Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:22:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 velosojunior_rr_dr_jabo.pdf: 691663 bytes, checksum: f6b98360dc2bdb01bfaffd1d7739d51e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A importância dos psitacídeos como animais de estimação, o grande número de espécimes criados e os problemas desencadeados pela falta de informações sobre suas necessidades nutricionais em cativeiro, especialmente os aspectos relacionados à saúde a longo prazo das espécies com longa expectativa de vida, têm estimulado a comunidade científica ao aprofundamento sobre este tema. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar: os efeitos da inclusão de teores crescentes de fibra de cana (0, 7, 14 e 21%) sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, coeficiente de metabolização da energia bruta, energia metabolizável aparente e matéria seca das excretas; os processos de extrusão e peletização na produção de alimentos para araras; e o efeito das rações extrusadas ou peletizadas, com baixo e alto teor de fibra, sobre a ingestão de alimentos, parâmetros de bioquímica sérica e peso corporal. Foram utilizados 24 casais de Araras-Canindé. O ensaio de digestibilidade teve duração de 24 dias e adotou-se delineamento em blocos, com dois blocos de 24 unidades experimentais cada, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 (dois tipos de processamento x quatro níveis de inclusão de fibra). O ensaio sobre os parâmetros de bioquímica sérica teve duração de 105 dias e foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado, num esquema em parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas um fatorial (dois processamentos x dois níveis de inclusão de fibra x sexo das araras) e a subparcela, os resultados para o 25º e 130º dias de consumo das rações. Concluiu-se que a inclusão de fibra às rações e a diminuição da energia metabolizável resultam em redução linear na digestibilidade dos nutrientes, elevação no consumo de matéria seca e água, e redução nos níveis séricos de colesterol. Rações peletizadas demonstraramse melhores que as rações extrusadas, com menor... / The importance of parrots as pets, the growing number of specimens kept as pets and the problems caused by the lack of information about their nutritional needs in captivity, especially the aspects related to long-term health of species have a long life expectancy, has stimulated the scientific community to a depth on this topic. Our objectives were to assess: the effects of adding increasing levels of sugar cane fiber (0, 7, 14 and 21%) on apparent digestibility of nutrients, metabolism coefficient of gross energy, metabolizable energy and dry matter excreta, the processes of extrusion and pelletization to produce food for macaws and the effect of extruded or pelleted diets, with low and high fiber content on food intake, serum biochemical parameters and body weight. We used 24 pairs of blue and yellow macaw. The digestibility trial lasted 24 days and adopted block design with two blocks of 24 experimental units each in a factorial 2 x 4 (two types of processing x four levels of inclusion of fiber). The test on the parameters of serum biochemistry lasted 105 days and was used a randomized design in a split plot scheme, and the plots were a factorial (two processes x two levels of fiber x sex of macaws) and sub-plot, 25 th and 130 th days of consumption of rations. It was concluded that the inclusion of fiber in diets and the metabolizable energy decrease results in linear decrease in digestibility of nutrients, high in dry matter intake and water, and reduction in serum cholesterol. Rations proved to be better than the extruded feeds, less feed wastage and greater reduction in serum glucose and cholesterol. Diets for macaws should be based on metabolizable energy. And the reduction in energy and fat content of diets provides reduction in serum glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides, so excess energy and fat causes metabolic damage to Araras. The energy requirement ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Trouver des solutions aux carburants fossiles est un des grands challenges du XXIème siècle. Les plantes et les microalgues sont capables de produire de l’huile, facilement convertible en biodiésel. Afin d’optimiser la production de biocarburant, il est essentiel de connaitre les mécanismes cellulaires menant à la formation de ces lipides de réserve aussi appelés TAG (Triacylglycérides). En condition physiologique, le flux de lipide est naturellement orienté vers la synthèse de lipides membranaires qui permettent de créer de nouvelles membranes lors de la division cellulaire. Le manque de nutriments disponibles est une condition souvent rencontrée par les végétaux terrestres et les microalgues. Chez ces dernières, lors d’une en carence d’azote, la croissance cellulaire est ralentie et