<p>Lagar är till för att följas. Lagar skapas, omarbetas, byts ut och tas bort. Skolorna ska följa dessa många lagar och riktlinjer och bland dem finns skollagen och läroplanen. Samtidigt ska kommunerna följa de revideringar som genomförs och skolorna får ett större ansvar där elevernas bästa ska stå i centrum. I samband med att<em> Lagen om förbud mot diskriminering och annan kränkande behandling av barn och elever (2006:67)</em> trädde i kraft 2006 ställdes högre krav på skolorna och kommunernas arbete mot mobbning och kränkande behandling. På varje enhet skulle en likabehandlingsplan upprättas där åtgärder mot mobbning och kränkande behandling skulle redovisas. Dessutom skulle kommunerna året därpå ha granskat likabehandlingsplanerna för att redovisa resultaten av dessa i kvalitetsredovisningarna för kommunens skolverksamhet.</p><p>Syftet med den här kvalitativa uppsatsen är att se ifall kommunerna i Västmanlands län har granskat och utvärderat skolornas likabehandlingsplaner, hur skillnaderna och olikheterna ser ut emellan dem och ifall man kan tolka hur organisationsarbetet fungerar inom kommunerna. Detta sker granskning av valda lagar, kommunernas kvalitetsredovisningar samt genom teoretiska ramar kring mobbning och organisationsarbete. Skollagen anammar ett samarbete med hemmen men mitt resultat visar att bara några kommuner följer detta. Flera lagar och riktlinjer menar att barn i behov av särskilt stöd ska prioriteras men ingenstans står det vilka barn som ingår under denna kategori. Kommunernas kvalitetsredovisningar visar olika resultat av mobbningsåtgärder. Några kommuner samarbetar med andra instanser inom kommunen, med hemmet och en del har sett brister i sitt arbete mot mobbning. Tänkbara anledningar till de olika resultaten kan bero på ekonomiska skillnader, brist på kompetensutbildning och hur personalens eget intresse för den pågående problematiken i skolorna ser ut. Det vore intressant att undersöka vidare hur arbetet mot mobbning ser ut på skolor där alla ekonomiska förutsättningar finns och där dessutom involverad personal har ett stort intresse för att mobbningsåtgärderna ska fungera och utvecklas. Även en undersökning där en tydlig definition av barn i behov av särskilt stöd ges vore givande för framtida utveckling av skolorna</p> / <p>Schools are supposed to comply with laws and guidelines such as the Education Act and Swedish curricula. Supposedly, municipalities comply with each adjustments or alteration made. Schools are handed a bigger responsibility for the well being of their students as a consequence of the 2006 <em>Act against discrimination and other degrading treatment of children and pupils</em> (2006:67). Demands on the schools’ and municipalities’ work against bullying and degrading treatment increased. Each section within each municipality was to present an Equal Treatment Plan containing measures against bullying and degrading treatment. The following year, all equality plans were to be put under scrutiny and the results published publicly. The aim of this paper is to (1) see if the municipalities in Västmanland County has reviewed and evaluated their schools’ Equal Treatment Plan, (2) report on differences between them and (3) see if you can interpret how the work was organized. Some municipalities show great results in their work against bullying and discrimination while others acknowledge shortcomings.. Measures taken against bullying and discriminating behavior differ. Explanations to the different results may be economic disparities, lack of skills, and the staff's indifference towards ongoing problems in the schools. The Higher Education Act proposes a close partnership between teachers and parents but this study shows that only a few municipalities ever achieve this It would be interesting to further explore the work against bullying at schools where all the economic conditions are met and where staff members are involved and are taking a strong interest in developing proficient methods against bullying.</p>

