Changeable Message Signs (CMS) are commonly utilized by transportation agencies to inform motorists of traffic, roadway, and environmental conditions. They may be used to provide information, such as delay and alternate route guidance, in the event of an incident, construction or a roadway closure. The effectiveness of CMS in managing freeway traffic, however, is a function of many factors including the number of CMS installations, the location of CMS, the messages displayed, varied traffic network characteristics, and drivers' response to incident conditions and CMS information. The objective of this thesis is to develop a CMS location planning model that can be used by transportation agencies to develop a CMS location plan that could achieve the largest long-term benefit to the system. This research is mainly motivated by the lack of systematic, robust and practical methods for locating CMS. State-of-practice methods rely mostly on the practitioner's experience and judgement. Other methods fail to incorporate reasonable driver behaviour models, consider time-varying demand, allow for computational efficiency on large networks, or consider the spatial variation of incidents on a traffic network. A new CMS location optimization model has been developed that is unique in both model realism and computational efficiency. The model incorporates several components to estimate incident delay, predict driver response, estimate network-wide benefit, and choose those CMS locations that would provide the most benefit. Deterministic queuing methods are used in conjunction with historic incident characteristics to approximate the delay impact of an incident with and without CMS. A discrete choice model is used to predict the rate at which drivers would switch from the incident route to a less congested alternative under CMS information. A network traffic assignment model is then incorporated in an attempt to estimate the resulting traffic induced by incidents. Genetic algorithms are utilized as an optimization technique to choose a set of CMS that would provide the most benefit. An extensive computational analysis was performed on both a hypothetical network and a segment of Highway 401 through Toronto. A sensitivity analysis was performed to test the model's response to parameter and data estimation errors. The model was found to be most sensitive to the diversion model parameters. The model produced reasonable results with locations selected upstream of major freeway interchange diversion points. Considering the additional components included in the proposed model, and its ability to consider more location schemes, the proposed model may be considered superior to previous CMS location models.

This is a life story about a man, Victor, and his life. He was born into a family of travellers, this has been a very important part of his upbringing, socializing and how society has viewed him. The purpose of this essay is to discuss how a society's values, and the changes in these values, are manifested in a life story. A person’s identity is created in the situations one is in and in the relationships with ones social contacts. A person has not just one, but several different identities that coexist and are highlighted depending on the situations in which we find ourselves. I will look for traces of such identity formation in Viktor's life story. The environments vary continuously in the story as Viktor has moved often. Friends and wives also vary, but the family and relatives are always available. In Viktor's life, there is rootlessness and a feeling of being rejected or treated with hostility. It is only when Victor falls ill that community and the health care give him the respect that everyone deserves. I wonder if these changes are linked to the fact that Viktor is traveller or if there are other reasons for them?

Due to escalating carbon-based emissions, anthropogenic climate change is wreaking havoc on the natural and built environment as higher near-surface temperatures cause arctic ice-melt, rising sea levels and unpredictable turbulent weather patterns. The effects are especially devastating to inhabitants living in the water-worlds of developing countries where environmental pressure only exacerbates their vulnerability to oppressive economic policies. As climatic and economic pressures escalate, threats to local resources, living space, safety and security are all reaching a tipping point. Climate refugees may survive, but they will fall victim to displacement, economic insecurity, and socio-cultural destruction. With the current economic system in peril, it is now a matter of urgency that the global community determine ways to modify their behaviour in order to minimize the impact of climate change. This interdisciplinary comparative analysis contributes to the dialogue by turning to environmental history for similar scenarios with contrasting outcomes. It isolates two North Atlantic water-worlds and their inhabitants at an historical juncture when the combination of climatic and economic pressures threatened their survival. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Hebrideans in the Scottish Insular Gàidhealtachd and the Wabanaki in Ketakamigwa were both responding to the harsh conditions of the ‘Little Ice Age.’ While modifying their resource management, settlement patterns, and subsistence behaviours to accommodate climate change, they were simultaneously targeted by foreign opportunists whose practices and perceptions inevitably induced oppressive economic pressure. This critical period in their history serves as the centre of a pendulum that swings back to deglaciation and then forward again to the eighteenth century to examine the relationship between climate change and human behaviour in the North Atlantic. It will be demonstrated that both favourable and deteriorating climate conditions determine resource availability, but how humans manage those resources during feast or famine can determine their collective vulnerability to predators when the climate changes. It is argued that, historically, climate has determined levels of human development and survival on either side of the North Atlantic, regardless of sustainable practices. However, when cultural groups were under extreme environmental and economic pressure, there were additional factors that determined their fate. First, the condition of their native environment and prospect for continuing to inhabit it was partially determined by the level of sustainable practices. And, secondly, the way in which they perceived and treated one another partially determined their endurance. If they avoided internal stratification and self-protectionism by prioritising the needs of the group over that of the individual, they minimised fragmentation, avoided displacement, and maintained their social and culture cohesion.