les TAG s’accumulent. Le flux de lipides, normalement orienté vers la synthèse de nouvelles membranes, est-il alors basculé vers la synthèse des lipides de réserve ? Pour vérifier cette hypothèse, une gamme de composés connus pour arrêter la croissance cellulaire a été testée sur la plante supérieure Arabidopsis thaliana selon une stratégie de génétique chimique. Quel que soit le traitement, l’inhibition de la croissance est toujours accompagnée par une augmentation de la teneur en TAG. Parmi les inhibiteurs, le méthotrexate, qui réprime l’enzyme dihydrofolate réductase impliquée dans le métabolisme C1, induit une augmentation des lipides de réserve jusqu’à 15 fois la valeur du contrôle. Ce traitement a été comparé à une carence en azote, qui dans nos conditions expérimentales, ralentie la croissance cellulaire et augmente d’un facteur 60 la teneur en TAG. L’analyse des profils lipidiques révèle que la déficience en azote engendre une diminution des classes de lipides membranaires -phospholipides et galactolipides, au profit des TAG, tandis que le traitement méthotrexate n’est pas associé à un remaniement membranaire. Néanmoins, les deux conditions partagent des similitudes, comme le taux d’insaturation des acides gras et l’expression des gènes des désaturases qui sont modifiés. La forte expression des gènes codant pour les Non Spécific Phospholipases C (NPC4/5), ainsi que des expériences de pulse-chase avec de la phosphatidylcholine (PC) marquée, ont mis en évidence que ce phospholipide est plus utilisé pour produire des TAG dans les deux traitements, qu’en condition contrôle. Afin d’évaluer plus finement l’importance des enzymes NPC4 et 5 dans le métabolisme d’accumulation des lipides de réserve, la construction de lignées mutantes d’A. thaliana (surexpresseur ou knock-out) a été amorcée. Les microalgues sont des modèles puissants pour les biocarburants de 3ème génération. Pour cette raison nous avons testé l’effet d’une déficience minérale et l’impact de différents inhibiteurs de croissance sur l’accumulation de TAG chez la microalgue Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Les résultats préliminaires suggèrent que la sensibilité aux inhibiteurs peut être différente chez les diatomées et les plantes supérieures. / Alternatives to fossil fuel are one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century. Plants and microalgae are able to produce oil which is easily convertible in biodiesel. In order to optimise the biofuel production it is necessary to know the cellular mechanisms leading to the setting up of these storage lipids or TAG (Triacylglycerides). In its physiological condition, the lipid flux is naturally orientated towards the membrane lipid synthesis, which allows the creation of new membranes which occurs during the cell division. Nitrogen deficiency, a condition often encountered by plants and algae, is known to induce cell growth to slow down and an accumulation of TAG in microalgae models. Is the lipid flux, which is conventionally orientated towards new membrane synthesis, tipped over the storage lipid synthesis? To check this hypothesis, a range of compounds known to stop the cell growth was tested on the higher plant model Arabidopsis thaliana, according to a chemical genetic strategy. All treatments showed a rise of the TAG content associated to a cell growth inhibition. Among them, the methotrexate inhibit the dihydrofolate reductase enzyme involved in the C1 metabolism and induced a TAG accumulation up to 15 times the control. This treatment was compared to a nitrogen starvation condition, which in our experiments slowed down the cell growth and induced an increase of 60 times to the TAG content. The lipid profile analysis revealed that the nitrogen deficiency led to a decrease of membrane lipids -phospholipids and galactolipids, in favour to TAG, whereas the methotrexate treatment was not associated to any membrane remodelling. Nevertheless, both conditions shared similarities, as the modifications of the fatty acid insaturation profile and the expression of desaturase genes. The strong gene expression of Non Specific phospholipases C (NPC4/5) and pulse-chase experiments performed with a labelled phosphatidylcholine (PC), highlighted the predominant involvement of this phospholipid in the TAG production which occurs during the two treatments. In order to evaluate the NPC role in the storage lipid metabolism more closely, A. thaliana mutant lines for NPC4 and NPC5 (over-expressers and knock-out) were initiated. Microalgae are powerful models for the third generation of biofuels. For this reason we tested the impact of a nutrient deficiency as well as the effect of different growth inhibitors on the TAG accumulation in the marine microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Preliminary results suggested that the inhibitor sensibility can be different between diatoms and higher plants.