Lagar är till för att följas. Lagar skapas, omarbetas, byts ut och tas bort. Skolorna ska följa dessa många lagar och riktlinjer och bland dem finns skollagen och läroplanen. Samtidigt ska kommunerna följa de revideringar som genomförs och skolorna får ett större ansvar där elevernas bästa ska stå i centrum. I samband med att Lagen om förbud mot diskriminering och annan kränkande behandling av barn och elever (2006:67) trädde i kraft 2006 ställdes högre krav på skolorna och kommunernas arbete mot mobbning och kränkande behandling. På varje enhet skulle en likabehandlingsplan upprättas där åtgärder mot mobbning och kränkande behandling skulle redovisas. Dessutom skulle kommunerna året därpå ha granskat likabehandlingsplanerna för att redovisa resultaten av dessa i kvalitetsredovisningarna för kommunens skolverksamhet. Syftet med den här kvalitativa uppsatsen är att se ifall kommunerna i Västmanlands län har granskat och utvärderat skolornas likabehandlingsplaner, hur skillnaderna och olikheterna ser ut emellan dem och ifall man kan tolka hur organisationsarbetet fungerar inom kommunerna. Detta sker granskning av valda lagar, kommunernas kvalitetsredovisningar samt genom teoretiska ramar kring mobbning och organisationsarbete. Skollagen anammar ett samarbete med hemmen men mitt resultat visar att bara några kommuner följer detta. Flera lagar och riktlinjer menar att barn i behov av särskilt stöd ska prioriteras men ingenstans står det vilka barn som ingår under denna kategori. Kommunernas kvalitetsredovisningar visar olika resultat av mobbningsåtgärder. Några kommuner samarbetar med andra instanser inom kommunen, med hemmet och en del har sett brister i sitt arbete mot mobbning. Tänkbara anledningar till de olika resultaten kan bero på ekonomiska skillnader, brist på kompetensutbildning och hur personalens eget intresse för den pågående problematiken i skolorna ser ut. Det vore intressant att undersöka vidare hur arbetet mot mobbning ser ut på skolor där alla ekonomiska förutsättningar finns och där dessutom involverad personal har ett stort intresse för att mobbningsåtgärderna ska fungera och utvecklas. Även en undersökning där en tydlig definition av barn i behov av särskilt stöd ges vore givande för framtida utveckling av skolorna / Schools are supposed to comply with laws and guidelines such as the Education Act and Swedish curricula. Supposedly, municipalities comply with each adjustments or alteration made. Schools are handed a bigger responsibility for the well being of their students as a consequence of the 2006 Act against discrimination and other degrading treatment of children and pupils (2006:67). Demands on the schools’ and municipalities’ work against bullying and degrading treatment increased. Each section within each municipality was to present an Equal Treatment Plan containing measures against bullying and degrading treatment. The following year, all equality plans were to be put under scrutiny and the results published publicly. The aim of this paper is to (1) see if the municipalities in Västmanland County has reviewed and evaluated their schools’ Equal Treatment Plan, (2) report on differences between them and (3) see if you can interpret how the work was organized. Some municipalities show great results in their work against bullying and discrimination while others acknowledge shortcomings.. Measures taken against bullying and discriminating behavior differ. Explanations to the different results may be economic disparities, lack of skills, and the staff's indifference towards ongoing problems in the schools. The Higher Education Act proposes a close partnership between teachers and parents but this study shows that only a few municipalities ever achieve this It would be interesting to further explore the work against bullying at schools where all the economic conditions are met and where staff members are involved and are taking a strong interest in developing proficient methods against bullying.

