Replicating the multi-hierarchical self-assembly of collagen (peptide chain to triple helix to nanofiber and, finally, to a hydrogel) has long attracted scientists, both from the fundamental science perspective of supramolecular chemistry and for the potential biomedical applications perceived in tissue engineering. In terms of triple helical formation, collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body with at least 28 types, yet research involving collagen mimetic systems has only recently began to consider the innate ability of collagen to control helix composition and register. Collagen triple helices can be homotrimeric or heterotrimeric and while some types of natural collagen form only one specific composition of helix, others can form multiple. It is critical to fully understand and, if possible, reproduce the control that native collagen has on helix composition and register. In terms of nanofiber formation, many approaches to drive the self-assembly of synthetic systems through the same steps as natural collagen have been partially successful, but none have simultaneously demonstrated all levels of structural assembly. In this work, advancements in the ability to control helix composition and replicate the multi-hierarchical assembly of collagen are described. Both positive and negative design for the assembly of AAB type collagen heterotrimers were utilized by promoting heterotrimer formation though the use of charged amino acids to form intra-helix electrostatic interactions, while simultaneously discouraging homotrimers, resulting in the identification of multiple peptide systems with full control over the composition of the resulting triple helix. Similar salt-bridged hydrogen bonds between charged residues were incorporated into nanofiber forming peptides, one of which successfully assembled into sticky-ended triple helices, nanofibers with characteristic triple helical packing visible in the solution state, and strong hydrogels that are degraded by collagenase at a similar rate to natural collagen. Together, these results provide a better understanding of the self-assembly of collagenous sequences as well as a novel design scheme for synthetic extracellular matrix mimetics with potential applications in regenerative medicine and drug delivery.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:53:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RooseveltBSF.pdf: 738768 bytes, checksum: 1b44c9904337b95af5a512f4d87db232 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-24 / This work consists in a study of the Shrimp Industry in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, whose central issue relates to the understanding of how the Triple Helix (University, Government and the productive sector) interrelationship limits or expands the industry s innovation process. The study aims to understand how the Triple Helix relationship interferes in the innovation process of shrimp in Rio Grande do Norte. As the knowledge becomes the resource key for production methods, the generation of new technologies, new products and processes which demands joint and integrated action of the institutions comprising the Triple Helix: University, Government and productive sector, which possess the essential resources to innovate the process and can be maximized from cooperative relationships between the referred Institutions. Thus, in this work, it was sharply used the pioneering studies of Sabato and Botana (1968) regarding the cooperation relationship between the scientific-technological sphere, the governmental and the productive base, and studies on the Triple Helix approach, proposed by Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (2000), in which the university has a key role in the process of technological and innovative development of countries and regions, and under which it is assigned to the very University - the character of the entrepreneurial institution, through the concept of entrepreneurial University. Aiming to overcome the criticism of Cooke (2005), regarding the limitations of the Triple Helix approach, in this study it was used - as analytical perspectives - the perspective of social immersion (Granovetter, 1985, 2005) and the theory of resources dependence (PFEFFER; SALANCIK, 1978). The analytical perspectives presented in here, despite of the different assumptions, are essential to eliminate the bias that one only approach can lead (ASTLEY; VAN DE VEM; 2007). The authors arguments focus on the fact that the integration is possible if the researcher acknowledged that different perspectives may have different descriptions of the same phenomenon. As a research strategy, this study is characterized as a study case, along with the proposed objectives - the qualitative method was used as an approach and, depending on the gathering of the sector s historical, a sectional longitudinal view approach was applied (VIEIRA, 2004). The primary and secondary data were used in order to understand the sector s evolutionary process and its inter-institutional relations - regarding the shrimp culture in Rio Grande do Norte - to promote the development, as the content was used for the technical analysis (BARDIN, 