BACKGROUND & AIMS - Metabolic syndrome (MetS), characterized by abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, and insulin resistance is a major public health concern in the United States. The effect of Apolipoprotein E (Apo E) polymorphism has been relatively well studied in relation to cardiovascular disease; however, its effects on MetS are not well established. METHODS - We conducted a cross-sectional study consisting of 1,551 participants from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Family Heart Study to assess the relation of Apo E polymorphism with the prevalence of MetS. Information on the different Apo E genotypes was extracted from the database and we defined MetS according to the AHA-NHLBI-IDF-WHO Harmonized Criteria. We used generalized estimating equations to estimate adjusted odds ratios for prevalent MetS and the Bonferroni correction to account for multiple testing in the secondary analysis. RESULTS – Our study population had a mean age (SD) of 56.5 (11.0) years and 49.7% had MetS. There was no association between the Apo E genotypes and MetS. The multivariable adjusted ORs (95% CI) were 1.00 (reference), 1.26 (0.31-5.21), 0.89 (0.62- 1.29), 1.13 (0.61-2.10), 1.13 (0.88-1.47) and 1.87 (0.91-3.85) for the *e3/e3, *e2/e2, *e2/e3, *e2/e4, *e3/e4 and *e4/e4 genotype respectively. In a secondary analysis, the *e2/e3 genotype was associated with lower HDL levels, with the multivariable adjusted ORs (95% CI) of 0.59 (0.36-0.95) when compared to the reference *e3/e3 genotype. CONCLUSIONS - Our findings do not support an association between Apo E polymorphism and MetS in a multi-center population based study of predominantly white US men and women. The *e2/e3 genotype was associated with lower HDL levels as compared to the *e3/e3 genotype. KEY WORDS: Apolipoprotein E (Apo E) polymorphism, metabolic syndrome, blood pressure, glucose, waist circumference, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol

SANTOS, Kássia Moreira. Sebo bovino e emulsificante na dieta de suínos em crescimento e terminação. 2014. 43 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2014 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-02T13:12:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_kmsantos.pdf: 490581 bytes, checksum: 564e4ee99c250be2753b821f893f9b95 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-02T13:12:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_kmsantos.pdf: 490581 bytes, checksum: 564e4ee99c250be2753b821f893f9b95 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T13:12:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_kmsantos.pdf: 490581 bytes, checksum: 564e4ee99c250be2753b821f893f9b95 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / This study aimed to determine the chemical and metabolizable energy of beef tallow and evaluate this feedstuff as an alternative lipid source in diets for growing and finishing pigs with or without emulsifier addition, on performance, digestibility of the nutrients, serum triacylglycerols, carcass characteristics and economic evaluation. For the metabolism assay a total of 15 barrows were used with an initial weight of 22.03 ± 0.62 kg and distributed in a completely randomized design, using the total of feces and urine method. The treatments were: RR - basal diet, formulated based on corn and soybean meal; RT1 - ration test comprised 95% of basal diet and 5% beef tallow and RT2 - test diet composed of 90% of basal diet and 10% beef tallow. The beef tallow showed 99.94% of dry matter and 7130.97 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg. To test the performance, a total of 30 barrows with an initial weight of 24.85 ± 1.18 kg were distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments and six repetitions of an animal. The treatments differed in fat source included, level of ME and addition of emulsifier, as much: T1 - diet with soybean oil and 3230 