Syftet var att undersöka attityder till skolans arbete mot kränkande behandling utifrån skolans likabehandlingsplan och om dessa skiljer sig åt, beroende på om man är elev eller personal, på en högstadieskola i en kommun i Värmland. Genom en enkätundersökning med oberoende mätning genomfördes studien med 101 deltagare, varav 54,5 % (n=55) var elever och 45,5 % (n=46) skolpersonal.      Den aktuella studien kunde påvisa en signifikant skillnad mellan elever och skolpersonal i majoriteten av frågorna angående skolans arbete mot kränkande behandling. Resultatet tyder på att det finns skillnader i hur elever och skolpersonal uppfattar situationer där någon blir kränkt och därför även agerar olika. Studien påvisar att personalen i högre grad påstår att de tar itu med de frågor som rör mobbaren än offret, medan eleverna ligger relativt jämnt på de frågorna. Dock var både elever och skolpersonal överens i frågan om att det är viktigt att ha en kompis i skolan.      Vidare visade studien att eleverna i högre grad skulle försöka höja den utsattas självförtroende i mobbningssituationer jämfört med vad lärarna skulle. Personalen skulle istället arbeta för att jämna ut maktobalansen mellan de två genom att sänka mobbarens makt snarare än att höja den utsattas. Det framkom även att personalen uppgav att de i högre grad hade läst, förstått och varit delaktiga i utformandet av skolans likabehandlingsplan än eleverna.                       Med andra ord framkom att det finns skillnader i attityden till skolans förebyggande arbete mot kränkande behandling mellan personal och elever. Dessutom framkom att skolpersonalen i högre grad fokuserade på mobbaren än offret i situationer där någon blir utsatt för kränkande behandling, samt att personalen i högre grad angav att de läst, förstått och varit involverad i skolans likabehandlingsplan än eleverna. / The aim was to investigate attitudes to the school’s work against offensive behaviour based on the school’s treatment plan and if they differ depending on whether you are a student or school staff at a secondary school in a municipality in Värmland. Through a questionnaire with independent measurement, a study with 101 participants, of which 54.5 % (n = 55) were students and 45.5 % (n = 46) were school staff, was executed.      The current study shows a significant difference between students and school staff in a majority of the questions regarding the school’s work against offensive behaviour.      The results suggest that there are differences in how students and school staff perceive situations where someone gets offended and therefore also act differently. The study shows that the school staff claim that they address the issues related to the bully to a greater extent than the victim, while the students answered relatively even on the questions. However, both students and school staff agree on that it is important to have a friend at school.      Furthermore, the study shows that students would try to raise the self-confidence of the victim in bullying situations to a greater extent compared to the teachers. Instead, the school staff would work to even out the imbalance of power between the two by lowering the bully’s power rather than increasing the victim’s power. It also shows that the school staff said that they have read, understood, and been involved in designing the school's treatment plan to a greater extent than the students.                       In other words, it appeared as if there are differences in the attitude to the school’s work against offensive treatment between staff and students. Furthermore, it appeared as if the school staff to a higher extent focused on the bully than the victim in situations where someone is exposed to offensive treatment, and that the staff to a higher extent said that they had read, understood and been involved in the school’s treatment plan than the students.

Ο βασικός στόχος αυτής της εργασίας είναι η μελέτη της θεωρητικής συμπεριφοράς και τα πλεονεκτήματα της γενικευμένης βάθμωσης δόσης-απόκρισης, καθώς και η έρευνα για τη χρησιμότητα της γενικευμένης βάθμωσης δόσης-απόκρισης σε πρακτικά ακτινοβιολογικά πλάνα θεραπείας μέσω χρήσης της πλατφόρμας RayStation. Τέλος, θα διερευνηθεί η επίδραση της αρχιτεκτονικής του οργάνου (παράλληλη / σειριακή). Βασικό υλικό της μελέτης μας ήταν το λογισμικό για το σχεδιασμό πλάνων θεραπείας RAYSTATION 1.9, που αναπτύχθηκε και σχεδιάστηκε από τη RAYSEARCH LABORATORIES AB, Στοκχόλμη, Σουηδία. Εκτός από αυτό, κάναμε εκτεταμένη χρήση βασικών θεωρητικών τύπων που σχετίζονται με τον υπολογισμό του TCP, NTCP, P + και του γ(D) καθώς και με την ακτινοβιολογικά μοντέλα. Σε ό, τι αφορά τις μεθόδους της μελέτης αυτής, πρώτον υπολογίσαμε θεωρητικά το γ(D) για TCP και NTCP αντίστοιχα, για την ετερογενή κατανομή της δόσης σε διαφορετικά μεγέθη, προκειμένου να επαληθεύσουμε τους υπολογισμούς του RAYSTATION για TCP και NTCP. Επιπλέον, έχουμε δημιουργήσει ένα πλάνο θεραπείας με το