1977). The approach of social immersion and resources addiction dependence made it possible to understand that relationships are established within and between each sphere (university, government and productive sector) characterizing a network of low density relationships and strongly internal and external dependence. Based on the speech of Etzkowitz and Mello (2006), a successful Triple Helix strategy of innovation requires not only the involvement and commitment of the parts, within the institutional sphere and among them, but also the development of mechanisms to coordinate the multiple and complex interactions and interfaces, focusing on promoting both environment and context for innovation and learning; it can be acknowledge from study results that the shrimp in the State of the RN, although there are several institutional mechanisms to promote greater integration and technological development, has been presented disjointed - both internally and between the spheres - and under no legitimate practice when facing the innovational promotion and integration institutions. Due to those factors, the central institutions of the network are crucial to the promotion of innovations, spreading through their direct contacts the importance factor of the sustainable competitive activity in the world market and on the national level. However, it may be concluded, from the data, that the Triple Helix relations are interfering in a negative way on what concerns the promotion of innovations in the shrimp industry in RN / Este trabalho consiste em um estudo no setor carcinicultor do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, cuja quest?o central est? na compreens?o de como as rela??es inter-atores da Tr?plice H?lice (universidade, governo e setor produtivo) limitam ou ampliam o processo de inova??o no setor. O estudo tem como objetivo central compreender como as rela??es da Tr?plice H?lice interferem no processo de inova??o da carcinicultura norteriograndense. Na medida em que o conhecimento passa a ser o recurso essencial para os m?todos de produ??o, a gera??o de novas tecnologias, de novos produtos e novos processos demanda a a??o integrada e conjunta de atores que comp?em as esferas institucionais da Tr?plice H?lice: universidade, governo e setor produtivo; sob os quais residem os recursos essenciais para o processo de inova??o e podem ser maximizados a partir de rela??es cooperativas entre os atores. Para tanto, utilizou-se os estudos pioneiros de S?bato e Botana (1968) quanto a rela??o de coopera??o entre a esfera cient?fico-tecnol?gica, o governo e a base produtiva, e os estudos acerca da abordagem da Tr?plice H?lice, proposta por Etzkowitz e Leydesdorff (2000), na qual a universidade passa a ter um papel fundamental no processo do desenvolvimento tecnol?gico e inovativo de pa?ses e regi?es, e sob a qual lhe ? atribu?da o car?ter de institui??o empreendedora, atrav?s do conceito da universidade empreendedora. Como forma de superar as cr?ticas de Cooke (2005), quanto as limita??es da abordagem da Tr?plice H?lice, utilizou-se como perspectivas anal?ticas neste estudo a perspectiva da imers?o social (GRANOVETTER, 1985; 2005) e a teoria da depend?ncia de recursos (PFEFFER; SALANCIK, 1978). As perspectivas anal?ticas apresentadas neste estudo apesar de terem pressupostos diferentes s?o essenciais para que se possa eliminar os vieses que uma abordagem s? pode conduzir (ASTLEY; VAN DE VEM (2007). O argumento dos autores ? que a integra??o ? poss?vel se o pesquisador reconhecer que as diferentes perspectivas podem apresentar descri??es diferentes sobre um mesmo fen?meno. Como estrat?gia de pesquisa, este estudo se caracteriza como um estudo de caso, em conson?ncia com os objetivos propostos, utilizou-se como abordagem o m?todo qualitativo, e em fun??o do resgate dos marcos hist?rico do setor, utilizou-se uma abordagem seccional com perspectiva longitudinal (VIEIRA, 2004). Os dados prim?rios e secund?rios foram utilizados de forma a compreender o processo evolutivo do setor, bem como as rela??es inter-atores na carcinicultura do Rio Grande do Norte para a promo??o do desenvolvimento. Como t?cnica de an?lise, utilizou-se a de conte?do (BARDIN, 1977). A abordagem da Imers?o social e da Depend?ncia de Recursos permitiu compreender que as rela??es que se estabelecem dentro e entre cada esfera (universidade, governo e setor produtivo) caracterizam a rede com relacionamentos de baixa densidade e com uma forte rela??o de depend?ncia tanto internamente como externamente. Tomando por base o argumento de Mello e Etzkowitz (2006) de que o sucesso de uma estrat?gia de Tr?plice H?lice de inova??o necessita de envolvimento e compromisso dos atores dentro de cada esfera institucional e entre elas, como tamb?m do desenvolvimento de mecanismos para a coordena??o das m?ltiplas e complexas intera??es e interfaces para a promo??o de um ambiente e um contexto para a inova??o e aprendizagem, conclui-se a partir dos resultados apresentados que a carcinicultura do Estado do RN, apesar de possuir v?rios mecanismos institucionais para promover maior integra??o e o desenvolvimento tecnol?gico, tem se apresentado desarticulado tanto internamente quanto entre as esferas, e com pr?ticas nem sempre legitimadas perante atores por parte das institui??es de promo??o de inova??es e de integra??o. Dessa forma, os atores centrais da rede s?o cruciais para que a promo??o de inova??es, difundindo atrav?s dos contatos diretos a import?ncia do fator para a sustentabilidade competitiva da atividade no mercado mundial e nacional. Contudo, pode-se concluir a partir dos dados que as rela??es da Tr?plice H?lice vem interferindo de maneira negativa na promo??o de inova??es na carcinicultura do RN