kcal ME/kg; T2 - diet with beef tallow and 3230 kcal ME/kg; T3 - diet with beef tallow and 3080 kcal ME/kg; T4 - diet with beef tallow, 3080 kcal ME/kg and addition of 0.1% of emulsifier; T5 - diet with beef tallow, 2930 kcal ME/kg and addition of 0.1% of emulsifier. It was not observed effects on variables of feed intake and average daily gain in all phases. However, it was observed that there was a significant difference in feed conversion in growing II and finishing phase; animals fed the diet containing beef tallow and reduction in energy to 3080 kcal ME/kg (T3) and 2930 kcal ME/kg with emulsifier (T5) presented worse feed conversion. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) among levels of triglycerides in the blood and carcass characteristics (weight, yield and carcass length, amount and percentage of lean meat, backfat thickness, loin depth and fat depth, loin eye area and fat area and meat/fat ratio). Depending on the energy level, beef tallow can replace soybean oil as a lipid source in diets for pigs during the growing and finishing phases. The reduction of metabolizable energy at 150 kcal/kg with the use of beef tallow can to be compensated with the addition of emulsifier. / Foram realizados dois ensaios para determinar a composição química e a energia metabolizável do sebo bovino e para avaliar este ingrediente como fonte lipídica alternativa em rações para suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação com ou sem a adição de emulsificante, sobre o desempenho, digestibilidade dos nutrientes das rações, triacilgliceróis séricos, características de carcaça e avaliação econômica. Para o ensaio de metabolismo foram utilizados 15 suínos machos castrados de peso inicial de 22,03±0,62 kg que foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, pelo método de coleta total de fezes e urina. Os tratamentos foram: RR – ração referência, formulada a base de milho e farelo de soja; RT1 – ração teste composta por 95% da ração referência e 5% de sebo bovino e RT2 – ração teste composta de 90% de ração referência e 10% de sebo bovino. O sebo bovino apresentou 99,94% de matéria seca e 7130,97 kcal de energia metabolizável (EM)/kg. Para o ensaio de desempenho foram utilizados 30 suínos machos castrados com peso inicial de 24,85±1,18 kg, distribuídos no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de um animal. Os tratamentos diferiram quanto à fonte lipídica incluída, nível de EM e adição do emulsificante, sendo: T1 – dieta com inclusão de óleo de soja e 3230 kcal de EM/kg; T2 – dieta com inclusão de sebo bovino e 3230 kcal de EM/kg; T3 – dieta com inclusão de sebo bovino e 3080 kcal de EM/kg; T4 – dieta com inclusão de sebo bovino, 3080 kcal de EM/kg e adição de 0,1% emulsificante; T5 – dieta com inclusão de sebo bovino, 2930 kcal de EM/kg e adição de 0,1% de emulsificante. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre as variáveis de consumo de ração e ganho diário de peso em todas as fases avaliadas. Entretanto, observou-se que houve diferença significativa para a conversão alimentar no crescimento II e na terminação, onde os animais alimentados com a ração contendo sebo bovino e redução na energia para 3080 kcal/kg (T3) e para 2930 kcal/kg com adição de emulsificante (T5) apresentaram pior conversão alimentar. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) para os níveis de triacilgliceróis no sangue e para as características de carcaças (peso, rendimento e comprimento de carcaça, quantidade e percentual de carne magra, espessura de toicinho, profundidades de lombo e de gordura, áreas do olho de lombo e da gordura e relação gordura carne). Dependendo do valor energético, o sebo bovino pode substituir o óleo de soja como fonte lipídica em rações para suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação. A redução em 150 kcal de EM/kg da ração com uso de sebo bovino pode ser compensada com a adição de emulsificante.