όργανο-στόχος και τα όργανα που βρίσκονται σε κίνδυνο να βρίσκονται στην ίδια περιοχή ενδιαφέροντος, προκειμένου να ελέγξουμε την εγκυρότητα του συστήματος για την συνάρτηση P + καθώς και των γενικευμένων γ(D). Επιπλέον, έχουμε θέσει μια σειρά από διαφορετικά πλάνα θεραπείας με το όργανο-στόχος και τα όργανα σε κίνδυνο σε διαφορετικές περιοχές ενδιαφέροντος όπου αυξήσαμε τη μέση δόση, προκειμένου να διερευνήσουμε τη συμπεριφορά του ΔP(μεταβολή απόκρισης) και του γ(D), πριν και μετά την αλλαγή της δοσολογίας. Επίσης υπολογίσαμε θεωρητικά τις ποσότητες αυτές, προκειμένου να εξακριβωθεί η εγκυρότητα των θεωρητικών εκφράσεων συγκρίνοντας τες με τις τιμές που το σύστημα παρήγε σε μας. Τέλος, προσπαθήσαμε να διερευνήσουμε τη συμπεριφορά της ποσότητας ΔP υπολογίζοντας το σχετικό σφάλμα μεταξύ της πραγματικής και την κατά προσέγγιση τιμής χρησιμοποιώντας το Poisson και το Probit μοντέλο, για την περίπτωση όπου έχουμε ένα όργανο-στόχος το οποίο αποτελείται από δύο τμήματα σε παράλληλη αρχιτεκτονική και με τον ίδιο αριθμό κλώνων. Όσον αφορά τα αποτελέσματά μας, πρώτα απ 'όλα, επαληθεύσαμε θεωρητικά τους υπολογισμούς του RAYSTATION για τo γενικευμένο γ(D) και την αντικειμενική συνάρτηση με τη χρήση ενός ανεξάρτητου τρόπου υπολογισμών. Επιπλέον, αποδείχθηκε ότι μετά από μια μικρή μεταβολή (αύξηση) της δόσης, το όργανο που έχει επηρεαστεί περισσότερο, είναι το όργανο με το υψηλότερο γενικευμένο γ(D). Εκτός από αυτό, ελέγχθηκε η εγκυρότητα των θεωρητικών εκφράσεων σχετικά με τον υπολογισμό της μεταβολής της απόκρισης και του γενικευμένου γ(D), αλλά μόνο για την περίπτωση μικρής μεταβολής της δόσης. Ειδικά για την περίπτωση του 50% TCP και NTCP, οι θεωρητικές τιμές που το σύστημα παρέχει εμφανίζουν μεγάλη προσέγγιση με τις πειραματικές, γεγονός που αποδεικνύει τη μεγάλη σημασία του D50 μοντέλου στο προσδιορισμό των κλινικών επιπέδων απόκρισης. Τέλος, όσον αφορά το τελευταίο μέρος των υπολογισμών μας, μπορούμε εύκολα να πούμε ότι η συμπεριφορά της ΔPapprox εμφανίζεται λογική, διότι, για τα δύο μοντέλα που χρησιμοποιήσαμε, πλησιάζει σημαντικά την πραγματική ΔP γύρω από την περιοχή του 50% ή 37%, όπως και αναμέναμε. Επαληθεύσαμε σε αρκετά ικανοποιητικό επίπεδο κάποιες βασικές θεωρητικές προσεγγίσεις για την κλίση δόσης-απόκρισης σχετικά με τη μη ομοιόμορφη κατανομή δόσης μέσω της πλατφόρμας RayStation αλλά το πιο σημαντικό πράγμα είναι το γεγονός ότι η χρησιμότητα της των γενικευμένης βάθμωσης δόσης-απόκρισης είναι εξαιρετικά σημαντική, διότι δίνει στο σχεδιαστή των πλάνων θεραπείας τη δυνατότητα να ερευνήσει ακριβώς το όργανο το οποίο, θα επηρεαστεί περισσότερο μετά από μια μικρή αύξηση της δόσης και ως εκ τούτου θα είναι σε θέση να βελτιστοποιήσει το πλάνο για αύξηση ελέγχου του όγκου αλλά και ελαχιστοποίηση επιπλοκών των υγειών ιστών. / The basic aim of that work is the study of the theoretical behavior and merits of the Generalized Dose-Response gradient as well as the investigation of the usefulness of the generalized dose response gradient in practical radiobiological treatment planning through the use of RayStation. Last but not least, it will be investigated the influence of the organ architecture(parallel/serial). Basic material of our study was the treatment planning platform RAYSTATION 1.9 that was developed and designed by RAYSEARCH LABORATORIES AB,STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. Except for that ,we made extensive use of basic theoretical formulas that are related to the calculation of TCP, NTCP, P+ and Generalized Gamma as well as to the radiobiological models. As far as the methods of that study are concerned, firstly we calculated theoretically the Generalized Gamma for TCP and NTCP respectively, for heterogeneous dose distribution to different volumes in order to verify RAYSTATION computations for TCP and NTCP. Furthermore, we set a treatment plan with the target organ and the organs at risk in the same ROI in order to check the validity of the system concerning the objective function P+ and the Generalized Gamma. Moreover ,we set a number of different treatment plans with the target organ and the organs at risk in different ROIs and we increased the mean dose in order to investigate the behavior of change in response and that of γ(D) ,before and after the change in dose and to calculate theoretically these quantities, in order