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:53:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VaniaSCC_DISSERT.pdf: 1266430 bytes, checksum: bb0efc87ad098a7372a42a87a2cdce0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-20 / Funda??o de Apoio ? Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte / Knowledge and innovation were seen as major forces, both for survival, as the acquisition of competitive advantages in the Brazilian economy, as well as adding value to the product as a market differentiator. The Triple Helix model is directed toward the knowledge-based economy. Over the past six years, the Federal Government through the Financier of Studies and Projects ( FINEP ) invested in technological innovation projects, economic subsidies, about U.S. $ 1 billion supporting more than 800 projects with these resources. According to the MCTI , the Northeast, over the years 2000 to 2010 increased spending on Science and Technology (considering the activities of research and development more scientific and related activities) of the State Government in relation to its total revenue In 2000, 0.51% of total revenues were invested in Science & Technology, while in 2010 this figure increased to 1.31%. Among the nine Northeast states, Para?ba is highlighted. In 2000, 0.33% of its total revenues were directed to innovation, reaching 2.04% in 2010, the largest increase in the region while the RN invested 0.24% in 2000 and in 2010 reached the level of 1.42 %. According to IBGE, in the period 2000-2011, the micro and small enterprises surpassed the barrier of 6 million establishments. In 2000, there were 4.2 million establishments while in 2011 were 6.3 million active establishments. Therefore, throughout the period, there was a creation of approximately 2.1 million new establishments. Between 2000 and 2011, micro and small businesses have created 7.0 million formal jobs, 8.6 million jobs in 2000 to 15.6 million in 2011. This scenario shows the importance of this study in relation to the investment of governments in RD & I in micro and small enterprises. This study aims to analyze the interaction Universities - Business - Government in the development of innovation in micro and small companies in Rio Grande do Norte participants of the edicts of Inova FAPERN. We chose to adopt as a research method case study concerning the procedure of the research, exploratory, descriptive, and on documents with engineers and researchers of innovation projects approved by PAPPE Subsidy (Inova -RN I, II and III). Data collection was done through the report made by FAPERN entitled: " Evaluation of companies financed and supported by the Grant Program for Technological Innovation for Micro and Small Enterprises RN - INOVA -RN " (2010) and a questionnaire with 40 closed questions and 1 opened to 30 affirmative composed based on a 5-point Likert scale. The analysis of data was qualitative and quantitative. The study provided to identify the importance and barriers arising from the relation between Government Enterprise (micro and small) and University as essential to the economic development of the region. It was also identified that, in the innovation projects, 70% of the goods or services originating from research were to market these, 50% resulted in a patent for the company and 80% publications of scientific articles / O conhecimento e a inova??o passaram a ser vistos como importantes for?as, tanto de sobreviv?ncia, quanto de aquisi??o de vantagens competitivas na economia brasileira, al?m de agregar valor ao produto como diferencial de mercado. O modelo da Tr?plice H?lice ? direcionado para a economia baseada no conhecimento. Nos ?ltimos seis anos o Governo Federal, atrav?s da Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), investiu em projetos de inova??o tecnol?gica, subven??o econ?mica, cerca de R$ 1 bilh?o, apoiando mais de 800 projetos com estes recursos. Segundo dados do MCTI, a regi?o Nordeste, ao longo dos anos 2000 a 2010, aumentou os disp?ndios em Ci?ncia e Tecnologia (considerando as atividades de pesquisa e desenvolvimento mais atividades cient?ficas e correlatas) dos Governos estaduais em rela??o ?s suas receitas totais. Em 2000, 0,51% das receitas totais eram investidos em C&T, enquanto em 2010 este valor passou a ser de 1,31%. Entre os nove Estados, a Para?ba tem destaque. Em 2000, 0,33% de suas receitas totais foram direcionadas para inova??o, alcan?ando 2,04% em 2010, o maior aumento da regi?o. Enquanto o RN investiu 0,24% em 2000 e em 2010, alcan?ou a marca de 1,42%. Segundo o IBGE, no per?odo 2000-2011, as micro e pequenas empresas suplantaram a barreira dos 6 milh?es de estabelecimentos. Em 2000, havia 4,2 