Introdução: A hipertrigliceridemia é uma das características mais comuns na obesidade e pode ser caracterizada pela elevação dos triglicerídeos nos estados de jejum ou pós-prandial. Objetivo: Identificar os efeitos de uma sessão aguda de exercício aeróbio na lipemia pós-prandial em adultos obesos de acordo com o polimorfismo -3826 A/G no gene da UCP1. Métodos: Trinta e seis adultos jovens de ambos os sexos foram separados para o grupo Eutrófico AA (EAA, n=10), Eutrófico AG (EAG, n=8), Obeso AA (OAA, n=8) e Obeso AG (OAG, n=10). Após sessões de genotipagem e teste máximo, os triglicerídeos foram determinados em jejum de doze horas, duas, três, quatro e seis horas após ingestão de refeição rica em gordura em duas oportunidades, em repouso e exercício. Os sujeitos vieram ao laboratório para a sessão exercício onde pedalaram por 45 minutos a 60% do seu VO2pico pré determinado. Resultados: o exercício aeróbio foi capaz de modificar a trigliceridemia pós-prandial dos grupos EAA (p=0,01), EAG (p=0,03) e OAA (p=0,000), entretanto, para o grupo OAG (p=0,15) o exercício não causou efeito. Quando comparamos a ASC para os quatro grupos observou-se um efeito no fator tratamento e a diferença foi encontrada apenas nos OAA (p=0,01). Também foi encontrado um efeito no fator grupo, EAA com EAG, OAA com OAG não apresentaram diferenças, entretanto, quando comparamos EAA com OAA (p=0,000) e EAG com OAG (p=0,000) encontramos diferenças tanto para o tratamento controle quanto para o exercício. Conclusão: A trigliceridemia pós-prandial em adultos jovens sedentários de ambos os sexos foi modificada pelo exercício agudo nos grupos EAA, EAG, OAA, porém, para o grupo OAG o mesmo não causou efeito. / Introduction: Hypertriglyceridemia is a common feature in obesity and can be characterized by elevated triglycerides in fasting state or postprandial. Purpose: to identify the effects of an acute bout of aerobic exercise on postprandial lipemia in obese adults according to the polymorphism -3826 A/G gene UCP1. Methods: Thirty-six young adults of both sexes were separated for Eutrophic group AA (EAA, n=10), Eutrophic AG (EAG, n=8), Obese AA (OAA, n=8) and Obese AG (OAG, n=10). After genotyping and testing sessions maximum. Triglycerides were determined after fasting for twelve hours, two, three, four and six hours after ingestion of high-fat meal on two occasions, at rest and exercise. The subjects came to the laboratory for the exercise session where they cycled for 45 minutes at 60% of their VO2peak predetermined. Results: The aerobic exercise was able to modify the postprandial triglyceridemia EAA group (p=0,01), EAG (p=0,03) and OAA (p=0,000), however, for the exercise caused no effect group OAG (p=0,15). When comparing the AUC for the four groups there was an effect on the treatment factor and the difference was found only in the OAA (p=0,01). They also found an effect in factor group, EAA with EAG, OAA with OAG did not differ, however, when compared EAA with OAA (p=0,000) and EAG with OAG (p=0,000) differences were found for both treatment and control for the year. Conclusion: The postprandial triglyceridemia in sedentary young adults of both sexes was modified by acute exercise in groups EAA, EAG, OAA, however, for the OAG group did not cause the same effect.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-03-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:54:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 borges_bo_me_jabo.pdf: 626732 bytes, checksum: d983bf59fbe9fafc772517e4dbe3ce99 (MD5) / O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar as frequências dos polimorfismos nos genes DGAT1 (sequência de 18 nucleotídeos na região promotora – VNTR), ANK1 (novo polimorfismo identificado na região regulatória), TCAP (AY428575.1:g.346G>A) e MYOG (NW_001501985:g.511G>C) e associá-los a características relacionadas à qualidade de carne e carcaça em bovinos Nelore (Bos indicus). Foram utilizados 600 machos, terminados em confinamento com idade inferior a dois anos, com informações de desempenho e genealogia. Os animais foram abatidos em frigoríficos comerciais, onde foram obtidas amostras individuais do músculo Longissimus dorsi para extração do DNA e realização das análises fenotípicas da carne. A genotipagem foi realizada por meio da técnica da PCRRFLP, com exceção do VNTR do gene DGAT1 que foi apenas amplificado pela PCR. Por meio da análise do tamanho dos fragmentos em gel de agarose, foram determinados os genótipos dos indivíduos para o cálculo das frequências alélicas e genotípicas. O estudo de associação com o peso de carcaça quente, área de olho de lombo (AOL), espessura de gordura subcutânea, força de cisalhamento, perdas por cocção (perdas), coloração instrumental (L*, a*, b*), porcentagem de gordura intramuscular (GIM) e índice de fragmentação miofibrilar foi realizado por meio do procedimento GLM do SAS®. O alelo B do gene ANK1 foi associado ao aumento da coloração vermelha (a*) da carne (p<0,05). No gene DGAT1, os alelos 5R, 6R e 7R foram associados (p<0,05) ao aumento da GIM, à redução das perdas e ao aumento da AOL, respectivamente. O SNP do gene TCAP não foi polimórfico e os alelos do gene MYOG não foram associados a nenhuma das características testadas. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os genes DGAT1 e ANK1 podem ser utilizados na seleção de animais Nelore para qualidade de carne e carcaça / The aim of this study was to estimate the polymorphism frequencies of the genes DGAT1 (sequence of 18 nucleotides at the promoter region – VNTR), ANK1 (new polymorphism identified at the regulatory region), TCAP (AY428575.1:g.346G>A) and MYOG (NW_001501985:g.511G>C) and associate them to carcass and meat quality in Nellore cattle (Bos indicus). It was used 600 males, finished at feedlot under two years old, with performance and genealogy information. Slaughter was carried out in commercial abattoir where individual samples were obtained from Longissimus dorsi for DNA extraction and meat analysis. Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP, with exception for the VNTR of gene DGAT1 that was only amplified by PCR. By analyzing the fragment size on the agarose gel, the genotypes of the animals were determined for calculation of allele and genotype frequencies. The associations study with hot carcass weight, ribeye area (REA), back fat thickness, shear force, cooking loss (CL), meat color (L*, a*, b*), percentage of intramuscular fat (IF) and myofibrillar fragmentation index was performed using the GLM procedure of SAS®. The allele B from ANK1 gene was associated to higher redness (a*) of meat (p<0.05). The alleles 5R, 6R and 7R from DGAT1 VNTR gene were associated (p<0.05) to increased IF, reduced CL and increased REA, respectively. The SNP of TCAP gene was not polymorphic and MYOG alleles were not associated to any of the tested characteristics. Results indicate that DGAT1 and ANK1 genes can be used in the selection of Nellore cattle for carcass and meat quality

Face à l'épuisement des réserves en carburants fossiles et afin de subvenir à une demande toujours croissante en énergie pour le transport, les scientifiques se tournent désormais vers une ressource quasi-inépuisable et renouvelable : la biomasse. Au sein de la biomasse, les microalgues représentent une source potentielle de biocarburant car elles peuvent contenir des fortes teneurs en lipides et hydrocarbures. Leur croissance extrêmement rapide, l'utilisation du CO2 et de l'énergie solaire pour leur croissance et l'absence de compétition avec l'agriculture traditionnelle confèrent aux micro-algues une très forte attractivité. Deux voies de conversion ont été abordées. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié l'hydroconversion de triglycérides avec une molécule modèle (GTO) et charges réelles (huile de poisson et huile de Nannochloropsis obtenu par extraction au CO2 supercritique) sur catalyseurs de type CoMoS et NiMoS sur alumine. Des rendements élevés en alcanes (60- 70%pds) semblables à des carburants fossiles ont été obtenus. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié la liquéfaction hydrothermale de la Spiruline, peu représentative d'algues lipidiques mais disponible, et d'autres algues (Porphyridium cruentum, Nannochloropsis sp., Ourococcus, Dunaliela salina) pour optimiser ce procédé selon les différentes conditions opératoires avec l'obtention d'un rendement optimal en bio-huile de 35%pds. Cependant, les teneurs élevées en azote et oxygène (8-10%pds) de la bio-huile ne permettent pas de la valoriser directement comme carburant. Cela nous a amené à effectuer une valorisation de la bio-huile avec des catalyseurs hétérogènes de type CoMo, NiMoS, NiMoS-Y supportés sur alumine et SrMoO4-N pour éliminer l'azote et l'oxygène de la bio-huile. Le catalyseur avec le résultat plus satisfaisant a été le SrMoO4-N, avec une teneur finale en alcanes de 70%pds / Given the depletion of fossil fuels and to meet a growing demand for transportation energy, scientists are now turning towards an almost inexhaustible and renewable resource: biomass. As biomass, microalgae represent a potential source