to verify the validity of the theoretical expressions by comparing them with the values that the system is providing to us. Finally, we tried to investigate the behavior of ΔP by calculating the relative error between the real and the approximate value using the Poisson and the Probit model, for the case of having a target organ consisting of two compartments in a parallel architecture and with the same number of clonogens. Concerning our results, first of all, we verified theoretically the computations of the RAYSTATION about the Generalized Gamma and the objective function by using an independent way of calculations. Furthermore, we proved that after a small change (increase) in dose ,the organ that is being affected most ,is the organ with the highest Generalized Gamma. Except for that, we verified the validity of the theoretical expressions concerning the calculation of the change in response and that of Generalized Gamma but only for the case of small change in dose. Especially for the case of 50% TCP and NTCP, the theoretical and the values that the system is providing appear great approximation, a fact that proves the high importance of D50 model in specifying clinical response levels. Finally, concerning the last part of our calculations, we easily can say that the behavior of ΔPapprox looks sensible because, for both models that we used, it approaches significantly the real ΔP around the region of 50% or 37% response, as we were expecting. We verified in a quite satisfying level some basic theoretical approaches for dose-response gradient concerning the non-uniform dose delivery through the RayStation platform but the most important thing is the fact that the usefulness of the of the Generalized Dose response gradient is extremely important because it gives to the planner the opportunity to investigate precisely which organ, from the normal tissues will be affected most after a small increase in dose and as a result he will be able to optimize the plan for higher tumor control and lowest normal tissue complications. *This work had been done in collaboration with the Division of Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

Många gånger händer det att eleverna inte syns tillräckligt för fritidshemslärare, det är då det sker kränkande handlingar utförda av andra elever. Den fysiska, psykiska och dolda mobbningen går obemärkt och det drabbar inte bara den utsatte utan det drabbar hela samhället. Syfte i denna studie är att undersöka hur fritidshemslärare arbetar förebyggande mot mobbning och kränkningar i sina verksamheter. Vi jämför två olika skolornas förebyggande arbete mot kränkning och mobbning, den ena med en likabehandlingsplan mot mobbning och kränkande behandling och den andra med en Olweus antimobbningsprogram. Vi vill undersöka i vilken utsträckning och på vilket sätt detta påverkar fritidshemlärarnas arbete gentemot mobbning och kränkande handling som finns i respektive skolor Undersökningen kommer att belysas på olika sätt genom att intervjua både fritidshemslärare, elever och respektive skolors rektorer för att få en bättre förståelse och en bredare perspektiv för undersökningen. Resultatet och diskussionen visar bland annat att fritidshems lärarnas engagemang, närvaro och delaktighet kan vara avgörande i förebyggande syfte mot mobbningen. / Many times, it happens that the students are not visible enough to after-school teachers, this is when abusive acts are performed by other students. The physical, mental, and hidden bullying goes unnoticed, and it not only affects the victim, but it affects the whole society. The purpose of this study is to investigate how after-school center teachers work to prevent bullying and abuse in their activities. We compare two different schools' prevention work against abuse and bullying, one with an equal treatment plan against bullying and abusive treatment and the other with an Olweus anti-bullying program. We want to investigate to what extent and in what way this affects the after-school teachers' work towards bullying and abusive action that exists in each school. a broader perspective for the study. The results and the discussion show, among other things, that the after-school teacher ‘s commitment, presence and participation can be decisive in the preventive purpose against bullying.