Zugl.: Frankfurt am Main, Univ., Diss., 2007.

International students are becoming a more and more attractive group for tourism agencies, and for those responsible for regional development, some study is warranted to explore how one may effectively recognize their preferences, wants, needs, and constraints to draw their attention towards the destination or to experience tourism firm’s offerings specially in this research about their perception about risk, safety and security during their travelling. Perception of risk, safety and security of a tourist destination may create a broader platform of preferences, and associated constraints. Perceived risk is defined as a consumer’s perception of the overall negativity of a course of action based upon an assessment of the possible negative outcomes and the likelihood that those outcomes will occur. Tourism, exclusively international tourism, is highly delicate to safety and security issues. It is one of the enterprise most exposed to changes in the world stage that may produce alteration in tourist behavior. A clearer perceptive of the traveler’s decision-making process and the role of intervening variables are compulsory, notably respecting travel inhibitors, such as risk perception, to assist develop enhanced destination development or recovery strategies. Constructing conditions for tourists to feel safe before and during the trip may be demanding to the success of a destination competing internationally. The current study attempts to fill a gap by exploring risk perceptions of individual international students who engaged in tourism and try to explore the concerned safety measure among them. The findings revealed that the most common risk perception and endeavors were transportation, fraudulent behavior of locals towards tourists, losing valuables, health issues and sexual harassment. However, the international students with experience with travelling themselves gave the safety and security precautions needed to minimize these risks. The safety and security features involve avoiding informal sectors, taking care of personal belongings, being always cautious about the situation happening around, educating themselves about the destination they are visiting, proper health care and proper authority to report any mishaps. After this research it could be understood that international student tourist is concerned about their safety and they would improve the situation of risk they perceive if given the chance to.

The aim of this dissertation is to evaluate and compare the chosen integrated transport systems in the Czech Republic and based on findings submit a proposal to improvement. For this purpose are chosen the largest and the smarter transport sysstems in the Czech Republic, which are: - Integrated transport system of the Hradec Kralove region (IREDO) - Prague integrated transport system (PID) - Integrated transport system of the South Moravia (IDS JMK) Within the analysis is used the evaluation of the qulitative indicators, for example the number of the carriers, the number of tthe stations etc. This shows that these indicators haven?t got sufficient predictive value for the analysis and final evaluation, because some differences among the transport system. Therefore are the ratios included the analysis, which arw designed on the basis of the quantitative criterions recalculated for factors causing the significant differences of the transport systems. From the analysiss came out best the Integrated transport system in Prague (PID), because of the high freguency of the transport links, large fleet, reliable continuity of the transport links, and the positive evaluation of the range of distribution network, the number of vending machines, types of tickets and existence of the car lots P+R. The worst rated is Integrated transport system of Hradec Kralove region (IREDO), which was recomended to concenterate for the information sources and to attractive the system by these sources. Generally speaking the successful integrated transport systems are these which comply with conditions of the uniformity, intelligibility and clarity. Another important factor is the high frequency of the transport links, the continuity, availability of the bus stops and of course the quality passenger information.

