos demonstram o potencial uso de redes neurais em relação a outras técnicas. No entanto, a literatura não apresenta aplicações que incorporem uma retroalimentação das informações contidas em séries temporais, como é feito por redes neuronais recorrentes. A maioria dos estudos na literatura tem sido realizada com dados de cidades específicas e com linhas de ônibus com paradas fixas. A situação que surge em linhas de ônibus sem paradas fixas operadas com micro-ônibus apresenta uma dinâmica diferente dos estudos de caso da literatura Além disso, os estudos existentes não usam o gráfico de marcha como um instrumento de apoio para a previsão do tempo de viagem em ônibus. Nesta tese, estuda-se o problema da previsão do tempo de viagem para linhas de micro-ônibus sem paradas fixas, utilizando as informações básicas do gráfico de marcha. O modelo proposto é baseado em redes neurais recorrentes. Os dados de entrada incluem: (i) a hora de início da viagem do ônibus, (ii) sua posição atual em coordenadas GPS, (iii) o tempo atual e (iv) a distância percorrida após um minuto. As redes são treinadas com dados de uma linha de micro-ônibus da cidade de Porto Alegre, Brasil. Os dados correspondem ao ano de 2015. Os modelos fornecem previsões para a distância percorrida minuto a minuto e para uma janela de tempo de 30 minutos. O modelo desenvolvido foi treinado com um conjunto abrangente de dados de dias úteis, incluindo períodos de pico e fora de pico. Os dados de treinamento não desconsideraram informações de qualquer dia devido à ocorrência de eventos especiais. Concluiu-se que os modelos de redes neurais recorrentes desenvolvidos são capazes de absorver a dinâmica do movimento dos micro-ônibus. A informação produzida apresenta um nível adequado de precisão a ser utilizado para informar os usuários. Também é adequada para planejadores e controladores da operação, pois pode ajudar a identificar situações problemáticas em janelas de tempo futuras. / Public transport systems by bus have been increasingly relevant for the development of cities. Techniques to improve planning and control of daily operation of bus services presented significant improvements along the years, and travel time forecast plays an important hole in both planning and daily operation strategies. Travel times anticipation helps planners and controllers to anticipate the various issues that arise during the daily bus line operation. It also allows keeping users informed, so they can plan in advance for their trip. Several studies related to travel time prediction can be found in the literature. Due to its intrinsic difficulty, the problem has been addressed by different techniques. Numerical results from studies demonstrate the potential use of neural networks in relation to other techniques. However, the literature does not present applications that incorporate a feedback of the information contained in time series as it is done by recurrent neural networks. Most of the studies in the literature have been conducted with data from specific cities and buses lines with fixed stops. The situation that arises in bus lines without fixed stops operated with microbuses present a different dynamics from the literature case studies. In addition, existing studies do not use time-space trajectories as a supporting instrument for bus travel time prediction. In this thesis we study the problem of travel time prediction for microbus lines without fixed stops using the basic information of the time-space trajectories The proposed model is based on recurrent neural networks. The input data includes: (i) the start time of the bus trip, (ii) its current position in GPS coordinates, (iii) the current time and (iv) distance travelled after one minute. The networks are trained with data from a microbus line from the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Data corresponds to the year 2015. The model provide forecasts for distance travelled minute by minute, and for a time window of 30 minutes. The developed models were trained with a comprehensive set of data from working days including peak and off-peak periods. The training data did not disregard information from any day due to occurrence of special events. It was concluded that the recurrent neural network model developed is capable of absorbing the dynamics of the microbuses movement. The information produced present an adequate level of precision to be used for users information. It is also adequate for planners and operation controllers as it can help to identify problematic situations in future time windows.