milh?es de estabelecimentos, enquanto em 2011 eram 6,3 milh?es de estabelecimentos em atividade. Portanto, em todo o per?odo, houve uma cria??o de aproximadamente 2,1 milh?es de novos estabelecimentos. Entre 2000 e 2011, as micro e pequenas empresas criaram 7,0 milh?es de empregos com carteira assinada, 8,6 milh?es de postos de trabalho em 2000, para 15,6 milh?es em 2011. Diante deste cen?rio, mostra-se a import?ncia deste estudo no que se refere ao investimento dos Governos em PD&I em micro e pequenas empresas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a intera??o Universidades Empresas - Governo no desenvolvimento da inova??o em micro e pequenas empresas do Rio Grande do Norte participantes dos editais do Inova da FAPERN. Optou-se por adotar como m?todo de pesquisa o estudo de caso, quanto ao procedimento da pesquisa, explorat?ria-descritiva, sobre documentos e com coordenadores e pesquisadores dos projetos de inova??o aprovados pelo PAPPE Subven??o (Inova-RN I, II e III). A coleta de dados foi feita atrav?s do relat?rio confeccionado pela FAPERN intitulado: Avalia??o das empresas financiadas e apoiadas pelo Programa Subven??o ? Inova??o Tecnol?gica para Micro e Pequenas Empresas do RN - INOVA-RN (2010) e aplica??o de question?rio com 40 perguntas fechadas e 1 aberta, para 30 afirmativas compostas com base na escala Likert de 5 pontos. Quanto ? an?lise dos dados foi qualitativa e quantitativa. O estudo proporcionou identificar a import?ncia e os entraves oriundos da rela??o Governo, Empresa (micro e pequena) e Universidade como essencial para o desenvolvimento econ?mico da regi?o. Foi identificado tamb?m que dos projetos de inova??o, 70% dos produtos ou servi?os originados das pesquisas foram para o mercado, destes, 50% geraram patente para a empresa e 80% publica??es de artigos cient?ficos

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19261号 / 理博第4116号 / 新制||理||1592(附属図書館) / 32263 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 杉山 弘, 教授 三木 邦夫, 教授 藤井 紀子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Denna studie undersöker hur hybridorganisationer hanterar sin organisationsidentitet och dekonflikterande institutionella kraven från kontexten Triple Helix. Detta genomförs genom endeduktiv komparativ fallstudie av tre statligt ägda holdingbolag och ett privatägt holdingbolagvid svenska universitet. Vår studie visar hur organisationsidentiteten inom dessa hybrider tar enmer eller mindre hybrid karaktär bland grupper i olika organisationsnivåer. Detta stärker deutvalda hybridernas multivokalitet, definierat som dess förmåga att skaffa sig legitimitet blandintressentgrupper från olika institutionella ordningar. Hybridorganisationens multivokalitet kandärav ses som en nödvändighet eller krav för dess överlevnad. Våra resultat bekräftar tidigarelitteraturs resultat om att hybriditeten går att hantera aktivt, genom separering av logiker ochsamordning kring ett gemensamt mål. Uppsatsen påvisar hur i kontexten Triple Helix,hybridorganisationen har möjlighet att separera aktiviteterna mellan sin och universitetetsdominerande logik. Fördelningen och samarbetet med universitet etableras i en process för attskaffa sig legitimitet gentemot vissa huvudintressenter. Processen är tänkt för en gradvistransformering från en logik till en annan av intressentgrupper som stödjer universitetsdominerande logik. Detta kompletterar tidigare litteratur om hantering av hybriditet. Vår studiebidrar med empiriskt stöd att teorier om organisationsidentitet och den institutionella teorin kankomplettera varandra i analysen av hybrider. / This study explores how hybrid organizations manage their organizational identity and theconflicting institutional demands from the context of Triple Helix. We conducted a deductivecomparative case study of three state owned holding companies and one private holdingcompany managed by Swedish universities. Our study suggests that inside hybrids,organizational identity takes more or less hybrid form among groups of different organizationallevels. This strengthens these hybrids' multivocality, defined by its ability to gain legitimacyamong stakeholders from different institutional orders. For the survival of the hybridorganization multivocality may be viewed upon as a requirement. The results of the studyconfirm previous research that hybridity is manageable through separation of the logics and bycoordination of common goals. The study demonstrates that in the context of Triple Helix, thehybrid organization has the opportunity to collaborate with the university to divide and allocateactivities characterized by their dominating logics. The allocation and collaboration with theuniversity is established in a process in order for the hybrid to gain legitimacy towards groups ofmain stakeholders. The process is thought of as a gradual transformation from one logic to theother of stakeholders belonging to the dominating logic of the university. These findingscomplete previous findings about the management of organizational hybridity. Our study ingeneral contributes with empirical data that the organizational identity- and institutional theoryperspectives may complete each other in the analysis of hybrid organizations.