INTRODUCTION. L’incidence et la mortalité par cancer augmentent avec l’âge. Le plan de traitement des cancers est multimodal. Chez le patient âgé, une évaluation gériatrique approfondie (EGA) peut être effectuée par un onco-gériatre afin de moduler la décision de plan de traitement. La question de la faisabilité du traitement chez le patient âgé est essentielle mais complexe à appréhender. Sa définition n’est pas consensuelle et ses mesures sont variables. La plupart des études antérieures s’intéressent uniquement à une des modalités du traitement anticancéreux, essentiellement la chimiothérapie (CT), sans considérer les autres modalités. La faisabilité est une variable complexe à analyser car elle dépend du temps et c’est à la fois un facteur de confusion et un facteur médiateur entre les caractéristiques du patients (oncologiques et gériatriques) et le pronostic.OBJECTIFSLe premier objectif était de déterminer la fréquence de faisabilité, en pratique courante, des traitements anticancéreux chez les patients âgés atteints de cancer. Le second était d’identifier les facteurs associés à la faisabilité des traitements anti cancéreux, en particulier le rôle de l’âge en prenant en compte conjointement, la nature du traitement, les facteurs oncologiques et gériatriques.METHODESTrois cohortes ont été analysées : 1) ELCAPA (ELderly Cancer Patient) composée de patients âgés d’au moins 70 ans, atteints d’un cancer, et adressés à un onco-gériatre pour une EGA en pré-thérapeutique 2) AGEVIM (AGE-VessIe-chiMiothérapie) composée de patients âgés d’au moins 70 ans atteints d’un cancer de vessie métastatique pour lequel un traitement par CT a été débuté 3) CORSAGE (COlorectal canceRS , AGe and chemotherapy fEasibility ) composée de patients de tout âge atteints de cancer colorectal stade II/III pour lesquels un traitement par FOLFOX6 modifié a été débuté. La faisabilité était définie par une chirurgie faite sans mortalité post opératoire à 30 jours, par une dose égale à celle prévue en réunion de concertation pluridisciplinaire pour la radiothérapie et l’hormonothérapie et par un nombre de cycles égal à celui attendu pour la chimiothérapie et par une réduction de dose au premier cycle ou de dose intensité relative <0,85. L’analyse des facteurs associés à la faisabilité (facteurs oncologiques, gériatriques) a été effectuée à l’aide d’analyses uni et multivariées.RESULTATSChez les 385 patients de ELCAPA (âge moyen, 80 ans), le plan de traitement était faisable pour 86,8% des patients avec un cancer localisé et 66% chez ceux avec métastases. Lorsque l’on considérait la modalité CT, la faisabilité chutait à 70% et 60% alors qu’elle variait entre 100% et 85% pour les autres modalités. Les facteurs associés à la faisabilité de la CT de manière indépendante étaient le fait d’avoir un Performance Status (PS) < 2 (p=0,002) ou un niveau d’autonomie non altéré (p=0,03), d’avoir une bonne fonction rénale (p=0,01) et de ne pas être seul à domicile (p=0,07). Chez les 193 patients d’AGEVIM (âge moyen 75 ans), 3/4 ont eu une CT faisable avec comme facteurs associés la diminution de l’âge (p=0,01), le moindre nombre de métastases (p=0,01), et le PS<2 (p=0,09). Chez les 153 patients de CORSAGE, la faisabilité de la CT était meilleure pour les patients d’au moins 70 ans et de moins de 65 ans par rapport à ceux âgés de 65 à 70 ans (p=0,03) indépendamment du PS (p=0,07), des comorbidités (0,02) et du nombre de médicaments (p=0,04).CONCLUSIONSEn pratique courante, le plan de traitement anticancéreux est faisable chez les patients âgés atteints de cancer mais reste néanmoins variable selon les modalités et le statut métastatique. Le lien entre âge et faisabilité de la chimiothérapie n’est pas univoque même après prise en compte des facteurs gériatriques, du statut fonctionnel et des comorbidités. Les patients avec une indication de chimiothérapie pourraient être ceux à adresser en priorité à l’onco-gériatre en pré-thérapeutique. / INTRODUCTION. The incidence of cancer and mortality rises with age. Cancer treatment strategy is multimodal. In older patients, a geriatrician can perform a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment( CGA). This CGA can influence cancer treatment decision. The question of feasibility in elderly cancer patients is essential. Definition and measures of feasibility vary widely. Most previous studies focus only on one of the anticancer treatment modalities, mostly chemotherapy, without considering the other modalities. Analyse of feasibility is complexe because it’s a time dependant risk factor, a confounding factor and a mediating factor between the characteristics of the patients (geriatric and oncology) and prognosis.OBJECTIVESObjectives were to assess the frequency of treatment feasibility in real life in older patients with cancer and factors associated with feasibility, in particular the role of age (taking into account together, the nature of the treatment, oncological and geriatric factors).METHODESWe analysed three cohorts: 1) ELCAPA (ELderly Cancer Patient) with cancer patients aged 70 years or older who are referred to geriatric oncology clinics for a CGA before cancer treatment 2) AGEVIM (AGE-VessIe-chiMiothérapie) with metastatic bladder cancer patients