La notion d’ailleurs, qui vient du Latin et qui veut dire « en un autre lieu », est le terme central de cette thèse. Ce terme signifie aussi « dans un autre esprit », « autre part », « chez une autre personne », « dans un autre ensemble d’objets ». Avec toutes ces significations, la notion d’ailleurs implique une condition étant « autre », « différente ». Par l’usage de ce terme, on se réfère aussi aux actes tels que l’éloignement et le déplacement.Ce travail, dont la problématique est le fait d’occuper l’espace en tant qu’« autre » et de concevoir l’autre en tant que « sujet », vise à montrer une image romanesque de l’autre lieu, de l’autre espace à partir des points de vue de différents écrivains-voyageurs contemporains, représentant les littératures et pays différents, et à créer ainsi un profil de « voyageur romanesque ». Pour ce faire, nous allons étudier la conception de l’espace en abordant le con-cept d’altérité et sa réalité d’après une perspective romanesque, littéraire et contemporaine.La pluralité et l’altérité des éléments qui constituent un espace, un lieu, un paysage, une vue, une réalité, une pré-sence sont les composantes principales de ce travail.Dans trois grandes parties de ce travail, la notion d’ailleurs sera envisagée à partir des thèmes spécifiques et sous plusieurs aspects. Chaque partie sera formée autour d’une notion spatiale étant relative à la notion d’ailleurs. Ces notions seront : chez-soi, distance, ailleurs.Dans cette thèse, nous allons obtenir une image d’espace qui reflétera une complexité d’apparences, de sensations, d’expressions, de révélations, de symboles, d’idées, de rêves, de projets, d’intentions en tant que conséquences des expériences individuelles du « voyageur romanesque » qui représente la littérature de déplacement du XXème et du XXIème siècles.Les récits de déplacement qui ont été choisis comme références pour cette thèse sont : Towards Another Summer de Janet Frame (Nouvelle-Zélande), Terre des hommes d’Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (France), Başka Yollar d’Enis Batur (Turquie), Le poisson-scorpion de Nicolas Bouvier (Suisse), L’Africain du Groenland de Tété-Michel Kpomassie (Togo) et On the road de Jack Kerouac (États-Unis). / The French notion of “ailleurs” is the central term of this thesis. It derives from Latin and can be translated as “elsewhere”, “in another place”, “other part”, “in another mind”, “at another home”, or “in a different set of ob-jects”. Despite such variations, the notion of ailleurs can be said to refer to ideas of “otherness” and “difference”. It also contains a spatial element, the act of “being away” or of “shifting”.The idea that one might occupy a space as “other” and conceive of the “subject” in relation to this otherness, is the main problematic of this work which aims to explore romanesque images of the “other place” and of the “other space” from the point of view of different contemporary travel writers. These travel writings are taken from 20th and 21st Century literature and represents different forms of literature and have different countries of origin, they are drawn together to create a profile of “romanesque traveller”. The present thesis therefore focuses on the conception of the space by approaching the concept of otherness and its reality from a romanesque, literary and contemporary perspective.Plurality and alterity are essential components of this work: of the elements that constitute a space, a place, a landscape, a view, a reality, and a presence.Over the course of three chapters, an examination is conducted of the themes and spatial notions related to the notion of ailleurs: ‘home’, ‘distance’, and ‘elsewhere’.In this work, an image of space is constituted that reflects the complexity of appearances, sensations, expressions, revelations, symbols, ideas, dreams, projects, intentions which exist as a consequence of the individual experiences that are acquired by the “romanesque traveller”. The six contemporary books that served as main sources for this thesis are: Towards Another Summer by Janet Frame (New Zealand), Terre des hommes by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (France), Başka Yollar by Enis Batur (Turkey), Le poisson-scorpion by Nicolas Bouvier (Switzerland), L’Africain du Groenland by Tété-Michel Kpomassie (Togo) and On the road by Jack Kerouac (United States).