The digital development of the 1990s and early 2000s had a major effect on the Swedish media industry, including newspapers. Still, it is not clear what role academia had during this process. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to examine the role of the university in the digital development of the Swedish news media industry. To investigate this, a case study has been performed, focusing on the Swedish technical university KTH Royal Institute of Technology. A theoretical background was created, consisting of the three waves of digitalization by Yoo et al. (2010), the emerge of the entrepreneurial university, and the Triple Helix model. Data were collected through archival research consisting of the Swedish magazines Ny Teknik and Pressens Tidning, and semi-structured interviews with seven individuals. The results showed that the digital development of the Swedish news media industry was characterized by the rise of the Internet, which generated both new news channels and contributed to digitally develop the printing industry. The results indicate that KTH’s role in this development was to provide the industry with well-educated engineers as well as innovations through research projects, to help media companies handle the opportunities and the challenges the digital development offered. The results also indicate that KTH in some ways can be compared to an entrepreneurial university, since the university has contributed to economic activities in society. However, most of these activities would not have been possible without the participation of the media industry, demonstrating that the concept of the Triple Helix to some extent also can be applied to this case study. / Den digitala utvecklingen av 1990- och tidigt 2000-tal hade en stor effekt på den svenska medieindustrin, inklusive tidningsindustrin. Det är dock inte klart vad för roll universiteten hade under denna process. Syftet med denna uppsats är därför att undersöka universitetets roll i den digitala utvecklingen av den svenska nyhetsmedieindustrin. För att undersöka detta har en fallstudie genomförts, som fokuserar på det svenska tekniska universitetet KTH Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan. En teoretisk bakgrund togs fram, bestående av de tre vågorna av digitalisering av Yoo et al. (2010), framväxten av det entreprenöriella universitetet och modellen Triple Helix. Data samlades in genom arkivforsknings bestående av de svenska tidningarna Ny Teknik och Pressens Tidning, samt semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju personer. Resultaten visade att den digitala utvecklingen av den svenska nyhetsmedieindustrin karaktäriserades av uppkomsten av Internet, vilket genererade både nya nyhetskanaler och bidrog till en digital utveckling av tryckeribranschen. Resultaten indikerar att KTH:s roll i denna utveckling bestod av att bidra med välutbildade ingenjörer till industrin, likväl som innovation genom forskningsprojekt, vilket hjälpte industrin hantera möjligheterna och utmaningarna som den digitala utvecklingen medförde. Resultaten indikerar också att KTH i viss utsträckning kan jämföras med det entreprenöriella universitetet, eftersom universitetet har bidragit till ekonomiska aktiviteter i samhället. De flesta av dessa aktiviteter hade dock inte varit möjliga utan medieindustrins delaktighet, vilket demonstrerar att modellen Triple Helix i viss utsträckning kan appliceras på denna fallstudie.