aged 70 years or older for whom a chemotherapy was decided 3) CORSAGE (COlorectal canceRS, AGe and chemotherapy fEasibility ) with patients stage II or III colorectal cancer who started FOLFOX 6 regimen. We recorded feasibility of CT (planned number of cycles, or no first cycle dose reduction or relative dose intensity >0.85), surgery (patient alive 30 days after successfully performed planned surgical procedure), radiotherapy and hormonal therapy (planned dose delivered. We conducted univariate and multivariate analyses to identify factors associated with treatment feasibilityRESULTSIn 385 patients of ELCAPA (mean age, 80 years), overall feasibility rate was 86.8% for the group without metastases and almost 66% for the metastases group. For chemotherapy, feasibility was lowest (respectively 70% and 60%). For others modalities, feasibility rates ranged from 100% to 85%. Factors independently associated with chemotherapy feasibility were good Performance Status (PS) < 2 (p=0.002), good autonomy (p=0.03), good renal function (p=0.01) and not to be alone at home (p=0.07). In 193 patients of AGEVIM (mean age 75 years), rate of chemotherapy feasibility was 75%. Factors independently associated were decreasing age (p=0.01), decreasing number of metastases (p=0.01), and PS<2 (p=0.09). In 153 patients of CORSAGE, chemotherapy feasibility was higher for patients 70 years or older and younger than 65 years compared to patients [65-70[years old (p=0.03) independently from PS (p=0.07), comorbidities (0.02) and number of medication (p=0.04).CONCLUSIONSIn real life, planned cancer treatment was feasible in older patients but varied with treatment modality and metastatic status. Relation between age and chemotherapy feasibility wasn’t similar in three cohorts taking account geriatrics factors, functional status and comorbidities. Patient considered for chemotherapy could be preferential referred to geriatric oncology clinics.

There is a lack of studies focusing on the analysis of the democratic values in preschool. Preschool teachers lack both the necessary knowledge and tools to be able to realize the assignment and to convert what is observed in practice into analysis. Thus, the purpose of the study is to investigate how democratic values are conveyed into equal treatment plans. The research questions are: How are democratic values conveyed into equal treatment plans? What democratic values are conveyed into equal treatment plans? The theory that has been used is based on an intersectional perspective and the concepts category, construction and values, which further function as analytical tools. The methodology was conducted as a qualitative text analysis through seven Swedish equal treatment plans for preschool. The results of the analysis show that equal treatment plans convey democratic values through promotion, prevention and remedial work. In addition, all equal treatment plans convey some of the following democratic values: All people's equal value, Human rights and freedoms, Protection of minorities, Diversity of opinions and characteristics and Non- violence.

Bakgrund  Den ökande äldre befolkningen står inför komplexa utmaningar relaterade till åldersrelaterade sjukdomar och hälsotillstånd, vilket kräver hantering av omfattande behandlingsplaner med flera samtidiga läkemedel och rekommendationer. Trots detta möter äldre hinder som påverkar följsamheten till deras behandlingsplaner. Svårigheter som bristande kunskap, otydliga riktlinjer, vårdpersonalens utbildning och socioekonomiska förhållanden kan alla bidra till dessa hinder. För att förbättra äldre personers läkemedelsföljsamhetär det avgörande att öka förståelsen för de specifika utmaningar och attityder de står inför vid hanteringen av flera läkemedel samtidigt. Detta ökade insikter kommer att ligga till grund för identifiering av lösningar och strategier för att underlätta denna komplexa process.  Syfte  Syftet var att beskriva faktorer som påverkar äldre personers följsamhet till ordinerad läkemedelsbehandling, med fokus på deras upplevelser, utmaningar och individuella uppfattningar. Metod  En icke-systematisk litteraturstudie genomfördes genom en omfattande sökning av engelskspråkiga artiklar i CINAHL och PubMed. Efter att ha tillämpat inklusions- och exklusionskriterier granskades 15 relevanta artiklar, bedömda enligt Sophiahemmet Högskolas kvalitetskriterier. Resultaten  sammanställdes och analyserades genom en integrerad dataanalys. Resultat  Läkemedelsföljsamhet är avgörande för att säkerställa effektiv behandling hos äldre människor. Tyvärr är bristande följsamhet vanligt förekommande, vilket kan leda till suboptimala resultat och ökad risk för komplikationer. Fysiska och kognitiva begränsningar, komplexa behandlingsregimer, bristande förståelse och svårigheter att hantera läkemedlen är faktorer som kan påverka äldres följsamhet av sina behandlingar. Slutsats  För att förbättra läkemedelsföljsamheten krävs en personcentrerad vårdmodell och individanpassade åtgärd, inklusive patientutbildning, användning av tekniska hjälpmedel, regelbundna uppföljningar och samarbete mellan olika vårdgivare. En tvärvetenskaplig och holistisk strategi, involverande sjuksköterskor, läkare, apotekare och andra vårdgivare, är