of biofuel because they may contain high levels of lipids and hydrocarbons. Their extremely fast growth, the use of CO2 and solar energy for their growth and the absence of competition with traditional agriculture makes microalgae very appealing. Two thermochemical routes of valorisation of μ-algae have been investigated. At first, we studied the hydroconversion of triglycerides with a model molecule (GTO) and then real feedstocks (fish oil and Nannochloropsis oil obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction) on CoMoS and NiMoS type catalysts. High yields of alkanes (60-70 wt%) similar to fossil fuels were obtained. In a second step, we studied the hydrothermal liquefaction of Spirulina and other algae without heterogeneous catalyst to optimize the process for different operating conditions with the obtention of a maximum bio-oil yield of 35 %wtt. However, the high levels of nitrogen and oxygen (8-10 wt%) does not allow to directly use it as fuel . This has led us to perform an upgrading of the bio-oil with heterogeneous catalysts of CoMo, NiMoS, NiMoS-Y and SrMoO4-N types to remove nitrogen and oxygen in the bio-oil. The most performant catalyst was SrMoO4-N, with a final content of 70 %wt of alkanes

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Introdução: A hipertrigliceridemia é uma das características mais comuns na obesidade e pode ser caracterizada pela elevação dos triglicerídeos nos estados de jejum ou pós-prandial. Objetivo: Identificar os efeitos de uma sessão aguda de exercício aeróbio na lipemia pós-prandial em adultos obesos de acordo com o polimorfismo -3826 A/G no gene da UCP1. Métodos: Trinta e seis adultos jovens de ambos os sexos foram separados para o grupo Eutrófico AA (EAA, n=10), Eutrófico AG (EAG, n=8), Obeso AA (OAA, n=8) e Obeso AG (OAG, n=10). Após sessões de genotipagem e teste máximo, os triglicerídeos foram determinados em jejum de doze horas, duas, três, quatro e seis horas após ingestão de refeição rica em gordura em duas oportunidades, em repouso e exercício. Os sujeitos vieram ao laboratório para a sessão exercício onde pedalaram por 45 minutos a 60% do seu VO2pico pré determinado. Resultados: o exercício aeróbio foi capaz de modificar a trigliceridemia pós-prandial dos grupos EAA (p=0,01), EAG (p=0,03) e OAA (p=0,000), entretanto, para o grupo OAG (p=0,15) o exercício não causou efeito. Quando comparamos a ASC para os quatro grupos observou-se um efeito no fator tratamento e a diferença foi encontrada apenas nos OAA (p=0,01). Também foi encontrado um efeito no fator grupo, EAA com EAG, OAA com OAG não apresentaram diferenças, entretanto, quando comparamos EAA com OAA (p=0,000) e EAG com OAG (p=0,000) encontramos diferenças tanto para o tratamento controle quanto para o exercício. Conclusão: A trigliceridemia pós-prandial em adultos jovens sedentários de ambos os sexos foi modificada pelo exercício agudo nos grupos EAA, EAG, OAA, porém, para o grupo OAG o mesmo não causou efeito. / Introduction: Hypertriglyceridemia is a common feature in obesity and can be characterized by elevated triglycerides in fasting state or postprandial. Purpose: to identify the effects of an acute bout of aerobic exercise on postprandial lipemia in obese adults according to the polymorphism -3826 A/G gene UCP1. Methods: Thirty-six young adults of both sexes were separated for Eutrophic group AA (EAA, n=10), Eutrophic AG (EAG, n=8), Obese AA (OAA, n=8) and Obese AG (OAG, n=10). After genotyping and testing sessions maximum. Triglycerides were determined after fasting for twelve hours, two, three, four and six hours after ingestion of high-fat meal on two occasions, at rest and exercise. The subjects came to the laboratory for the exercise session where they cycled for 45 minutes at 60% of their VO2peak predetermined. Results: The aerobic exercise was able to modify the postprandial triglyceridemia EAA group (p=0,01), EAG (p=0,03) and OAA (p=0,000), however, for the exercise caused no effect group OAG (p=0,15). When comparing the AUC for the four groups there was an effect on the treatment factor and the difference was found only in the OAA (p=0,01). They also found an effect in factor group, EAA with EAG, OAA with OAG did not differ, however, when compared EAA with OAA (p=0,000) and EAG with OAG (p=0,000) differences were found for both treatment and control for the year. Conclusion: The postprandial triglyceridemia in sedentary young adults of both sexes was modified by acute exercise in groups EAA, EAG, OAA, however, for the OAG group did not cause the same effect.