The triple helix model of innovation is a model that has gained popularity over time as it proposes methodologies for how to stimulate innovation in the knowledge-based economy. The model has been applied to entire economies as well as niche industries and has subsequently inspired change and identified discrepancies in existing innovation systems. This master thesis investigates whether the triple helix model of innovation can be applied in the case of theranostics, an up-and-coming cancer therapy and emerging field in nuclear medicine. Existing research predominantly captures perspectives from individual agents within theranostics and thus fails to capture the system level configurations, interorganisational collaborations and hybrid organisations driving the innovation and development. The thesis addresses this research gap through an exploratory, qualitative case-study with an abductive research approach. Desktop research was conducted followed by several in-depth interviews with representatives from a spectrum of institutions and agents in the theranostics' innovation system. The findings of this study suggest that theranostics does innovate and develop through the triple helix model of innovation considering its roots in academia and significant collaborative nature. It does, however, also indicate that there is reason for concern as certain agents are gaining significant influence over the innovation system. The findings also highlight that the cultural and social dynamics between the agents and institutions are immature and will potentially harmonize over time. / Trippelhelix (”triple helix model of innovation”) är en modell som har ökat i popularitet över tid då den föreslår metoder för hur innovationssystem ska stimulera innovation i en kunskapsbaserad ekonomi. Modellen har tillämpats på hela ekonomier såväl som nischade branscher och har följaktligen inspirerat till förändring samt identifierat falluckor i befintliga innovationssystem. Denna masteruppsats undersöker huruvida trippelhelix kan tillämpas på området teranostik, en framtida cancerterapi och ett framväxande område inom nuklearmedicin. Befintlig forskning fokuserar främst på enskilda aktörers perspektiv inom teranostik och misslyckar därmed att fånga systemnivåanalyser, interorganisatorisk samverkan och hybrid organisationer som driver innovation och utvecklingen framåt. Avhandlingen behandlar detta forskningsgap genom en utforskande, kvalitativ fallstudie med en abduktiv forskningsmetod. Research följt av ett flertal djupgående intervjuer genomfördes med representanter från ett brett spektrum av agenter och institutioner inom teranostiks innovationssystem. Resultaten av avhandlingen tyder på att teranostik faktiskt utvecklas genom trippelhelix eftersom den har starka rötter från akademin och betydande samverkande karaktär. Däremot påvisar resultaten också att det finns flera motsättningar till detta då vissa institutioner får för stort inflytande över innovationssystemet. Resultaten indikerar också att kulturella och sociala spänningar mellan institutionerna kan komma att mogna och harmoniseras i takt med att teranostik utvecklas.

e-Learning, defined as the use of information and communications technology (ICT) for supporting the educational process, has motivated Tanzania to apply ICT in its education systems. Tanzanian secondary schools which are geographically and socially isolated face a number of problems, including a way to get learning materials. The impact of these problems is poor performance in National Examinations. This poor performance however is most noted in science and mathematics. The problem in get- ting learning materials can be reduced by employing ICT. This research developed an interactive e-learning management system (e-LMS) to be used by Tanzanian secondary schools. Tanzania Secondary Schools e-Learning (TanSSe-L) system is the name adopted for an interactive e-LMS developed. The re- search is aimed at supporting teaching and learning functions by allowing for the creation and storage of learning materials, making them available, easily accessed and sharable by students from different secondary schools in Tanzania. It is a context- driven research work of knowledge production in a specific context for application. Initially, the research work focused on two selected pilot schools; Kibaha Secondary School and Wali-ul-Asr Girls’ Seminary in Kibaha town, Pwani region. Features of the TanSSe-L system represent the standard form of any secondary school registered by the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training. The development of the TanSSe-L system made use of software engineering discipline. The research used Unified Modelling Language (UML) and integrated Object-Orient- ed System Analysis and Design (OOSA&D) and Model Driven Architecture (MDA) to address the System Development Life Cycle (SLDC) in a systemic way. UML design class diagram (DCD) is a Platform Independent Model (PIM) that was transformed into a Platform Specific Model (PSM) in MDA for implementation. Implementation made use of open source LMS to help generate a timely solution to TanSSe-L system development. In this specific context, focus group discussion as inspired by action re- search methodology was used. The research evolved into a triple helix process in close cooperation with other stakeholders. Finally, it is considered that replication and mirroring will make learning materials highly available to end-users.

The effective use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in devel-oping countries like Tanzania is crucial in order to overcome the challenges that are faced countrywide in many sectors, and to reduce the digital divide and improve the economy. ICT is becoming more and more integrated in societies worldwide, its effects are clearly seen in people’s lives as well as on countries’ economy as it opens doors for new opportunities and change the attitude of people towards learning. Secondary schools in Tanzania are facing many problems which hamper students’ learning. This in turn affects their performance in the National examinations hence reducing the growth of a learned society. This research specifically addresses the prob- lem of lack of learning and teaching materials by using ICT tools for the development and delivery of e-Learning content. The research focused on two secondary schools, namely, the Wali-Ul-Asr Seminary and Kibaha Secondary School as pilot schools in Kibaha district Pwani region. The research used courseware engineering methodology which integrated instructional design and software engineering. The research was also inspired by the concepts of participatory action research, Mode 2 knowledge production and triple helix, which incorporated stakeholders’ participation throughout the research. The main stakeholders are researchers, students, teachers, head teachers, and Ministry of Education and Vocational Training officials. This is an applied type of research addressing a practical problem in society. The out- come is a pilot package of e-Learning material comprised of sample chapters of Mathematics form III at the pilot site. Blended mode of delivery has been considered using Compact Disc/Digital Versatile Disc Read Only Memory, the Tanzania Secondary Schools e-Learning (TanSS-L) System, a customized Moodle platform and by using face to face learning.