nödvändig. Ytterligare forskning behövs för att utforska olika åtgärder  och strategier samt utvärdera deras effektivitet och genomförbarhet. / Background  The growing elderly population faces complex challenges related to age-related diseases and health conditions, necessitating the management of comprehensive medical treatment plans involving multiple concurrent medications and recommendations. Despite this, older individuals encounter barriers that affect adherence to their treatment plans. Difficulties such as lack of knowledge, unclear guidelines, healthcare personnel training, and socio-economic conditions can all contribute to these obstacles. To improve adherence to treatment plans among older individuals, it is crucial to enhance understanding of the specific challenges and attitudes they face when managing multiple medications simultaneously. These increased insights will form the basis for identifying solutions and strategies to facilitate this complex process.  Aim  The aim was to describe factors influencing older individuals' adherence to prescribed drug treatment, with a focus on their experiences, challenges, and individual perceptions.  Method  A non-systematic literature review was conducted through a comprehensive search of English-language articles in CINAHL and PubMed. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 relevant articles were reviewed, assessed according to Sophiahemmet University College's quality criteria. The results were compiled and analyzed through an integrated data analysis. Results  Medication adherence is crucial to ensure effective treatment in older patients. Unfortunately, poor adherence is common, leading to suboptimal outcomes and an increased risk of complications. Physical and cognitive limitations, complex treatment regimens, lack of understanding, and difficulties in managing medication are factors that can affect the medication adherence of older individuals.  Conclusions  To improve medication adherence, a person-centred care model and individual measures are required, including patient education, use of technological aids, regular follow-ups and collaboration between different healthcare providers. An interdisciplinary and holistic approach, involving nurses, doctors, pharmacists and other healthcare providers, is necessary. Further research is needed to explore different measures and strategies and evaluate their effectiveness and feasibility.

This research proposes a framework for collaborative care in which the performance of healthcare teams is measured in an objective and quantifiable manner. We call our framework the Performance Management Framework for Collaborative Care (PMFCC). The PMFCC was developed using insights from agile software engineering, business, and healthcare and consists of three Components: the Collaboration Space Ontology Template, the Agile Process Model, and the Performance Management Model. We developed a set of example Artifacts based on our framework to better support performance management of collaborative care teams: Agile Treatment Plan, Agile Collaborative Dashboard, ICF Patient Card and Collaborative Care Model Canvas. The framework and associated Artifacts were developed iteratively using Design Science Research Methodology. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder was used as an example relevant to performance management of collaborative care teams. A Clinical Vignette drawn from the healthcare literature was used to develop a set of scenarios to test and evaluate the PMFCC and its Artifacts at each iteration. A panel of experts was established at the end of our research to review our results and provide structured and unstructured feedback based on a set of evaluation criteria drawn from the relevant academic literature. The PMFCC was also compared to related works from the literature.

Bullying is a persistent problem that in recent years has increased by 7 percent between theages of 11, 13 and 15 years. In order to work against bullying, the Education Act regulates thatschools must produce a new equal treatment plan every year. Another way to prevent bullyingis through two well-known models called Olweus' model and Ljungström's Farsta method. Thedifference between the two models is that Ljungström’s Farsta method focuses more on theindividual and reprimanding talk with the bully, while Olweus’ model has its focus on a moregeneral level with different types of interventions such as role play. The equal treatment plansand the two models can be considered to be characterized by underlying ideological ideas thatcan be made visible with the help of the curriculum theory's codes. The purpose of the study istherefore to highlight the underlying ideological ideas in equal treatment plans and to examinein what way dominant models against bullying can be related to these. The study’s data wascollected by qualitative content analysis of seven equal treatment plans and the twoaforementioned models. The collected data has been analyzed in a three-step analysis where ithas appeared that there are similar principles in both the equal treatment plans and in the actionmodels. Another conclusion is that they are dominated by the relativistic, civic and moralcurriculum codes.