Esta pesquisa traz à discussão a implantação de Sistemas Inteligentes de Transportes (ITS), em particular a funcionalidade Transit Signal Priority (TSP), ou Prioridade Semafórica, como uma solução a ser considerada para melhorar o desempenho de um corredor de ônibus. Os dados do Sistema Integrado de Monitoramento (SIM) foram empregados para identificar os locais com maior retardamento no Corredor Campo Limpo - Rebouças- Centro em São Paulo e, selecionado um trecho crítico, foi elaborada uma rede de microssimulação no software PTV - Vissim. A aplicação da prioridade semafórica foi feita através do VISVAP, controlador de lógica externo, no qual foram escritas as condicionantes de prioridade. O TSP foi simulado em quatro cenários distintos e, os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que as expectativas verificadas no referencial teórico (por exemplo: aumento da velocidade média dos ônibus e automóveis), puderam ser comprovadas e, além disso, a prioridade semafórica condicional foi capaz de reduzir os retardos inclusive nas vias transversais não priorizadas. / This research brings to discussion the implementation of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), particularly the Transit Signal Priority (TSP) feature as a solution to be considered to improve the performance of a bus corridor. Data from a Monitoring Integrated System (Sistema Integrado de Monitoramento - SIM) were used to identify most significant delay points at Campo Limpo - Rebouças- Centro Corridor in São Paulo and, after selected a critical stretch, it was developed a microsimulation with PTV Vissim software. The transit signal priority was made by VISVAP, external logic controller, in which were described the priority conditions. TSP was simulated in four different scenarios and, the obtained results have concluded that expectations examined in academic referencial (for example: increase in the average speed of buses and cars), could be confirmed, and, in addition, the transit signal priority was able to decrease delays in cross ways too (not prioritized).

Nous nous intéressons à la production de peptides bioactifs dans des laits fermentés par la bactérie lactique Streptococcus thermophilus. Pour ce faire, il est nécessaire que cette bactérie en internalise le moins possible lors de sa croissance. Il était donc important de caractériser le système protéolytique S. thermophilus. Tout d’abord, les relations phylogéniques liant 30 souches de S. thermophilus ont été recherchées par MLST. Ensuite, un système de transport de type ABC qui semble fonctionnel a été identifié chez la souche LMD-9 et appelé OTS. Une étude de la variabilité des systèmes de transport Ami et OTS des 30 souches de S. thermophilus a été réalisée. Enfin, l’hydrolyse des caséines par la protéase PrtS de S. thermophilus a été étudiée. Cette protéase habituellement ancrée à la paroi de la bactérie est retrouvée chez la souche 4F44 également sous forme libre. La séquence protéique de PrtS4F44, différente de celle de PrtS de la souche LMD 9 (PrtSLMD-9), n’est pas la cause de la libération partielle de PrtS4F44. La sortase A, acteur de l’ancrage de PrtS à la paroi de la bactérie, présente chez la souche 4F44 (srtA4F44) un allèle différent de celui de la souche LMD-9 (srtALMD-9). En effet, PrtSLMD-9 se trouve libérée lorsque srtALMD-9 est remplacée par srtA4F44 dans la souche LMD-9 montrant ainsi que SrtA4F44 est déficiente, entrainant par conséquent un défaut d’ancrage de PrtS4F44 et sa libération partielle dans le milieu extracellulaire. L’hydrolyse des caséinates bovines totales par la forme libre de PrtS4F44 a permis d’obtenir des peptides bioactifs qui pourront être utilisés pour la fonctionnalisation de produits laitiers fermentés / We are interested in the production of bioactive peptides in fermented milk by the lactic acid bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus. For this, it requires that the bacterium internalize them as few as possible during its growth. Therefore, it was important to characterize the proteolytic system of S. thermophilus. First, phylogenetic relationships linking 30 S. thermophilus strains have been searched by MLST. Secondly, an ABC-type transport system which seems to be functional was identified in the LMD-9 strain and named OTS. A study of the variability of Ami and OTS transport systems of the 30 strains of S. thermophilus was performed. Finally, the hydrolysis of caseins by proteinase PrtS of S. thermophilus was studied. This proteinase usually anchored to the wall of the bacterium was also found in a free form in strain 4F44. The protein sequence of PrtS4F44, different from the one of PrtS in the LMD-9 strain (PrtSLMD-9), is not the cause of the partial release of PrtS4F44. Sortase A, the actor of the anchoring of PrtS to the wall of the bacteria, presents different alleles between the strain 4F44 (srtA4F44) and the LMD-9 strain (srtALMD-9). Indeed, PrtSLMD-9 is released when srtALMD-9 is replaced by srtA4F44 in the strain LMD-9 showing that SrtA4F44 is deficient, causing consequently a default of PrtS4F44 anchoring and its partial release into the extracellular medium. Additionally, hydrolysis of bovine caseinates was performed using the free form PrtS4F44 and allowed the production of bioactive peptides that can be used for the functionalization of fermented dairy products