Resource scarcity obliges humanity to face the problem of identifying efficient ways of distributing them. One way of reducing this problem lies on the possibility of increasing the amount of available goods. Robert Solow's growth theory describes the composition of an economy's output as the sum of units of labor, capital stock and a residual variation called technical change. This residual, the total factors productivity (TFP), is explainable by a series of variables: institutional change, available technology, government policies, etc. This research aimed at finding out the role of institutions in the process of innovation and industrialization in selected emerging countries from 1950 to 2010. Due to its similar historical backgrounds and geographic location, Argentina, Brazil and Mexico were chosen. The last six decades (encompassing the import-substitution industrialization era, the Oil Crisis and the post-Washington Consensus liberalization) were analyzed as a manner of comparing how economic agents reacted to the events of each period. The Triple Helix approach, which takes into consideration the evolutionary relations between governments, firms and universities, was used to map history facts that were compared to the calculated TFP of the given countries. It was demonstrated that the stability of economic and political institutions is a key element for motivating entrepreneurs to innovate. Furthermore, it was noticed a clear difference between the outcomes generated by the different models of economic policy adopted in each period. State intervention was helpful to promote industrial growth but in many occasions its protectionism could not offer enough incentives to motivate entrepreneurial innovation. Many industries faded into State protection and didn't gain enough competitiveness in the global economy. Opening the economy, on the other side, led to the bankruptcy or shrinkage of several firms that were not able to adapt themselves to the international competition but, at the same time, it boosted innovative efforts and, thus, the competitiveness of high technology sectors from emerging economies. Finally, it was noticed that, although many policies were enacted in this direction, the interaction between firms and universities in these countries is still very incipient. / A escassez de recursos obriga a humanidade a enfrentar o problema de identificar formas eficientes para distribuí-los. Uma das formas de reduzir este problema é a possibilidade de aumentar a quantidade de bens disponíveis. A teoria do crescimento de Robert Solow descreve a composição do produto de uma economia como a soma das unidades de trabalho, estoque de capital e uma variação residual chamada mudança técnica. Este resíduo, a produtividade total dos fatores (PTF), é explicável por uma série de variáveis: mudança institucional, tecnologia disponível, políticas governamentais, etc. Esta pesquisa se dedicou a descobrir o papel das instituições no processo de inovação e industrialização em países emergentes selecionados entre 1950 e 2010. Devido às suas similaridades históricas e posicionamento geográfico, Argentina, Brasil e México foram escolhidos. As últimas seis décadas (dividas entre a era da industrialização pela substituição de importações, a Crise do Petróleo e a liberalização pós-Consenso de Washington) foram analisadas de forma a comparar como os agentes econômicos reagiram aos eventos de cada um destes períodos. A abordagem da Hélice Tripla, que leva em consideração as relações evolucionárias entre governos, firmas e universidades, foi usada para mapear fatos históricos que foram comparados com a PTF calculada dos países selecionados. Foi demonstrado que a estabilidade das instituições econômicas e políticas é um elemento chave para motivar empreendedores a inovar. Além disso, percebeu-se uma clara diferenciação entre os resultados gerados pelos modelos de política econômica adotados em cada período. A intervenção estatal foi benéfica para promover o crescimento industrial mas em diversas ocasiões seu protecionismo não ofereceu incentivos suficientes para motivar a inovação empreendedora. Muitas indústrias se perderam em meio a proteção estatal e não obtiveram competitividade suficiente na economia global. A abertura econômica, por outro lado, gerou a falência ou redução de uma série de empresas que não conseguiram se adequar à competição internacional mas, ao mesmo tempo, aumentou os esforços inovadores e, assim, a competitividade de setores de alta tecnologia das economias emergentes. Finalmente, foi notado que, mesmo que diversas políticas tenham sido criadas nesta direção, a interação entre firmas e universidades nestes países permanece muito incipiente.