La scolarisation de l’enfant-voyageur en France. Problème pédagogique ou politique ?Cette recherche doctorale peut être considérée comme une étude de cas concernant la scolarisation en France d’une population d’enfants désignée depuis 2012 par l’Éducation nationale comme « Enfants issus de Familles Itinérantes et de Voyageurs ». Du fait que cette scolarisation est constitutive d’un « problème public » débordant largement le domaine scolaire, les modalités de traitement pédagogique de cette population sont révélatrices d’une dépendance certaine aux variations institutionnelles et politiques. Pour aborder cette problématique une méthodologie plurielle, socio-historique, ethnographique et socio-clinique institutionnelle a été adoptée. Pour rendre compte des résultats, c’est la logique de la démarche régressive-progressive imaginée par Henri Lefebvre qui est mise en œuvre. Elle propose de problématiser la question contemporaine de la scolarisation de l’enfant-voyageur avant d’en reconstituer la genèse afin de revenir à l’analyse de la manière dont elle est actuellement produite.L’exploration des écrits institutionnels permet de réfléchir sur les significations sociales, politiques et éducatives et de questionner l’action de l’État dans la fabrication des politiques de scolarisation et dans la création de catégories d’élèves. L’investigation articulant démarches ethnographique et socio-clinique référée au cadre théorique de l’analyse institutionnelle permet de concilier l’investigation de terrain avec l’étude de l’activité institutionnelle en train de se faire. Ceci en pénétrant la « boîte noire » où sont fabriquées des solutions pour répondre à des problèmes souvent posés dans l’urgence. C’est aussi la place du chercheur qui est prise en compte, ses implications professionnelles et institutionnelles lui offrant des ressources tout en générant des obstacles. La réalité de la scolarisation de l’enfant-voyageur révèle des dissonances, des tensions et des contradictions au sein de l’institution scolaire. Plus largement, elle interroge l’action publique lorsqu’elle formule des objectifs et met en œuvre des moyens spécifiques visant une population donnée. La scolarisation de l’enfant-voyageur montre enfin de quelle manière la surdétermination d’un problème pédagogique par des mobiles politiques plus larges, historiquement ancrés, peuvent durablement contrarier sa prise en charge.L’exploration des écrits institutionnels permet de réfléchir sur les significations sociales, politiques et éducatives et de questionner l’action de l’État dans la fabrication des politiques de scolarisation et dans la création de catégories d’élèves. L’investigation articulant démarches ethnographique et socio-clinique référée au cadre théorique de l’analyse institutionnelle permet de concilier l’investigation de terrain avec l’étude de l’activité institutionnelle en train de se faire. Ceci en pénétrant la « boîte noire » où sont fabriquées des solutions pour répondre à des problèmes souvent posés dans l’urgence. C’est aussi la place du chercheur qui est prise en compte, ses implications professionnelles et institutionnelles lui offrant des ressources tout en générant des obstacles. La réalité de la scolarisation de l’enfant-voyageur révèle des dissonances, des tensions et des contradictions au sein de l’institution scolaire. Plus largement, elle interroge l’action publique lorsqu’elle formule des objectifs et met en œuvre des moyens spécifiques visant une population donnée. La scolarisation de l’enfant-voyageur montre enfin de quelle manière la surdétermination d’un problème pédagogique par des mobiles politiques plus larges, historiquement ancrés, peut durablement contrarier sa prise en charge. / This doctoral research might be considered as a study regarding the schooling of a children population designated since 2012 by “L’Education Nationale” (French Ministry of Education) as “Offspring Pupils/Students from Nomadic and Itinerant Families” in France. Since this schooling is constitutive of a “public issue” largely overrunning the academic realm, the conditions of pedagogical treatment are indicative of a specific dependency to institutional and political variations. To approach this issue, a plural socio-historical, ethnographic and institutional socio-clinical methodology has been applied. To report the results, the rationale of the regressive-progressive procedure created by Henri Lefebvre has been adopted. The research into institutional transcripts allows pondering on the social, political and academic meanings as well as questioning the State’s action in the construction of schooling policies and the creation of pupils/students categories. The investigation expressing an ethnographic and socio-clinical approach in reference to the theoretical setting of the institutional analysis allows reconciling ground examination with the institutional activity as it is formulated. All the while breaking into the “black box” in which are manufactured solutions to answer to problems often happening in an emergency situation. It is as well the researcher’s position which is taken into account, his professional and institutional implications offering him both resources and hindrances. The schooling reality of the child-traveler reveals dissensions, pressures and contradictions within the academic institution. More extensively it questions public action when formulating objectives and deploying specific resources for a given population. Lastly, the schooling of the child-traveler shows in which way the over determination of a pedagogical issue by broader political motivations, historically grounded, can lastingly thwart its enactment.

This thesis gives an idea of travellers' behaviour and it determines the extent of their requirements for the quality of provided services. There is also described the quality level of tourism services in the Czech Republic and its importance for a development of tourism. In the practical part of this thesis there is used the method of questionnaire to analyze the behaviour of domestic and foreign travellers in relation to the quality of services provided in the Czech Republic.

This graduation theses describes walk, cyclist, ski-ing and waterman{\crq}s tourist roads and educational trails in the Novohradské Mountains, its highlands and in part of the Třeboňská basin {--} in the territory demarked by tourist map {\clqq}Novohradské Mountains``, from edition Club of czech tourists, in ratio scale 1:50 000. Particular roads are described in text and in general tables, whereby is possible easy reproach the character of mentioned tourist roads. Methodology of work, which was taken over from D. Bobrová (2002) and description of particular tourist roads, is a substantial part of graduation theses. Introductory chapters specify the respective area from physical-geographic and social-geographic point of view. The appendix is formed by gazetteer, which processed D. Bobrová (2002) and by graphic part, formed by photographies.