Purpose – The purpose of the research is to explore how to reduce waste in value flows and to minimize the bullwhip effect within operations. To fulfill and answer the purpose of the research three questions of issue has been established: 1. What issues in value flows can be identified, regarding inbound and outbound flows? 2. How can issues in value flows be minimized, with regards to inbound and outbound flows? 3. How can a model be created to understand the relationship between value flow improvements and the bullwhip effect? Method – To retrieve understanding of the topic that thesis involves, support of literature studies, observations and data collection was used. The literature study created a foundation of theoretical framework. The data collected from the case company formed a base that partly facilitates the purpose of this thesis. The theoretical framework and data collection were thoroughly analyzed and discussed in order to propose solutions for improvements. Findings – The research establishes different issues that can be identified in outbound and inbound flows such as; waste in transportation, waste in inventory, waste in movement and waste in overproduction. Further, in order to minimize the identified issues in inbound and outbound flows it is imperative to find out the root cause for the issues. When the root cause was established, statistical approach was utilized to further explain the issue. The findings from the statistical approach elucidated a large variance between supply and demand, resulting in a bullwhip effect. In order to minimize the bullwhip effect, improvements should focus on insufficiencies such as; lack of communication, order batching and disorganization. In addition, standardization through 5s approach mitigates the waste in transportation and movement. To understand the relationship between value flow improvements and the bullwhip effect, a causal loop diagram was created to understand the phenomenon from a system perspective. Implications – The research contributes with solutions on how to identify the bullwhip effect as well as highlighting the issues in value flows. Furthermore, this research solidifies the importance of using lean process to improve overall productivity in value flows. Limitations – The research was limited to one case company and one area in the case company. The answers that are presented in this research could increase the reliability and credibility if the authors had been able to investigate several areas at the case company or several companies. Furthermore, the date that has been retrieved is based solely on one supplier at the case company. Keywords – ‘Lean Process’, ‘Bullwhip Effect’, ‘Supply Chain Management’, ‘Continuous Improvement’, ‘System Perspective’ and ‘Statistical Analysis’.

Internationalization of industries, international competition, and the deregulation and harmonization within the EC are some of the important factors changing the prerequisites and requirements for effective international transport systems. Thus there is a need for more articulated knowledge regarding the internationalization processes of freight transport companies. In this longitudinal study the internationalization processes of three of the largest freight transport groups in Sweden have been analyzed in terms of changes in foreign representation: agents, join ventures, sales offices, subsidiaries. In addition, the relational effects of these changes on suppliers, owners, and competitors have been analysed. The results show that internationalization patterns change over time. First there was a gradual change of single relationships and systems. As an increasing number of transport companies became internationalized, there was a shift into more leapwise changes of nets of related companies. Furthermore the patterns and effects of internationalization differed between the three cases depending on when their internationalization process started. Typical sequences of changes have been identified to occur over time. As international interconnections between transport companies has increased these sequences have induced the development of domino effects in the network of transport companies. Based on the findings in this dissertation a dynamic model of internationalization is formulated. The model synthesizes the basic driving forces derived from network, distribution and internationalization research / Diss. Handelshögsk. : Stockholm

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-140).

Thesis (Ph.D. in Microbiology) -- University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 2005. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 201-223).

Introduction: In today’s global world, supply chain and logistics operations have become far too complicated to be handled by individual firms. Nowadays, it is dealt by logistics and freight solution providing companies. The companies introduce an amount of flexibility for the firms doing their business. The performance of supply chain operations depends upon various dimensions such as location, quality, on-time delivery, dependability and cost. Reducing the operational costs by increasing effectiveness of process helps to gain a competitive advantage. Background: Logistics is a highly labour intensive industry. The primary role of a distribution centre as a supply chain element is to sort and forward the incoming goods(parcels) as effectively as possible within the minimum time. Due to the varied physical attributes of incoming goods/parcels, the sorting process in distribution centres involves different handling techniques. One such technique is the use of a parcel sorter conveyor system, there are various factors based on which the output increases or decreases in such systems. Flexibility is a factor that is seldom compromised, thus failing to operate effectively when volume increases, reduce a competitive advantage for the any distribution centre. Purpose: The purpose is to identify reasons for ineffectiveness during the process and find improvement opportunities which enables a distribution centre to handle more volume on a daily basis. Case: This single case study is carried out at a regional distribution centre aiming to grow regarding the number of suppliers and volume of handled parcels. Findings: The sources of ineffectiveness and improvement opportunities were identified (some of the improvement opportunities are case specific). Discussions: The study provides evidence that errors which are thought to be caused due to human actions can have other root causes, a synergetic approach is suitable in situations where high interdependency of variables exist.   Conclusions: The study has focused on a single case study, conducting the similar type of study with other companies working within a similar environment can provide more generalisable evidence. Improvement should be seen with a mentality of sustaining, with high variability of changes occurring, there should be a focus towards continuous improvement as well.